海洛因依赖的AIDS患者继发金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的影像学分析

目的探讨静脉注射海洛因依赖的AIDS患者继发金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的X线平片及CT影像特点.方法回顾性分析10例静脉注射海洛因依赖的AIDS患者继发金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的临床资料、胸部X线平片及螺旋CT表现.结果 10例中,胸部X线平片和CT发现实变7例,肺气囊6例,小空洞5例,纵隔或肺门淋巴结肿大5例,胸腔积液3例;两项或两项以上混杂8例;病灶可在短期内变化.结论海洛因依赖的AIDS患者继发金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎的影像表现与其他非AIDS、非海洛因依赖者继发的金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎相似,但表现更为多样,各种征象可单独出现,亦可混杂存在.     

X线平片和CT扫描对胸部外伤诊断价值的分析

目的 观察胸部外伤的X线平片、CT扫描影像学表现,探讨诊断价值.方法 收集46例胸部外伤患者的临床检查资料,回顾性分析其X线及CT扫描表现.结果 将影像学诊断结果与手术证实结果对比,CT扫描的确诊率高于X线胸片;X线扫描可准确诊出肋骨骨折,可部分诊出气胸、肺挫伤、胸腔积血等,CT扫描的漏诊率较X线低.结论 临床首选X线检查,加上CT扫描辅助检查,能够较准确地诊断胸部外伤的具体病情,两者结合可提供可靠影像学依据,对临床抢救工作意义重大.     

脊柱创伤的影像学诊断价值分析

目的 探讨X线平片、CT、MRI对重症脊柱创伤诊断的优缺点,为创伤外科合理选择检查方法提供理论依据.方法 采用回顾性分析方法对患者的X线平片、CT、MRI影像资料进行对比分析,比较三种检查的优缺点.结果 CT检查骨折的阳性率为100%;平片检查单纯椎体压缩骨折阳性率为83%,附件骨折阳性率为90%;MRI检查单纯椎体压缩骨折阳性率为92%,附件骨折阳性率为80%,对脊髓、神经根受压情况显示清晰.结论 CT尤其螺旋CT应成为重症脊柱创伤的首选检查方法.MRI可作为其重要的补充检查手段,脊柱平片仅可作为一般的补充检查手段.     

影像学检查对急性脊柱损伤的诊断价值分析

目的 探讨、分析急性脊柱损伤的影像学检查特征,评估常规X线平片、CT及MR在诊断中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析71例经X线平片、螺旋CT扫描及MR检查的脊柱损伤患者的病例.结果 CT与MR在显示椎间盘病变与椎体内细小骨折线优于X线平片,CT在显示椎弓与椎板骨折上优于X线平片与MR,MR在显示脊髓损伤上优于X线平片与CT.结论 X线平片是脊柱损伤的首选方法,但最好同时辅以CT检查,明确脊柱损伤的类型.对于怀疑有脊髓损伤的患者应及时进行MR检查.     

血清阴性脊柱关节病的骶髂关节病变X线和CT表现比较

目的：探讨血清阴性脊柱关节病（SpA）骶髂关节病变X线和 CT表现及其诊断价值.方法：回顾性分析50例诊断为SpA住院患者的影像资料,对其X线平片及 CT成像诊断骶髂关节的病变分级及征象进行比较分析.结果：X线平片诊断为Ⅰ-Ⅱ级骶髂关节改变的病例中有59.2%（29/49）在CT诊断中提高了诊断级别.骶髂关节面模糊在X线平片中检出率较CT高（P＜0.05）,而关节软骨及骨侵蚀则在CT中检出率较高（P＜0.05）.结论：CT扫描对 SpA骶髂关节早期病变的诊断具有较高价值;X线平片与CT对SpA非早期骶髂关节病变诊断的敏感性相同.     

骶髂关节CT检查诊断早期强直性脊柱炎

研究骶髂关节 CT 检查对早期诊断强直性脊柱炎的临床价值。对100例临床及 X 线平片疑有强直性脊柱炎,但不能确诊者,进行骶髂关节 CT 扫描检查,并根据 CT图像与临床资料及 X 线平片作对比分析。结果强直性眷柱炎的主要临床特点均有骶髂关节周围及腰腿痛,晨僵。实验检查 HLA-B27阳性,平片及 CT 图像表现骶髂关节模糊,硬化及囊样变。结论:CT 检查骶髂关节侵蚀情况是诊断强直性脊柱炎的较可靠、满意的检查,尤其对临床高度疑诊而平片显示正常或可疑者的鉴别及确诊意义甚大。     

X线平片与螺旋CT扫描在肋骨骨折诊断中的应用比较

目的 探讨X线平片与螺旋CT检查肋骨骨折的优缺点与价值比较。方法 对50例胸外伤病例，其中男43人，女7人，年龄22—48岁，对比分析其常规X线胸片和胸部螺旋CT资料。结果 50例患者，总计86处肋骨骨折。普通平片显示64处，诊断符合率为74.4％，胸部螺旋CT扫描显示86处，诊断符合率100．0％。结论 螺旋CT扫描对肋骨骨折的诊断有重要价值。     

周围型肺癌行X线平片与CT诊断的临床价值对照

目的 对比周围型肺癌行X线平片与CT诊断的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析本卫生院2012年7月～2014年7月收治的63例经病理学确诊的周围型肺癌患者X线平片与CT检查资料,并对比两种检查方式影像学表现.结果 本组患者行CT检查的毛刺、肿块、棘样突起、空泡、胸膜凹陷、支气管气象、肺门及淋巴结肿大、血管聚集及厚壁空洞等影像特征阳性检出率显著高于X平片检查,对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);X线平片确诊周围型肺癌49例,确诊准确率为77.78％(49/63),CT确诊周围型肺癌60例,确诊准确率为95.24％(60/63),两者对比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 相较于X线平片,周围型肺癌行与CT检查可显著提升影像学特征检出率与诊断准确率.     

螺旋CT与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻的早期诊断效能比较

目的 比较螺旋CT与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻早期诊断效能。方法 回顾分析2017年6月~2019年6月在我院诊治的104例急性肠梗阻患者临床资料,患者均行腹部X线平片及螺旋CT检查,比较两种检查方法敏感度、特异度以及诊断准确性。 结果 螺旋CT诊断急性肠梗阻敏感度86.53%、特异度80.00%,高于腹部X线平片的67.30%、65.71%（P＜0.05）;螺旋CT诊断小肠梗阻、结肠梗阻、机械性肠梗阻、绞榨性肠梗阻的准确率均高于腹部X线平片（P＜0.05）。结论 螺旋CT对急性肠梗阻的早期诊断准确率高,并且可以更加准确定位肠梗阻位置、原因,为临床的有效治疗提供可靠的参考依据,具有重要临床应用的价值。     

双排螺旋 CT 联合 X 线平片检查诊断在 腰椎间盘突出症诊断中的应用价值

目的 分析双排螺旋 CT 联合 X 线平片用于腰椎间盘突出症的诊断效果和应用价值。方法 收集 40 例腰椎间盘突出症手术患者,行双排螺旋 CT、X 线平片检查,分析两种检查方法的影像学特征,并以手术病理结果为标准,比较单一检查、联合检查的符合率。结果 以手术结果为标准,腰椎间盘突出单一 X 线平片检查符合率为 47.5%;单一双排螺旋 CT检查符合率为 90%;X 线平片联合 CT 检查符合率为 100%。联合检查与单一 X 线平片检查、单一 CT 检查比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。双排螺旋 CT 腰椎间盘突出症诊断分型符合率为 95%,与手术病理结果比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。X 线平片提示,腰椎间隙宽度和长度明显异常,腰椎生理弯曲,呈弓状、后翘状态。CT 检查提示,椎体边缘可见椎间盘突出,密度稍低于椎间盘,小关节突增生,结节不规则,侧隐窝狭窄,突出块较大时,可见软组织密度影,硬膜囊、神经根表现为变形、移位,甚至消失。结论 X 线平片、CT 检查在腰椎间盘突出症诊断中各具优势,但若单一检查,容易发生误诊、漏诊等不良事件,两者联合诊断,可有效提高诊断符合率,为临床治疗提供可靠的影像学依据,具有重要的研究价值。     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Aspects of the problem of direct introduction of Standards of International Organizations

Editorial note. This article is published as part of a discussion. Particular issues of the article are disputable. First of all, this concerns the so-called “folder” method of introduction of international standards for medical devices to domestic medical practice (i.e., by direct translation of the standards and their publication as standardizing documents). Nevertheless, at least one of the problems, the problem of coordination between domestic state standards for medical devices and international recommendations of ISO and IEC, is undoubtedly of topical importance. Advancement of new health service legislation which is to be approved by law-makers will definitely introduce corrections into the present situation. The Editorial Board of Meditsinskaya Tekhnika believes this article will lessen these problems and to be welcomed by readers.