综合医院不同科室门诊多躯体症状患者抑郁、焦虑障碍的检出率及症状分布特点——一项多中心横断面研究

目的:描述综合医院不同科室门诊中多躯体症状患者的躯体、抑郁和焦虑症状分布特点及抑郁障碍、焦虑障碍检出率。方法:对国内6个综合医院中医科、西医内科和精神/心理科门诊候诊患者连续筛查,并完成简明国际神经精神障碍访谈(MINI)。结果:本研究共纳入491例受试者,其中多躯体症状组(SOM+)237例(48.3%)。SOM+患者最常受困扰的抑郁症状为疲劳和睡眠问题等;其抑郁或焦虑障碍的检出率为50.4%。此外,尽管躯体症状严重程度相似,在心理科就诊的SOM+患者抑郁或焦虑障碍的检出率更高(34.6%,43.9%,76.2%;χ~2=17.1,P0.01)。结论:综合医院门诊多躯体症状患者中抑郁或焦虑障碍的检出率较高;疲劳和睡眠问题是多躯体症状患者中最常见症状。     

抑郁症与焦虑障碍共病临床特征研究

目的 调查抑郁症和焦虑症障碍的共病率,以及对临床严重程度的影响.方法 采用前瞻性、多中心、队列研究.入组对象符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)抑郁症的诊断标准, 采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和焦虑量表(HAMA),社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SSDS)和临床大体量表(CGI)评估.观察流行病学资料,焦虑和抑郁症状群、自杀状况.用情感性障碍和精神分裂症检查提纲中有关焦虑障碍的诊断清单评定患者合并的焦虑障碍.结果 共入组508例患者,首次抑郁发作为269例(53.0%),294例(57.9%)有过自杀观念,55例(10.8%)曾有自杀行为.45例(8.9%)伴精神病性症状.HAMD量表总分平均为(32.6±7.7)分;HAMA量表平均为(21.0±7.3)分,其中78.5%患者大于14分.抑郁症患者焦虑障碍的共病发生率为68.9%(350例),16.7%共病多种焦虑障碍.焦虑障碍种类分布以广泛性焦虑障碍为主,为56.1%.焦虑对抑郁症的临床严重程度有显著统计学意义,但自杀观念和自杀行为在共病与非共病之间未见统计学意义.36.0%患者同时伴有躯体疾病.结论 抑郁症与焦虑共病在临床上是常见的现象,合并的焦虑障碍以广泛性焦虑障碍为主,1/3的患者合并躯体疾病,应引起临床医生重视.     

重性抑郁障碍与双相障碍患者的共病研究

目的:调查重性抑郁障碍(MDD)和双相障碍患者(BD)精神科共病情况。方法:采用横断面调查方法,对2011年3月至8月符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的141例重性抑郁障碍和52例双相障碍患者进行一般情况问卷及国际神经精神科简式访谈问卷(MINI)调查。结果:重性抑郁障碍组和双相障碍组精神科共病率分别为30.0%和28.8%,两组共病率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.016,P>0.05);两组共病焦虑障碍最为常见,其共病率分别为27.0%和15.4%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.799,P=0.094);共病酒精依赖或物质滥用差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.405,P=0.011)。结论:重性抑郁障碍和双相障碍与其他精神科疾病存在广泛共病,尤以焦虑障碍多见。     

焦虑和抑郁障碍共病的治疗

焦虑障碍包括广泛性焦虑障碍 (GAD) ,惊恐障碍 ,强迫症 (OCD) ,社交恐怖 ,混合性焦虑抑郁障碍 (MAD)和创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD)。其中 MAD在 ICD- 1 0中的定义是 :患者多见于初级保健机构 ,有一定程度的焦虑和抑郁症状 ,并伴有植物神经症状 ,但又不符合特定的焦虑症或抑郁症诊断标准 ,也应与应激性生活事件无关[1] 。焦虑和抑郁障碍在诊断标准中是相互独立的疾病实体 ,但通常在同一个体共存。当两组症状分别考虑时 ,足以符合相应的诊断标准 ,这种情况称为焦虑、抑郁障碍共病。这种共病在初级保健人群中的患病率达 1 9% ,与单一焦虑或…     

抑郁与焦虑共病障碍临床研究

目的:调查抑郁与焦虑共病障碍的发生率,探讨其特点及预后.方法:对150例抑郁障碍患者用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)和临床疗效总评量表(CGI)评定,3个月后进行随访.结果:45.3%的抑郁障碍患者共病焦虑障碍,共病以广泛焦虑障碍与惊恐障碍为最多(分别为22.0%、13.3%);入组时及3个月末,共病组HAMD、HAMA、CGI及SDSS总分均显著高于抑郁组(P＜0.05),3个月末共病组HAMA减分率显著低于抑郁组(P＜0.05),HAMD减分率两组差异无显著性.结论:抑郁与焦虑共病障碍发生率高,具有抑郁及焦虑症状重、社会功能损害重,焦虑症状不易缓解等特征.     

抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍共病专家研讨会会议纪要

抑郁障碍和焦虑障碍共病 (以下简称抑郁焦虑共病 )是当前全球精神病学界关注的热点之一 ,也正在逐渐引起国内同道的重视。为此 ,中华医学会精神病学分会焦虑障碍研究协作组邀请部分专家 ,于 2 0 0 3年 3月 3日在哈尔滨市召开抑郁焦虑共病专题研讨会。讨论的议题集中于临床 ,如抑郁焦虑共病的流行病学、临床现象学和治疗学。现将本次会议的主要发言内容纪要于下。张明园教授 (上海第二医科大学 ) :首先就抑郁焦虑共病的概念 ,谈几点个人观点 :( 1)共病 (comorbidity)也被译为同病、合病或其他 ;目前国内多习惯称为共病 ,其含义是指两种疾病共…     

儿童青少年焦虑与抑郁障碍共病的临床研究

目的了解焦虑和抑郁障碍患儿中焦虑与抑郁共病的发生率和行为特点。方法在门诊收集符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版中焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍诊断标准的5～17岁儿童青少年,其中单纯焦虑障碍41例(焦虑组),单纯抑郁障碍31例(抑郁组),焦虑与抑郁共病31例(共病组)。由父母、儿童、医师分别采用自编一般资料表、Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表和儿童大体评定量表,评定三组儿童。结果(1)焦虑障碍患儿有16%(8例)合并抑郁;抑郁障碍患儿有42%(23例)合并焦虑。(2)CBCL焦虑组的活动情况及社会能力总分[(15.74±3.65)分]优于共病组[(12.98±4.00)分]和抑郁组[(14.02±3.67)分],均P<0.01和<0.05;共病组行为问题总分[(61.74±28.96)分]高于焦虑组[(43.44±22.54)分]和抑郁组[(47.74±25.99)分;F=4.62,P<0.05]。(3)SCARED共病组的总分高于焦虑组和抑郁组(P<0.05)。(4)儿童抑郁障碍自评量表抑郁组和共病组总分高于焦虑组(P<0.01)。(5)儿童大体评定量表焦虑组[(67.71±9.54)分]优于抑郁组[(58.55±8.08)分]和共病组[(61.16±7.60)分;F=11.10,P<0.001]。结论儿童焦虑、抑郁共病现象常见,共病患儿比单纯焦虑或抑郁患儿的内化性问题、外化性问题更严重,社会功能损害更明显。     

昆明市焦虑障碍现况调查及相关因素分析

目的 调查昆明市焦虑障碍的患病情况.方法 2005年11月至2006年1月采用分层容量比例概率随机抽样法,应用中文版复合性国际诊断交谈检查2.1版(CIDI-2.1)对昆明市≥15岁的居民5033人进行访谈,调查焦虑障碍的患病率,分析影响焦虑障碍的相关因素、起病年龄及共病情况.结果 (1)焦虑障碍的加权终生患病率为7.05%(324例),其中,男性为5.34%(100例),女性为8.89%(224例);城镇人口为7.81%(189例),农村人口为5.33%(135例);以特殊恐怖障碍患病率最高(5.64%,236例),惊恐障碍患病率最低(0.14%,6例).(2)女性患病风险[相对危险度(OR)=1.00]高于男性(OR=0.61;P<0.01);各类焦虑障碍的起病年龄中位数为16岁;焦虑障碍与美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版诊断的物质使用障碍,情感障碍及疼痛障碍存在共病情况.结论 昆明市焦虑障碍患病率较高,焦虑障碍是一类起病年龄早、呈慢性病程且普遍存在与其他精神障碍共病状况的精神障碍,有必要加强对焦虑障碍的防治.     

抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍的研究

目的：了解抑郁症和精神分裂症患者与焦虑障碍的共病发生率及其相关因素。方法：对精神分裂症41例和抑郁症40例，用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)进行评定。结果：抑郁症与焦虑障碍的共病率为50．0％，精神分裂症与焦虑障碍的共病率为29．3％。LSAS与HAMA呈正相关(r=0．465)。有关抑郁症和精神分裂症患者共患焦虑障碍经多元逐步回归分析可排除药源性焦虑。结论：对抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍问题应引起高度重视。     

惊恐障碍的共病研究

鉴于与单一障碍相比 ,共病障碍患者具有症状重、病程慢性化、社会功能损害重、自杀率高和预后差等特征。故精神障碍共病研究成了当前精神病学领域备受关注的问题之一。美国流行病学责任区研究 (ＥＣＡ)资料提示 ,惊恐障碍在普通人群中很常见(约 10 % ) ,其中 6 7%的惊恐障碍 (114 / 171)共患其它精神障碍。本文就惊恐障碍共病有关问题作一综述。1　惊恐障碍与抑郁障碍共病[1～ 5]有研究显示 ,2 4 % (7%～ 6 1% )的惊恐障碍患者共患抑郁障碍 ,其中恶劣心境较抑郁症 (ＭＤ)更常见。然而 ,惊恐障碍患者伴有不符合抑郁障碍诊断标准的抑郁症状 (…     

Psychosis in a pediatric mood and anxiety disorders clinic: phenomenology and correlates

OBJECTIVES: To examine the demographics and phenomenology of psychosis in a sample of children and adolescents referred to a mood and anxiety disorders clinic. METHOD: Patients (N = 2,031) were assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present Episode version and classified as definite, probable, or nonpsychotic. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the groups were compared,and symptoms of psychosis were analyzed using factor analysis. RESULTS: Definite psychotic symptoms were seen in approximately 90 (4.5%) patients: 80% of these reported hallucinations (mainly auditory), 22% delusions, and 3.3% thought disorder. Of the patients with definite psychotic symptoms, 24% had bipolar disorder, 41% had major depression, 21% had subsyndromal depression, and 14% had schizophrenia spectrum disorders (schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders). Factor analysis of the definite psychotic symptoms yielded 4 factors: hallucinations, thought disorder, delusions, and manic thought disorder. Psychotic patients had a higher frequency of comorbid disorders and suicidal ideation than nonpsychotic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient youngsters with mood disorders frequently present with psychotic symptoms, in particular auditory hallucinations. These patients commonly have comorbid psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation.     

Prevalence and Clinical Significance of DSM-5–Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome in Adolescents and Young Adults in the General Population: The Bern Epidemiological At-Risk (BEAR) Study

Objective: Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) lists attenuated psychosis syndrome as a condition for further study. One important question is its prevalence and clinical significance in the general population. Method: Analyses involved 1229 participants (age 16–40 years) from the general population of Canton Bern, Switzerland, enrolled from June 2011 to July 2012. “Symptom,” “onset/worsening,” “frequency,” and “distress/disability” criteria of attenuated psychosis syndrome were assessed using the structured interview for psychosis-risk syndromes. Furthermore, help-seeking, psychosocial functioning, and current nonpsychotic axis I disorders were surveyed. Well-trained psychologists performed assessments using the computer-assisted telephone interviewing technique. Results: The symptom criterion was met by 12.9% of participants, onset/worsening by 1.1%, frequency by 3.8%, and distress/disability by 7.0%. Symptom, frequency, and distress/disability were met by 3.2%. Excluding trait-like attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) decreased the prevalence to 2.6%, while adding onset/worsening reduced it to 0.3%. APS were associated with functional impairments, current mental disorders, and help-seeking although they were not a reason for help-seeking. These associations were weaker for attenuated psychosis syndrome. Conclusions: At the population level, only 0.3% met current attenuated psychosis syndrome criteria. Particularly, the onset/worsening criterion, originally included to increase the likelihood of progression to psychosis, lowered its prevalence. Because progression is not required for a self-contained syndrome, a revision of the restrictive onset criterion is proposed to avoid the exclusion of 2.3% of persons who experience and are distressed by APS from mental health care. Secondary analyses suggest that a revised syndrome would also possess higher clinical significance than the current syndrome.Key words: attenuated psychosis syndrome, general population, prevalence, distress, disability, functional impairment     

Comorbid Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in 509 Individuals With an At-Risk Mental State: Impact on Psychopathology and Transition to Psychosis

Background: The current diagnostic system for subjects at enhanced clinical risk of psychosis allows concurrent comorbid diagnoses of anxiety and depressive disorders. Their impact on the presenting high-risk psychopathology, functioning, and transition outcomes has not been widely researched. Methods: In a large sample of subjects with an At-Risk Mental State (ARMS, n = 509), we estimated the prevalence of DSM/SCID anxiety or depressive disorders and their impact on psychopathology, functioning, and psychosis transition. A meta-analytical review of the literature complemented the analysis. Results: About 73% of ARMS subjects had a comorbid axis I diagnosis in addition to the “at-risk” signs and symptoms. About 40% of ARMS subjects had a comorbid diagnosis of depressive disorder while anxiety disorders were less frequent (8%). The meta-analysis conducted in 1683 high-risk subjects confirmed that baseline prevalence of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders is respectively 41% and 15%. At a psychopathological level, comorbid diagnoses of anxiety or depression were associated with higher suicidality or self-harm behaviors, disorganized/odd/stigmatizing behavior, and avolition/apathy. Comorbid anxiety and depressive diagnoses were also associated with impaired global functioning but had no effect on risk of transition to frank psychosis. Meta-regression analyses confirmed no effect of baseline anxiety and/or depressive comorbid diagnoses on transition to psychosis. Conclusions: The ARMS patients are characterized by high prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in addition to their attenuated psychotic symptoms. These symptoms may reflect core emotional dysregulation processes and delusional mood in prodromal psychosis. Anxiety and depressive symptoms are likely to impact the ongoing psychopathology, the global functioning, and the overall longitudinal outcome of these patients.Key words: psychosis, schizophrenia, ultra high risk, ARMS, prodromal, attenuated psychosis, psychosis risk, depression, anxiety     

Clinician recognition of anxiety disorders in depressed outpatients

The recognition of anxiety disorders in depressed patients has potential clinical significance because their presence predicts poorer outcome and may influence treatment selection. In routine clinical settings, an unstructured diagnostic interview is typically used to assess patients at the initiation of treatment. Unstructured interviews, however, may result in missed diagnoses, with potential negative clinical consequences. The goals of the present study were to examine whether anxiety disorders are less frequently identified using a routine unstructured clinical evaluation than a semi-structured diagnostic interview in patients with a principal diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD), and to determine patients' desire for treatment for comorbid anxiety disorders. Psychiatric outpatients with MDD were evaluated with either a semi-structured or an unstructured diagnostic interview. Current DSM-IV anxiety disorder diagnoses were compared in the two, nonoverlapping, groups of depressed psychiatric outpatients seen in the same practice setting. Patients with comorbid anxiety disorders who were interviewed with the semi-structured interview were asked if they wanted treatment to address their anxiety symptoms. Individuals interviewed with the semi-structured interview were diagnosed with significantly more current anxiety disorders than individuals who were assessed with an unstructured interview. There was variability in patients' desire for treatment of the different anxiety disorders, though for each disorder the majority of patients wanted treatment to address the anxiety symptoms. In psychiatric outpatients with a principal diagnosis of MDD psychiatrists underrecognize anxiety disorder comorbidity for which patients want treatment.     

Is bipolar disorder specifically associated with panic disorder in youths?

OBJECTIVE: To replicate previous findings of high rates of bipolar disorder (BPD) in patients with panic disorder (PD) and determine if youths with both PD and BPD have more severe illness. METHOD: 2025 youths aged 5 to 19 years seen at a mood and anxiety specialty clinic were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children-Present Episode, 4th Revision. Diagnoses were made using DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria and then updated to conform to DSM-IV criteria. Patients were grouped into those with PD (N = 42), those with non-PD anxiety disorders (N = 407), and psychiatric controls with no anxiety diagnosis (N = 1576). RESULTS: Youths with PD were more likely to exhibit comorbid BPD (N = 8, 19.0%) than youths with either non-PD anxiety disorders (N = 22, 5.4%) or other nonanxious psychiatric disorders (N = 112, 7.1%). The symptoms of PD and mania were not affected by the comorbidity between PD and BPD. Youths with both PD and BPD had more psychotic symptoms and suicidal ideation than patients with PD and other non-bipolar psychiatric disorders and BPD patients with other nonanxious comorbid disorders. CONCLUSION: The presence of either PD or BPD in youths made the co-occurrence of the other condition more likely, as has been noted in adults. Patients with both PD and BPD are more likely to have psychotic symptoms and suicidal ideation. In treating youths with PD, clinicians must be vigilant for possible comorbid BPD or risk of pharmacologic triggering of a manic or hypomanic episode. Prospective studies are needed to learn if PD predicts the onset of BPD in children and adolescents.     

Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in a methadone maintenance population

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a group of patients who had recently entered a methadone maintenance programme. METHOD: A total of 62 patients were interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) within 6 months of commencing methadone maintenance. The CIDI was used to establish symptoms of psychiatric illness at interview and in the 12 months prior. RESULTS: In the 12 months prior to interview, 76% of the sample fulfilled ICD-10 criteria for a psychiatric disorder other than substance-use disorder. Over half of the group interviewed fulfilled ICD-10 criteria for an affective disorder, two-thirds fulfilled criteria for an anxiety disorder and just under half fulfilled diagnostic criteria for both an affective disorder and an anxiety disorder in the 12 months prior to interview. At the time of interview, 19% fulfilled ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for a moderate or severe affective disorder. Seventy per cent of males and 89% of females interviewed had a comorbid psychiatric illness. In 71% of the group who had a comorbid psychiatric illness, the onset of psychiatric symptomatology was reported to predate the use of heroin. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychiatric disorder is up to 10 times higher in the population on methadone maintenance than in the general population and is two to three times higher than that found in community surveys of those with a substance-use disorder. These results are consistent with earlier findings and have implications for service planning.     

Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Asperger Syndrome/High-functioning Autism: A Community- and Clinic-based Study

The present study identifies the prevalence and types of comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with Asperger syndrome (AS)/high-functioning autism (HFA) in a combined community- and clinic-based sample of fifty 9- to 16-year-old subjects using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Present and Lifetime Version. The level of functioning was estimated using the Children’s Global Assessment Scale. The results support common (prevalence 74%) and often multiple comorbid psychiatric disorders in AS/HFA; behavioral disorders were shown in 44%, anxiety disorders in 42% and tic disorders in 26%. Oppositional defiant disorder, major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders as comorbid conditions indicated significantly lower levels of functioning. To target interventions, routine evaluation of psychiatric comorbidity in subjects with AS/HFA is emphasized.     

Comorbidity of axis I and axis II disorders in patients who attempted suicide

OBJECTIVE: The authors compared the characteristics of suicide attempters with and without comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders to identify factors that explain the high suicide risk associated with psychiatric comorbidity. METHOD: A representative group of 111 patients who had attempted suicide (72 female and 39 male) was assessed for psychiatric and personality disorders according to ICD-10 criteria. The characteristics of patients with both types of disorder were compared with those of patients without comorbid disorders. A semistructured interview schedule and standardized questionnaires were used to investigate patients' background characteristics, the circumstances of the suicide attempts, psychological characteristics, and outcome after 12-20 months. RESULTS: Comorbidity of psychiatric and personality disorders was present in 49 patients (44%). More patients with comorbid disorders had made previous suicide attempts (N=41 [84%] versus N=28 [45%]) and repeated attempts during the follow-up period (N=25 [51%] versus N=9 [15%]). Differences in precipitants and motives for the index episode were also found: patients with comorbid disorders were more depressed and hopeless, reported more episodes of aggression, were more impulsive, and had lower self-esteem and poorer problem-solving skills. Differences in self-esteem and problem-solving skills distinguished between the groups in a stepwise discriminant function analysis. More of the patients with comorbid disorders reported not being loved by their parents and parental suicidal behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide attempters with comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders show marked differences from those without both of these disorders. Comorbidity may contribute to greater suicide risk. Some of the characteristics of patients with comorbid disorders pose major clinical challenges that should be addressed in an effort to reduce suicide risk.     

Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders

CONTEXT: Children and adolescents who present with manic symptoms frequently do not meet the full DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I disorder (BP-I). OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical presentation and family history of children and adolescents with BP-I, bipolar II disorder (BP-II), and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BP-NOS). DESIGN: Subjects and their primary caretaker were assessed by semistructured interview, and family psychiatric history was obtained from interview of the primary caretaker. SETTING: Outpatient and inpatient units at 3 university centers. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 438 children and adolescents (mean +/- SD age, 12.7 +/- 3.2 years) with BP-I (n = 255), BP-II (n = 30), or BP-NOS (n = 153). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lifetime psychiatric history and family history of psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Youth with BP-NOS were not diagnosed as having BP-I primarily because they did not meet the DSM-IV duration criteria for a manic or mixed episode. There were no significant differences among the BP-I and BP-NOS groups in age of onset, duration of illness, lifetime rates of comorbid diagnoses, suicidal ideation and major depression, family history, and the types of manic symptoms that were present during the most serious lifetime episode. Compared with youth with BP-NOS, subjects with BP-I had more severe manic symptoms, greater overall functional impairment, and higher rates of hospitalization, psychosis, and suicide attempts. Elevated mood was present in 81.9% of subjects with BP-NOS and 91.8% of subjects with BP-I. Subjects with BP-II had higher rates of comorbid anxiety disorders compared with the other 2 groups and had less functional impairment and lower rates of psychiatric hospitalization than the subjects with BP-I. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with BP-II and BP-NOS have a phenotype that is on a continuum with that of youth with BP-I. Elevated mood is a common feature of youth with BP-spectrum illness.