金瓷修复体着色技术对着色剂色稳定性的影响

金瓷修复体不同的上色技术对瓷表面着色上色稳定性有一定影响，而且不同颜色的着色剂受影响程度也有所不同。本文采用国际通用的ＣＩＥ１９７６ＬＡＢ色度系统，通过使用三种临床常用的上色技术，对ＶｉａＶＭＫ６８五种着色剂作色稳定性研究。     

多次烧结遮色瓷对金瓷修复体颜色的影响

探讨金属烤瓷修复体颜色匹配和色泽稳定性，提高金瓷修复体质量，一直是临床烤瓷修复面临的重要课题。本实验拟利用光谱扫描色度仪测试多次烧结遮色瓷层后金瓷修复体色相、明度、彩度的变化，探讨烧结变色规律及对金瓷修复体颜色的影响，为临床上金属烤瓷修复体的制作提供实验依据。     

表面着色剂在修复中的应用

金瓷修复体已在量应用于临床，但修复体的颜色匹配仍是一个棘手的难题，因为影响修复体颜色的因素很多，因此要获得颜色匹配十分理想的修复体是很困难的，表面着色剂用于调整完成的修复体表面色，使颜色效果更佳，本文从着色概念，上色技术，混色原则及颜色稳定性几个方面对表面着色剂在修复中的应用进行综述，有利于修复工作进增进对着色剂的了解，提高修复体质量。     

金瓷修复体与VITA成品比色板色度差

目的：掌握 Ｖ Ｉ Ｔ Ａ 成品比色板及金瓷修复体的色度规律及二者间色度差异特点,更合理、客观地使用 Ｖ Ｉ Ｔ Ａ 成品比色板。方法：选用 Ｃ Ｉ Ｅ１９７６ Ｌ ａ ｂ系统。用美能达 Ｃ Ｒ－ １００ 色度计,对我院口腔修复专业由同一位技师制作的部分前牙金瓷修复体及所选 Ｖ Ｉ Ｔ Ａ 成品比色板上的比色片颜色进行测试,并对二者色度学规律、色度差异值进行统计分析。结果：金瓷修复体的明度值均高于所选比色片的明度值。二者色相一致,彩度值不同。金瓷修复体较 Ｖ Ｉ Ｔ Ａ 成品比色板上 Ａ 组色片ａ ｂ值高,颜色偏黄红;较 Ｂ、 Ｃ组色片ｂ值高,颜色偏黄;与 Ｄ组色片彩度值相近,匹配性较好。金瓷修复体与 Ｖ Ｉ Ｔ Ａ 成品比色板上深颜色色片匹配性优于浅色片。结论：金瓷修复体与所选 Ｖ Ｉ Ｔ Ａ 成品比色板比色片颜色存在肉眼所见颜色差异。使用 Ｖ Ｉ Ｔ Ａ成品比色板指导临床选色、配色时,应选择较同名牙或相邻牙明亮度低、色彩偏淡的比色片作为指导制作金瓷修复体的色标。     

反复烧结对In- Ceram 全瓷修复体颜色稳定性的影响

烤瓷修复体的体瓷初次烧结后 ,在制作室和临床上要多次修改 ,需反复烧结 ,有可能改变瓷的初始颜色。本项研究的目的是探讨反复烧结对Ｉｎ Ｃｅｒａｍ全瓷修复体颜色稳定性的影响。1.材料与方法 :按操作常规制作 10个直径 15ｍｍ、厚 1ｍｍ的圆盘状ＶｉｔａＩｎ ＣｅｒａｍＡｌｕｍｉｎａ氧化铝底层。使用ＶｉｔａｄｕｒＡｌｐｈａＭａｓｔｅｒＫｉｔＡ2瓷粉 (ＶｉｔａＣｏ ,Ｇｅｒｍａｎｙ)塑瓷 ,在ＶｉｔａＩｎｃｅｒａｍａｔⅡ型全瓷专用烤瓷炉中烧结 ,自身上釉。不透明体瓷厚 0 2ｍｍ ,体瓷厚 1ｍｍ ,透明瓷厚 0 4ｍｍ。瓷烧结过程按厂…     

烧结次数对金属烤瓷修复体颜色三要素的影响

目的：研究烧结次数对金属烤瓷修复体颜色三要素的影响。方法：采用CIE1976L*a*b*色度系统，计算公式：色差△Eab*={(△L*)^2 (△b*)^2}^1/2，彩度Cab*={(a*)^2 (b*)^2}^1/2，色调角hab*=tg^-1b*/a*,L*代表明度。结果：t检验分析：金瓷烧结5次以上，颜色有明显改变，表现为明度增加；体瓷烧结3次变色，表现为明度增加，彩度增加；遮色瓷绕结3次变色，表现为色调角增大。结论：金属烤瓷修复体烧结5次以上变色，变色表现为明度增加，变色主要与体瓷层明度和彩度的增加有关；遮色瓷层烧结变色对金属烧瓷修复体颜色无明显影响。     

金瓷修复体与比色板色度的差异

影响金瓷修复体颜色的因素很多 ,如 ,金属底层 ,瓷层厚度 ,烧结条件 ,着色剂等。我们仅就金瓷修复体与比色板色度的差异问题 ,探讨如下。1 目前比色板存在的问题 :①颜色范围过窄 ,一般只有 9～ 2 5种 ,而自然牙颜色的排列系统大约要 80 0种 ,才可以覆盖全部自然牙的颜色空间。②缺乏金属底层 ,与临床实际不符。比色板是用玻璃、树脂类的代用品 ,而不是用同种瓷粉制作。③目前我国以Ｖｉｔａ比色板使用最广泛 ,但从已有的研究报道可知 ,其与中国人自然牙色度值不完全符合。2 金瓷修复体与Ｖｉｔａ成品比色板色度差的观察 :随机抽取我院已完…     

烧结次数对3种金属基底烤瓷冠颜色的影响

目的研究烧结次数对不同的金瓷修复体颜色的影响。方法利用同一副带有1活动代型的标准模型,分别制作A2色镍铬合金烤瓷冠、金合金烤瓷冠、金沉积烤瓷冠,每组各6件,反复烧结,应用CIE1976 L*a*b*颜色系统,采用高像素数码摄影及计算机处理技术,在标准光源及相同条件下,每次烧结后对其颜色进行测定。结果3种金瓷修复体随着烧结次数增加,明度、彩度均不断增大,烧结8次时明度最高,但继续烧结至10次后,明度逐渐下降;在色差上,3种金瓷修复体烧结6次时变色,金沉积烤瓷冠颜色稳定性优于其它两种。结论多次烧结对金瓷修复体颜色有一定的影响,技工制作金瓷修复体时烧结次数适宜控制在6次内;3种金瓷修复体颜色稳定性,金沉积烤瓷冠和金合金烤瓷冠优于镍铬合金烤瓷冠。     

两种烤瓷材料重复烧结时颜色稳定性的对比研究

对比国产KC—1瓷粉和德国Vita瓷粉遮色瓷和体瓷在相同烧结条件、不同烧结次数的色度值变化情况,发现两种烤瓷材料的遮色瓷随烧结次效增加变化显著,重复6次烧结后色差分别为9.25和5.86。而表面加盖体瓷后颜色稳定性增强,重复5次烧结的色差值分别为4.00和0.82.认为临床上Vita瓷反复烧结一般不会引起修复体表面颜色变化,但KC—1瓷应尽量减少烧结次数,以求有比较理想的配色。     

金瓷修复体与VITA成品比色板色度差

目的 掌握ＶＩＴＡ成品比色板及金瓷修复体的色度规律,合理,客观使用ＶＩＴＡ成品比色板,方法 随机抽取由同一位技师采用ＹＫＨ－１Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ烤瓷合金,ＶＩＴＡＶＭＫ６８系列瓷粉制作的９２件前牙金瓷修复体,对其颜色及所选ＶＩＴＡ成品比色板色片颜色用美能达ＣＲ－１００型色度计,ＣＩＥ１９７５Ｌａｂ系统进行测试。结果 金瓷修复体的明显值均高于所选比色片的明度值,二者色相一致,彩度值不相同,存在的肉眼能区分的     

Effects of temperature on color stability of porcelain stains.

The effects of oven firing on the color stability of extrinsic stains used for characterization and color modification of metal ceramic restorations were studied by comparing the color of the stain as initially applied with that observed after it was fired to the fusion temperature. Perceptible changes were noted for all stains studied. Multiple firings of the stain showed only minor effects on the observed color. The effects at fusion temperatures of 1700 degrees F and 1775 degrees F appeared similar. Finally, there appeared to be no marked differences between the color change observed with the use of autoglazing and overglazing techniques.     

Relative color stability of ceramic stains subjected to glazing temperatures.

Ceramic stains are routinely used to modify Hue or characterize ceramic dental restorations. Subjective opinion has led to the hypothesis that certain stains are not color stable when subjected to glazing temperatures. This study tested the individual stains in nine different ceramic staining kits for color stability when subjected to glazing temperatures. Ceramic disks were made with gingival porcelain and coated with individual stains. Colorimetric recordings were made before and after glazing and the color difference (delta E) was calculated. Significant color changes were noted for specific individual stains from each of the ceramic staining kits tested.     

Colour stability of a new light-cured ceramic stain system subjected to glazing temperature

A light-cured ceramic stain system (Orbit LC) offers promise as an effective method for surface characterization of ceramic restorations. This study evaluated colour change after glazing procedures for six commonly used stains from this novel system. One hundred and five ceramic specimens were made of the same enamel porcelain powder and standardized in size. The stains were applied on ceramic blocks and light-cured according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Porcelain colour was then measured with a calibrated colorimeter before and after each glazing procedure. The CIEL*a*b* colour co-ordinates were obtained as a measure of the direction and magnitude of colour change. Colour changes were noted for all six stains when subjected to the first glazing procedure (DeltaE* = 1.25-4.73). Brown, orange and green stains showed the greatest colour shifts (DeltaE* > 3.3), which might be considered clinically significant. However, the colour change is not of the same pattern in the colour space. Compared with the first glazing procedure, the second and third glazing procedures demonstrated less effect on the colour stability of the stains (DeltaE* = 0.36-1.12). The results provide important information about colour shifts in the system, which require overcorrection during stain application.     

Stain removal from a pigmented silicone maxillofacial elastomer

The removal of environmental stains from a pigmented maxillofacial elastomer was carried out by solvent extraction under network swelling. Silastic 44210 was pigmented with 11 maxillofacial pigments prior to staining. Samples were stained with lipstick, methylene blue, and disclosing solution. These stains were then removed by solvent extraction with 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Color parameter measurements both before and after staining and after solvent extraction demonstrated the effectiveness of removing these stains by solvent extraction while causing little or no change in the color of the pigmented samples.     

Changes in optical properties of enamel porcelain after repeated external staining

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: After staining a porcelain restoration, increasing the lightness (value) and decreasing the chroma of a restoration is not practically easy to accomplish. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the color change of enamel porcelain after repeated external staining procedures over the enamel porcelain surface. Changes in translucency and differences in surface roughness were also measured. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enamel porcelain (VITA OMEGA 900 Metal Ceramics) disks (1 x 12 mm) of 1 shade (EN2) were prepared, and 1 of 4 types of external stains (VITA Akzent stains) was applied over the specimens and fired. Firing was repeated 3 times after application of the same stains. Color of the specimens before and after stainings was measured with a reflection spectrophotometer. Two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance with the fixed factors of the stain type and number of staining cycles for the changes in CIE L(*), CIE a(*), CIE b(*), color (DeltaE(*)(ab)), and chroma (DeltaC(*)(ab)) after repeated staining was performed (alpha=.05). Chroma change was calculated as DeltaC(*)(a)=(Deltaa *(2) +Deltab *(2))(1/2). Changes in translucency (translucency parameter and masking effect) and difference in surface roughness (Ra) after the third staining cycle were also determined. RESULTS: Color change after the first staining cycle was perceptible (DeltaE(*)(ab) >2) for 2 of 4 types of stains and was perceptible for all 4 types of stains investigated after the third staining cycle (DeltaE(*)(ab) = 2.36-11.04). Lightness generally increased, and chroma also increased after staining but varied by the type of stains and number of staining cycles. Translucency generally decreased after repeated staining. Surface roughness varied by the type of stain (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Color difference and lightness increased significantly after repeated staining cycles, but chroma change was small after repeated staining cycles. Therefore, repeated staining may be a method to increase the lightness of enamel porcelain.     

Effect of bleaching and repolishing procedures on coffee and tea stain removal from three anterior composite veneering materials

Discolored teeth can be treated with resin veneers, but their color changes when confronted with staining solutions. Polishing procedures can provide a remedy for highly stained composites, but they tend to remove some materials as well. However, bleaching procedures are an effective, nondestructive method for solving the problem. The aim of this study was to compare the color change of three veneer composites exposed to staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of a 15% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent and three polishing systems to remove the stain. Forty‐five disks (12 × 2 mm) each of Clearfil ST® (Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), Esthet‐X? (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford DE, USA), and Filtek A110? (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared. The specimens were polished with Sof‐Lex? (3M ESPE), Enhance® (Dentsply/Caulk), or PoGo® (Dentsply/Caulk). Five specimens for each material‐polishing system combination were immersed in coffee (Nescafe® Classic, Nestle SA, Vevey, Switzerland) or tea (Earl Grey, Lipton, Blackfriars‐London, England) for 7 days. The remaining disks were stored in water. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer (X‐Rite® Seroice SP78, Loaner, Köln, Germany) at baseline; after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days; and after bleaching and repolishing. After 1 week, one side of the specimens was bleached with Illuminé‐office® (Dentsply De Trey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) for 1 hour, and the other side was repolished for 30 seconds. All comparisons of color change for the polishing systems, times, and staining solutions were subjected to repeated measurements of analysis of variance. Paired t‐test was used to examine whether significant color differences (δE*) occurred during immersion at the specified time intervals (p .05). Filtek A110 was the least stained resin composite. Its color remained under a δE* value of 2 during the study. Clearfil ST exhibited the most color change after 1 week. All specimens polished with Enhance showed less staining, whereas those polished with the Sof‐Lex system demonstrated the most color change. Water did not cause a variance in the δE*. There was no difference in the staining potential of coffee and tea. Bleaching and repolishing were effective in removing the stains. The resin composites tested reversed nearly to baseline color with the bleaching and to less than values at 1 day of staining with repolishing. The coffee and tea brands tested stained the composites used in this study equally. In‐office bleaching was found to be more effective than repolishing in the restitution of the color.     

Some methods for fluorochromation and staining of rat mast cells with bacic dyes

Abstract— Fluorochromation and staining possibilities of rat mast cells with basic dyes have been studied. The material consisted mainly of tongue, salivary and lymph glands, as well as decalcified material from jaws containing incisors. A very selective fluorescence for mast cells was achieved with several basic fluomchromes, but berberine sulfate, acridine orange, and thioflavine T proved especially useful. Some combinations of dyes to be used for ordinary and/or ultraviolet light are described. The most useful seemed to be acridine orangelhematoxylinleosin, acridine orangelaniline blue WS, berberine sulfatelthiazine red R. The acid dyes mainly served as background stains. Good results were achieved in ordinary light with the basic dye methyl green, which also revealed interesting color change phenomena ("allochromasia").     

家用过氧化脲凝胶对氟斑牙着色斑漂白作用的临床评价

目的:评价家用过氧化脲凝胶对氟斑牙着色斑漂白的临床效果.方法:将24例氟斑牙患者的108颗着色氟斑牙,根据着色区着色深浅分为轻、中、重度3组.用过氧化脲凝胶进行家庭漂白.在治疗前、治疗结束时及治疗结束1年后,采用CMYK色值表对氟斑牙着色斑进行比色,记录漂白前、后的色阶变化及疗程,计算漂白有效率并评价疗效稳定性;用数字化疼痛评判法记录受试者术中牙的敏感度.采用SPSS13.0软件包对结果进行x2检验.结果:(1)轻度氟斑牙着色斑脱色效果显著,1个疗程内漂白有效率达100%;中、重度氟斑牙着色斑脱色效果稍差,有效率分别为94.29%和86.21%,3组间无统计学差异(P＞0.05).(2)治疗结束1年后复查,3组漂白有效率与治疗结束时比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).(3)用药时,部分患者有不同程度的牙酸痛症状,敏感率为56.52%,停止用药2～3h后,敏感症状消失.结论:家用过氧化脲凝胶治疗氟斑牙着色斑效果显著,具有一定的安全性和稳定性.     

Bleaching and restoring endodontically treated teeth.

Internal, or "walking," bleaching has been successfully used in dentistry for many years to reverse stains associated with nonvital teeth. The procedure is predictable for color change but is not without problems. Current research has identified the cause of cervical resorption, which has been associated with internal bleaching. Second-generation esthetic bonding materials theoretically should provide an improved seal at the tooth-restorative interface, but the limited current research does not support this contention. A suggested method for internal bleaching and restoring the access cavity is presented.