重性抑郁障碍与双相障碍患者躯体疾病共病调查

目的:了解重性抑郁障碍(MDD)与双相障碍(BD)患者躯体疾病共病情况。方法:对141例MDD和52例BD患者进行一般情况、躯体疾病调查及精神疾病评估。结果:MDD和BD患者躯体疾病的共病率分别为68.1%、46.2%,共病的躯体疾病以慢性病为主,依次为高血压、慢性胃炎、腰椎间盘突出、糖尿病。与非共病患者比较,共病患者年龄及起病年龄大,精神疾病复发次数多(P0.05或P0.01)。MDD共病患者自杀意念风险明显增加(P0.01)。结论:较高龄及较高龄起病的MDD、BD患者更易共病慢性躯体疾病。     

80岁以上老年精神障碍住院患者躯体疾病共病调查

目的 了解80 岁以上老年精神病住院患者的躯体疾病共病情况。方法 筛查首都医科 大学附属北京安定医院2010 年1 月1 日至2017 年12 月30 日的住院患者,符合ICD-10 的精神障碍诊断, 年龄＞ 80 岁且资料完整者,调查该人群的合并躯体疾病情况等资料。结果 187 例患者中183 例合并 躯体疾病,共病率97.9%,平均共病数目为6.9 种。不同精神障碍患者的共患躯体疾病数目上差异无统 计学意义（P＞ 0.05）;平均共病种数方面,脑损害和功能紊乱及其他躯体疾病所致精神障碍、心境障碍明 显低于其他4 种精神疾病,差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）;183 例老年精神科患者共患躯体疾病例数 达1 297 例种,其中神经系统、循环系统、内分泌系统、呼吸系统及消化系统共769 例种,占59.29%,前 5 位疾病分别为高血压115 例（62.8%）、便秘84 例（45.9%）、脑梗死71 例（38.8%）、糖尿病54 例（29.5%）、冠 心病48 例（26.2%）。患者的躯体疾病共病种数与年龄相关（P＜ 0.01）。结论 80 岁以上老年精神障碍住 院患者的躯体共病现象非常普遍;且合并疾病种类较多,以心脑血管及代谢类疾病居多。     

精神分裂症患者血清细胞因子与精神病理学的相关研究

为探讨精神分裂症患者细胞因子的改变 ,我们对 31例精神分裂症、分裂样精神病住院患者的血清白细胞介素 (ＩＬ)2 (ＩＬ 2 )及其可溶性受体 (ｓＩＬ 2Ｒ)和肿瘤坏死因子 α(ＴＮＦα)及其可溶性受体ｐ5 5 (ｓＴＮＦ ＲⅠ )、ｐ75 (ｓＴＮＦ ＲⅡ )及ＩＬ 10进行了检测 ,探讨血清细胞因子与精神病理学间的关系。对象　 (1)患者组 :共 31例 ,均为解放军第 2 15医院的住院患者 ,符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第 2版修订本的精神分裂症、分裂样精神病诊断标准 ,以阳性症状为主 ,无躯体疾病 ,至少 3个月未服用过抗精神病药。排除合并躯体疾…     

流浪精神病患者合并躯体疾病调查

目的:调查流浪精神病患者合并躯体疾病的情况。方法:回顾性分析1 043例住院流浪精神病患者的临床资料。结果:入组的患者中69%流浪精神病患者伴有躯体疾病,以皮肤软组织损伤(38%)、传染病(25%)和营养不良(15%)为最多。男性患者皮肤软组织损伤、骨折、感染性疾病伴有率明显多于女性(χ2=51.92,P0.001;χ2=5.82,P=0.016;χ2=8.15,P=0.004);女性患者梅毒感染率明显高于男性(χ2=13.42,P0.001)。结论:流浪精神病患者普遍伴有躯体疾病,女性患者性病伴发率高,男性患者躯体损伤、感染性疾病伴发率高。     

社区重症精神疾病患者共病心血管疾病的现状及危险因素

目的:探讨社区重症精神疾病(SMI)患者共病心血管疾病的现状及其危险因素。方法:随机抽取北京市朝阳区内的4个社区,采集已建档立卡的SMI患者一般人口学资料,采用自制心血管疾病调查问卷调查心血管疾病如高血压、冠心病、心律失常和心绞痛等患病情况。结果:481例SMI患者入组,其中122例(25.4%)共病心血管疾病,其中22.0%共病高血压,1.7%共病心绞痛,1.5%共病心肌梗死,共病心肌炎和心肌病各0.4%,具有诊断意义的心电图异常(包括QTc延长)为9.1%;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,血脂异常(OR=6.387)、吸烟史(OR=2.723)、服用≥2种抗精神病药(OR=2.160)、BMI高(OR=1.137)、年龄大(OR=1.026)是社区SMI患者共病心血管疾病的独立危险因素。结论:社区SMI患者共患心血管疾病高;其高血脂、吸烟、服用≥2种抗精神药、肥胖及年龄大是共病心血管疾病的危险因素。     

有精神疾病家族史抑郁症患者自杀未遂的危险因素

目的探讨有精神疾病家族史抑郁症患者自杀未遂的危险因素,为临床干预提供依据。方法采用自制调查表对1146例抑郁症患者进行调查,纳入其中有精神疾病家族史的患者150例,根据是否有自杀未遂行为,分为自杀未遂组和对照组,分析有精神疾病家族史的抑郁症患者在性别、年龄等社会人口学资料及既往抑郁发作次数、起病年龄等临床特征方面可能与自杀未遂相关的因素。结果有精神疾病家族史抑郁症患者自杀未遂发生率为24.0%(36/150),无精神病家族史患者自杀未遂发生率为7.1%(71/996),前者自杀未遂发生率更高(P0.01)。150例有精神疾病家族史抑郁症患者中,相较于无自杀未遂组,自杀未遂组患者既往因精神疾病住院次数较多(P0.01),自杀意念及合并有严重或慢性躯体疾病的比例更高(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,既往因精神疾病住院次数(OR=3.714,95%CI:1.426～9.673,P=0.007)、自杀意念(OR=8.347,95%CI:2.339～29.790,P=0.001)与有精神病家族史抑郁症患者的自杀未遂相关联。结论有精神疾病家族史抑郁症患者自杀未遂风险较高。既往因精神疾病住院次数多、自杀意念等可能是有精神疾病家族史抑郁症患者自杀未遂的主要危险因素。     

精神疾病共病高血压病的调查

目的 调查精神疾病患者共病高血压病的现状,探讨相关的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析河北医科大学第一医院精神卫生科住院的精神疾病患者,采用自制量表调查所有患者共病高血压病的情况,分析精神疾病共病高血压病的危险因素.结果 (1)2770例患者中,男性1234例(44.5%),女性1536例(55.5%);其中共病高血压病者528例(19.1%).(2)不同精神疾病患者共病高血压病的比例:精神分裂症10.6%,双相障碍10.7%,抑郁症24.7%,焦虑障碍29.0%,应激障碍20.0%,器质性精神疾病41.8%,其他19.8%;各组间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=124.90,P<0.01).(3)年龄大、精神疾病的病程长、患器质性精神疾病是精神疾病共病高血压病的危险因素.结论 综合医院精神科住院患者共病高血压病的比例为19.1%,其中器质性疾病共病高血压病的比例最高,精神分裂症和双相障碍患者共病高血压病的比例最低.     

抗精神病药物对心电图影响的大样本调查

目的 调查住院精神分裂症患者使用抗精神病药物对心电图的影响.方法 对上海市四家精神卫生中心住院的730例精神分裂症患者进行用药情况调查(其中男546例,女184例),同时将调查资料进行比较.结果 服用传统抗精神病药物的患者与服用非典型抗精神病药物的患者相比,其心电图的异常率无统计学意义(P＞0.05).同时发现,用药时间对心电图的影响无统计学意义(P＞0.05);性别对心电图的影响无统计学意义上(P＞0.05);而患者的年龄对心电图异常的影响则具有明显的统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 服用传统抗精神病药物的患者与服用非典型抗精神病药物的患者相比,其心电图的异常率无统计学意义.在临床实践中,仍然需要根据实际情况针对性地选用抗精神病药物.     

上海市民政系统精神病院住院患者精神药物处方模式现况调查

目的:了解上海市民政精神病医院住院精神病患者药物治疗方式的动态变化,为精神病专科医院规范、合理处方精神药物提供实证依据。方法:采用时点调查法和自制病例收集表,分别于2009年、2010年和2011年的12月1日对上海市民政系统所有3家精神病医院全部住院精神疾病患者住院精神药物使用情况进行调查,并将3年的资料进行对照分析。结果:在药物种类选择方面,近3年来民政精神病医院典型抗精神病药物使用率逐年下降,非典型抗精神病药物使用率逐年上升。氯丙嗪已从2009年的第1位下降至2011年的第3位,氯氮平和利培酮则分别升至前2位,但其他非典型抗精神病药物使用数量不多;苯二氮艹卓类药物和心境稳定剂使用频率逐年升高,以氯硝西泮和阿普唑仑使用人数最多;在治疗方式选择方面,以单药治疗为主,占60%以上,联合用药不足25%。药物使用剂量均在合理范围之内,低于同类报道。结论:上海市民政精神病医院住院用药正在向非典型抗精神病药物转变,以单一用药、剂量偏小为主,这一趋势符合慢性精神病患者维持期治疗特点。     

精神分裂症住院患者合并躯体疾病临床分析

目的:研究精神分裂症住院患者合并躯体疾病的临床特点及影响因素。方法:将184例患者按入院后有无合并躯体疾病分为有合并症组及无合并症组,以研究合并症发生的有关因素。结果:慢性精神分裂症患者入院后发生躯体疾病者124例(67.4)%,躯体疾病依次为高脂血症(54.0%)、心电图异常(49.2%)和低钾血症(33.9%)等。合并症的发生与患者年龄及病程均相关(P<0.001~0.01),与抗精神病药类型、合并用药及剂量无显著关系(P>0.05)。结论:对慢性精神分裂症住院患者应充分重视可能发生的躯体疾病,并对躯体疾病给予及时合理的诊断和治疗。     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166     

Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging

Cathepsin D-like activity in homogenates of five brain areas of 3-month-old and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats was measured. With hemoglobin as substrate at pH 3.2, more than 90% of the activity was inhibited by pepstatin. In each area studied, activity was more than twice as high in the old rat brain: 140-160% higher in the cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and striatum and 90-100% higher in the hippocampus and spinal cord. The greatly increased metabolic capacity in the absence of an increase in protein turnover may have a role in age-related pathological degeneration in the brain.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

Defects in Bioenergetic Coupling in Schizophrenia

Synaptic neurotransmission relies on maintenance of the synapse and meeting the energy demands of neurons. Defects in excitatory and inhibitory synapses have been implicated in schizophrenia, likely contributing to positive and negative symptoms as well as impaired cognition. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that bioenergetic systems, important in both synaptic function and cognition, are abnormal in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. Animal models of synaptic dysfunction demonstrated endophenotypes of schizophrenia as well as bioenergetic abnormalities. We report findings on the bioenergetic interplay of astrocytes and neurons and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, highlighting metabolic systems as important therapeutic targets.     

Gender in Voice Perception in Autism

Deficits in the perception of social stimuli may contribute to the characteristic impairments in social interaction in high functioning autism (HFA). Although the cortical processing of voice is abnormal in HFA, it is unclear whether this gives rise to impairments in the perception of voice gender. About 20 children with HFA and 20 matched controls were presented with voice fragments that were parametrically morphed in gender. No differences were found in the perception of gender between the two groups of participants, but response times differed significantly. The results suggest that the perception of voice gender is not impaired in HFA, which is consistent with behavioral findings of an unimpaired voice-based identification of age and identity by individuals with autism. The differences in response times suggest that individuals with HFA use different perceptual approaches from those used by typically developing individuals.     

Ethnic disparities in problem behaviour in adolescence contribute to ethnic disparities in social class in adulthood

BACKGROUND: It is important for prevention of social class disparities to know how ethnic disparities in social class arise among migrant children. We contribute to this understanding by examining the role of problem behaviour in adolescence. METHODS: Prospective observational study with 753 Dutch native and 217 Turkish migrant adolescents (11-18 year) followed for 10 years. Internalising and externalising problems were assessed in adolescence and employment status and occupational level were assessed in adulthood. The difference in odds ratios (OR) before and after adjustment for internalising and externalising problems was an indication of the predictive value of disparities in internalising and externalising problems for the development of social class disparities. RESULTS: A total of 135 (62%) of the Turkish and 602 (80%) of the Dutch adults were employed. Internalising and externalising problems were not associated with employment status. Of the employed, 65 (48%) Turkish and 179 (30%) Dutch adults worked in low-level occupations (p < 0.0001). Internalising and externalising problems were associated with both ethnicity and occupation. The OR for low-level occupation for Turkish adults was 1.78 (1.19-2.65), indicating ethnic disparities. Adjustment for internalising problems lowered the OR with 36% to 1.50 (0.97-2.31), and adjustment for externalising problems lowered it with 8% to 1.72 (1.15-2.57). Findings were similar for men and women and did not vary by age. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic disparities in occupational level in adulthood could partly be attributed to disparities in mental health between Turkish migrants and Dutch natives in adolescence. Prevention of ethnic disparities in mental health at young age may therefore also contribute to the prevention of occupational differences in adulthood.     

Progress in neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease

Slowing or aborting the progress of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains the most important unmet need of this disorder. There are several recent developments in trial design and also in drugs under investigation for possible neuroprotective effect. Emphasis has been placed on clinical as opposed to imaging end-points and these include change in a clinical rating scale, e.g. United Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), or time to additional therapy. The introduction of the delayed-start, or wash-in, trial design adds an additional dimension to drug evaluation for neuroprotection. Compounds that have been recently tested in clinical trial include the monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor rasagiline, the anti-apoptotic agents TCH346 and CEP1347, and the promitochondrial agent creatine. The dopamine agonists have been evaluated for a neuroprotective effect using imaging end-points. Perhaps the most important and simplest concept for neuroprotection has been the theory that early dopaminergic support for the degenerating dopaminergic system per se provides significant long-term clinical benefit for PD patients.     

Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Background

Autonomic imbalance constituting a fundamental feature of heart failure (HF) has been assessed mainly at the periphery. Changes in the functioning of autonomic centers in the brain remain unclear. We investigated the molecular elements of parasympathetic system, i.e. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and enzymes metabolizing acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) in medulla oblongata (MO) of male pigs with chronic tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Methods

The mRNA levels of AChE, ChAT, α7nAChR and X-box binding protein 1 (spliced form, XBP1s) in MO were analyzed using qPCR, AChE and ChAT activities using spectrophotometry, proteasome activity using fluorometry, and the protein level of α7nAChR using Western blotting.

Results

The development of systolic HF was accompanied by an increase in circulating catecholamines, a decrease in the AChE and α7nAChR mRNA in MO, an increase in AChE activity (all p < 0.05), and no change in either the mRNA or activity of ChAT. Both circulating catecholamine levels and AChE activity were inversely related to systolic function of left myocardial ventricle (p < 0.05). The level of α7nAChR protein in MO and its cytoplasmatic fraction were higher in pigs with moderate and severe HF as compared to the other animals (p < 0.01). There was no difference in proteasome activity in MO between diseased and healthy animals, whereas the XBP1s mRNA decreased during HF progression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Molecular elements of parasympathetic system are changed within the medulla oblongata during the progression of systolic non-ischemic heart failure in male pigs, indicating a functional link between MO and heart in HF.