手术治疗Pilon骨折36例

2007年1月～2010年6月,我科采用不同的手术方式治疗Pilon骨折36例,效果满意. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料 本组36例,男27例,女9例, 年龄21～56岁.左侧22例,右侧14例.开放性骨折13例,闭合性骨折23例.骨折按Rüedi分型：Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型21例,Ⅲ型8例.     

动力髋螺钉结合防旋螺钉固定中老年股骨颈骨折68例分析

目的总结动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)结合防旋螺钉固定中老年股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年1月~2012年3月采用DHS结合防旋螺钉固定中老年移位型股骨颈骨折68例患者的临床资料,平均年龄66.4(50~78)岁。根据骨折移位程度(Garden)分型:Ⅱ型23例,Ⅲ型36例,Ⅳ型9例;根据骨折部位分型:头下型18例,经颈型36例,基底型14例;根据骨折两端的关系(Pauwels)分型:Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型47例。所有患者均进行骨密度检查:骨质疏松29例,骨量减少30例,骨密度正常9例。闭合复位或切开复位骨折后DHS固定,同时于DHS头钉近侧植入1枚防旋螺钉。术后采用Harris评分行髋关节功能评定。结果本组闭合复位56例,切开复位12例;平均手术时间44(30~100)min,平均失血量85(60~200)ml。术后3 d时复查X线示骨折复位满意64例(94.1%);内固定位置满意62例(91.2%)。术后住院时间平均13(4~20)d。骨折愈合65例(95.6%),愈合时间平均5(4~6)个月。本组发生严重并发症9例(13.2%),其中3例为骨折复位不满意者,7例为PauwelsⅢ型骨折,占本组PauwelsⅢ型骨折患者14.9%(7/47):拉力螺钉切出股骨头1例,骨折不愈合1例,骨折不愈合伴AVN 1例,AVN 4例,骨折愈合后行内固定取出后股骨头塌陷2例。62例获得随访,平均26(12~60)个月。术后1年髋关节功能Harris评分为:优40例,良12例,中6例,差4例,优良率83.9%。结论 DHS结合防旋螺钉固定是治疗中老年股骨颈骨折的较好方法。     

国产2.7mm系统掌侧锁定加压钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

<正>2011年8月~2013年2月,我们应用国产2.7 mm系统桡骨远端掌侧锁定加压钢板治疗23例桡骨远端不稳定骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组23例,男19例,女4例,年龄21~49岁。左侧8例,右侧13例,双侧2例。均为新鲜闭合骨折,其中6例合并其他部位损伤或骨折。受伤至手术时间5~20 d。按AO分类:B2型(桡骨远端关节面背侧缘骨折)4例,B3型(桡骨远端关节面掌侧缘骨折)     

切开复位内固定治疗Pilon骨折

探讨切开复位内固定对Pilon骨折的治疗效果。方法　应用切开复位内固定治疗Pilon骨折36例，按Rudei-Allgower分类，Ⅱ型23例，Ⅲ型13例。结果36例均获随访，时间6-32个月，按Ｔeeny踝关节评分标准，优16例，良12例，可6例，差2例。结论　关节面的解剖复位，坚强的内固定，踝关节的早期功能锻炼是治疗Pilon骨折取得良好效果的保证。     

可吸收螺钉治疗成人桡骨头劈裂性骨折

正2010年3月~2015年3月,我科应用可吸收螺钉治疗13例成人桡骨头劈裂性骨折患者,效果满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组13例,男9例,女4例,年龄23~62岁。左侧8例,右侧5例。均为新鲜闭合骨折。骨折按照Mason分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型10例。受伤至手术时间1~7 d。1.2治疗方法臂丛麻醉。取肘关节     

髓内钉结合空心钉治疗股骨髁部骨折

目的 :观察逆行髓内钉结合空心钉治疗股骨髁部骨折的临床疗效。方法 :回顾性分析2009年6月至2015年6月收治的股骨髁部粉碎性骨折患者13例,均使用逆行髓内钉结合空心钉治疗,男6例,女7例;年龄19~76岁,平均46.1岁。闭合性骨折10例,开放性骨折3例;骨折按AO分型:C1型4例,C2型7例,C3型2例。术后观察骨折复位及膝关节功能恢复情况。结果:13例全部获得随访,时间12~36个月,平均24个月。X线复查示骨折愈合时间为18~24周,平均21周,无内固定物松动、断裂及再骨折病例。手术后1年膝关节HSS评分90.07±4.99。结论:股骨逆行髓内钉结合空心螺钉治疗股骨髁间骨折临床疗效优良,能提高股骨髁部骨折的解剖复位率,减少并发症发生,促进膝关节功能恢复。     

后路克氏针内固定治疗小儿肱骨髁上骨折

正2008年1月~2014年12月,我科采用后路克氏针内固定治疗34例肱骨髁上骨折患儿,效果满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组34例,男21例,女13例,年龄6~12岁。均为闭合肱骨髁上骨折。伸直型23例,屈曲型11例。受伤至手术时间6~13 d。1.2治疗方法臂丛麻醉或静脉复合麻醉下手术。肘后侧切口,自鹰咀尖端远侧3~4 cm,于上臂中线向近侧延伸至鹰咀上8~10 cm,显露并整复骨折。由内、外上髁各钻入1枚克氏针,将骨折交叉固定。关闭切口并放置负压引流。     

切开复位空心螺钉固定+肌骨瓣移植治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

正2010年6月~2014年6月,我科采用切开复位空心螺钉固定+股直肌蒂骨瓣移植治疗44例青壮年股骨颈骨折患者,临床效果满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组44例,男31例,女13例,年龄16~47岁。骨折部位:头下型20例,头颈型14例,经颈型10例。骨折按Garden分型:Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ型23例。1.2治疗方法硬膜外麻醉。改良     

外固定架三维结构固定儿童股骨远端A型骨折北大核心CSCD

目的探讨应用外固定架三维结构固定儿童股骨远端A型骨折的疗效。方法2016年9月~2020年12月,对13例儿童股骨远端A型骨折应用外固定架三维结构固定。年龄7~13岁,平均10.6岁。体重36~59 kg,平均47.7 kg。均为闭合伤。AO分型A1型9例(除外A1.1型),A2型2例,A3型2例。受伤至手术时间2~6 d,平均3.5 d。Kolmert标准评定疗效。结果术后均有钉眼周围红肿及少量渗出,无钉道感染。术后3个月骨折均愈合良好并拆除外固定架。按Kolmert标准,优12例,良1例。术后随访8个月~4年,平均15.5月,无再骨折。结论对儿童股骨远端A型骨折,应用外固定架进行简单且稳定的结构固定,操作简单,疗效满意。     

有限内固定加外固定支架固定治疗C型胫腓骨骨折和Pilon骨折

目的探讨一种适合C型胫腓骨骨折和P ilon骨折的治疗方法。方法自1996年6月~2005年6月对C型胫腓骨骨折36例和P ilon骨折12例,采用有限内固定加外固定支架固定治疗。结果48例患者平均随访12(10~16)个月,无切口、伤口及钉道感染,无神经、血管损伤等并发症,临床疗效满意。36例C型胫腓骨骨折,按Johner-wruhs评分标准为优27例,良9例。12例P ilon骨折,按M a-zur等踝关节症状和功能评分法,术后评分平均85(73~93)分,踝关节功能优2例,良8例,可2例;按M arsh踝关节关节面骨折复位评分法,优良者8例,中等4例。结论有限内固定加外固定支架固定是治疗C型胫腓骨骨折和P ilon骨折的较好方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.