HLA－B27的分型方法

本文综述了ＨＬＡ－Ｂ２７的分型方法以及各种方法的此缺点。至今建立的ＨＬＡ－Ｂ２７分型方法有补体依赖性微量淋巴细胞毒法、流式细胞术法、玫瑰花法、等电聚焦法、酶联免疫法和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）法。这些方法虽各有其特点，但ＰＣＲ法分型ＨＬＡ－Ｂ２７亚型将是未来的发展方向。     

HLA新等位基因B*5827核苷酸序列的分析

目的 确认人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)新等位基因B*5827并分析其核苷酸序列.方法 用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针对1份HLA分型反应异常的血样进行基因分型,并用基因克隆测序技术正反向测定DNA序列.结果 测序结果显示HLA-B位点有1个与已知HLA等位基因序列均不同的新等位基因,该等位基因与HLA-B*5820序列同源性最高.但在第3外显子存在8个碱基的差异,分别为nt 290(G＞C)、nt 346(T＞A)、nt 390(A＞C)、nt 404(G＞C)、nt 413(C＞G)、nt 471(A＞G)、nt 486(A＞G)和nt 487(C＞A).碱基的不同导致了氨基酸不同nt 97(ser＞arg)、nt115(phe＞tyr)、nt 130(ser＞arg)、nt 157(thr＞ala)和nt 162(thr＞glu),其中nt 404和nt 413是同义突变.结论 该等位基因为HLA新等位基因,基因序列已提交至GenBank数据库,提交号为GU071234,于2010年1月被世界卫生组织HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-B*5827.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the molecular basis for a novel human leukocyte antigen(HLA)allele B * 5827. Methods DNA from the proband was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) typing. The amplified product was sequenced bidirectionally. Results Abnormal HLA-B locus was observed and its nucleotide sequence was different from the known HLA-B allele sequences, with highest homology to HLA-B * 5820 allele. It differs from HLA-B * 5820 by 8 nucleotide substitutions in exon 3, i. e. , nt 290 (G＞C), nt 346 (T＞A), nt 390 (A＞C), nt 404 (G＞C),nt 413 (C＞G), nt 471 (A＞G), nt 486 (A＞G) and nt 487 (C＞A), resulting in an amino acid change from ser＞arg at nt 97, phe＞tyr at nt 115, ser＞arg at nt 130, thr＞ala at nt 157 and thr＞glu at nt 162.Nucleotide differences of nt 404(G＞C) and nt 413(C＞G) did not change amino acid. Conclusion The sequences of the novel allele have been submitted to GenBank (access No. GU071234). A novel HLA class Ⅰ allele B * 5827 has been officially assigned by the WHO HLA Nomenclature Committee in Jan 2010.     

北方汉族泛发型白癜风与HLAⅠ、Ⅱ类等位基因相关性研究

目的探讨北方汉族泛发型白癜风与HLAⅠ、Ⅱ类等位基因的相关性。方法采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异引物技术检测34例北方汉族泛发型白癜风患者及102名健康人的HLA-A、B、Cw、DRB1和DQB1等位基因。结果与正常对照比较，泛发型白癜风患者HLA-A＊30、Cw＊06、DRB1＊07、DQBC＊0201基因频率显著增高，其中家族史阴性患者HLA-A＊30、Cw＊06、DRB1＊07、DQBC＊0201基因频率显著增高，但家族史阳性患者的等位基因频率差异无统计学意义。结论HLA—A＊30、Cw＊06、DRB1＊07、DQB1＊0201等位基因与北方汉族泛发型白癜风相关，可能是其易感基因或与泛发型白癜风的易感基因相连锁。     

沈阳汉族人群HLA—DR,DQ,DP的DNA分型研究

使用ＰＣＲ／ＳＳＯ方法对９４名沈阳汉族健康人群进行了ＨＬＡ第Ⅱ类抗原等位基因的完全分型，共发现６６种等位基因，基中ＤＲＢ１２８种，ＤＲＢ３３种，ＤＲＢ５４种，ＤＱＡ１８种，ＤＱＢ１３种，ＤＰＢ１０种，分析了ＤＲ－ＤＱ连锁的五位点单倍型，共发现３８种，其中２１种是在白人为主的人群已发现过的。本研究提出了中国东北人群ＨＬＡ第Ⅱ类抗原等位基因的遗传基本情况，可用于疾病研究的对照和其他中国群资料的比较。     

潮汕人群HLA遗传多态性及与其他汉族人群亲缘关系比较

目的检测中国潮汕汉族人群HLA-A、HLA-B位点基因多态性，验证潮汕人群起源于中原汉族并与闽南人有共同祖先的假设。方法应用序列特异引物-聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer，PCR-SSP）对505名潮汕汉族人进行HLA-A、-B基因分型，计算等位基因和单倍型频率，并与其他9个汉族人群相应位点的分布进行比较，进而计算遗传距离并绘制10个汉族群体相邻连接遗传树。结果共检出12个HLA-A等位基因和30个HLA-B等位基因，其中频率较高的为A＊11（0．3564），A＊02（0．3178），B＊60（0．2168），B＊46（0．1446），B＊58（0．1069）。这些高频率的等位基因在其它9个汉族人群中频率也较高。结论潮汕汉族与闽南汉族亲缘关系最近，与北方汉族亲缘关系则较远。     

用地高辛标记的PCR/SSO方法进行HLA-B27等位基因检测

目的建立检测ＨＬＡ－Ｂ２７等位基因的聚合酶链反应／顺序特异的寡核苷酸探针方法，并分析其实用性。方法采用４对引物Ｅ４０ｓ、Ｅ９０ａｓ；Ｅ９１ａｓ、Ｅ１３６ａｓ；Ｅ９１ｂｓ、Ｅ１８１ａｓ；Ｅ４０ｓ、Ｅ１３０ａｓ分别扩增靶ＤＮＡ，用１０个探针ＣＬ－１～９和ＰＡＮ－Ｂ２７分别进行杂交，探针用地高辛系统标记和检测，可检定Ｂ＊２７０１～２７０８共８个等位基因。结果通过对Ｂ２７等位基因已明确的８个阳性对照ＤＮＡ、５例Ｂ２７阴性标本及７５例阳性标本的检测，表明本方法技术稳定结果可靠，不会与其它ＨＬＡⅠ类基因产生交叉杂交而影响结果的指定。结论本研究为ＨＬＡ－Ｂ２７多态性和强直性脊椎炎关联研究提供了一种有效方法，也为ＨＬＡⅠ类分子基因分型研究积累了经验。     

内蒙古汉族儿童过敏性紫癜与HLA-DQA1基因的关联性研究

目的 探讨内蒙古汉族儿童HLA－DQA1等位基因与过敏性紫癜（anaphylactoid purpura,AP）的遗传易感性及其与临床特点的关系。方法 用聚合酶链反应－序列特异性引物技术，对70例内蒙古汉族儿童AP和90名健康儿童HLA－DQA1等位基因进行对比分析。结果 （1）病例组DQA1＊0301基因频率为33.4%，明显高于对照组（10.6%）（P＜0.01）；DQA1＊0302基因频率为6.7%，明显低于对照组（19％）（P＜0.01)。（2）单纯皮肤紫癜病例组与对照组DQA1＊0301和0302基因频率比较，差异无显著性（P＞0.05）；伴有胃肠、关节、肾脏损害病例DQA1＊0301基因频率分别为26.7%、28.5%和29.3%，均明显高于对照组（10.6%）（P均＜0.01）；而DQA1＊0302基因频率分别为3.9%、5.7%和9.6%，分别与对照组（19％）比较，肾脏损害组差异无显著性（P＞0.05），胃肠和关节损害组均明显降低（P均＜0.01）。结论 HLA－DQA1＊0301等位基因可能是内蒙古汉族儿童AP发病单体型中一个遗传易感基因，具此基因者可能更易出现胃肠、关节和肾脏损害；而DQA1＊0302等位基因可能为其遗传保护基因，对出现胃肠、关节损害可能有拮抗作用。     

北方汉族过敏性紫癜与HLA相关性研究

为了研究过敏性紫癜（ＡＰ）的发病机理中是否有免疫遗传因素参与，采用国际通用的ＮＩＨ标准微量淋巴细胞毒试验方法检测４０例ＡＰ患者的ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ类抗原，并与１００例北方汉族正常人ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ类抗原频率进行比较。利用聚合酶链反应－序列特异性引物技术（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＰ）对其中３０例ＡＰ患者进行ＨＬＡ－Ⅱ类基因分型，并与１０４例北方汉族正常人的ＨＬＡ－Ⅱ类基因频率进行了比较。发现ＡＰ患者ＨＬＡ－Ａ３０＋３１、Ｂ１３、Ｂ３５、Ｂ４０抗原频率较对照组明显增高（Ａ３０＋３１：Ｐｃ＜０．０１，ＲＲ＝７．９７；Ｂ１３∶ＰＣ＜０．０１，ＲＲ＝６．００，Ｂ３５∶Ｐｃ＜１０－５，ＲＲ＝１０．４０；Ｂ４０∶Ｐｃ＜０．０５，ＲＲ＝３．８５）。ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ１０基因频率在ＡＰ患者较正常对照组明显增高（ＤＲ１０∶Ｐｃ＜１０－５，ＲＲ＝２１．８８），而ＨＬＡ－ＤＱ３、ＤＱ６基因频率较正常对照组明显降低（ＤＱ３∶Ｐｃ＜１０－５，ＲＲ＝０．１３；ＤＱ６∶Ｐｃ＜０．０５，ＲＲ＝０．２３）。提示ＡＰ与ＨＬＡ－Ａ３０＋３１、Ｂ１３、Ｂ３５、Ｂ４０、ＤＲ１０正相关，与ＨＬＡ－ＤＱ３ＤＱ６负相关。     

应用SBT直接测序分型法研究中国南方汉族人群HLA五个基因座单倍型

目的 研究中国南方汉族人群HLA-A、B、Cw、DRBl、DQBl等位基因多态性及单倍型的分布特征.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-直接测序分型(polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing,PCR-SBT)法对186名中国南方汉族健康人群HLA-A、B、Cw、DRBl、DQBl进行基因分型.结果 检出的HLA-A、B、Cw、DRBl、DQBl等位基因分别有28、49、24、29、20种.经统计分析A*0207-B*4601(10.81%),A*3303-B*5801(6.14%),B*4601-DRBl*0901(6.22%),B*4001*DRBl*0901(3.78%),DRBl*0901-DQBl*0303(12.16%)和DRBl*1202-DQBl*0301(8.38%)单倍型呈强连锁不平衡单倍型(RLF≥0.5,X<'2>>3.84,P<0.05);A*0207-B*4601-Cw*0102(10.75%),A*3303-B*5801-Cw*0302(5.14%),A*0207-B*4601-DR*0901(5.07%),A*3303-B*5801-DRBl*0301(2.96%),A*0207-B*4601-Cw*0102-DRBl*0901-DQBl*0303(4.87%)和A*1101-B*1301-Cw*0304-DRBl*1501-DQBl*0601(2.43%)单倍型分别是中国南方汉族人群常见单倍型.结论 中国南方汉族人群HLA 5个基因座单倍型分布具有高度的遗传多态性且有其自身分布特点.本研究获得的较完整的HLA 5个基因座单倍型分布数据,将为人类学、HLA疾病相关性和器官移植等研究提供遗传学参考数据.     

人类白细胞抗原新等位基因HLA-A*3020的鉴定及确认

目的 鉴定及确认1名中国人的人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)新等位基因.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针(polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probes,PCR-SSOP)方法基因分型、PCR产物测序和基因克隆DNA测序方法,通过软件分析该基因序列及与最相近HLA等位基因序列的差异.结果 PCR-SSOP基因分型结果显示该样品HLA-A谱型为与已知HLA-A等位基因谱型不一致的新谱型;测序结果显示该样品HLA-A位点第2外显子序列与所有已知HLA-A等位基因序列不一致.软件分析表明该基因序列与序列最相近的等位基因A*300101,在所检测的第1～3外显子中的差异只是在第2外显子区域产生了nt 294 C→A一个碱基替代,并导致相应的密码子98由GAC(D)→GAA(E).结论 该基因为HLA新等位基因,被世界卫生组织HLA因子专用术语命名委员会正式命名为HLA-A*3020.     

DNA typing for HLA-DR, and -DP alleles in a Chinese population using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and oligonucleotide probes

Abstract: We have determined alleles of HLA-DRB1, DRB3, DRB5, DQA1, DQB1, and DPB1 loci in 91 unrelated healthy individuals from North China. Group-specific PCR primers were employed for the analysis of subsets of DR1, DR2, DR4, DRw52, and DPB. With allele-specific probes, 22 DRB1, 8 DQA1, 13 DQB1, and 12 DPB1 alleles were found in this panel. Allele frequencies showed that 25.3% of the subjects had DR7 and 26.4% had DR9, only 5.5% had DRB1*0301 (DRwl7). In the DR4 group, DRB1*0405 (Dw15, 8.8%) and 0406 (KT2, 9.9%) were the most prevalent alleles. DRB1*0404 (Dw14.1), 0407 (Dw13.2) and 0408 (Dw14.2) were absent and the other alleles of the DR4 group were rare. The most common DRw6 subset was DRB1*1401 (8.8%). DRB1*0802 and 0803 were present (2.2%, 6.6%), and DRB1*0801 was not found. Associations with DQA1 and DQB1 were generally similar to those found in other populations. DPB1*0501 was the most frequent (60.2%) allele at the DPB1 locus. Overall our study shows that the distribution of class I1 alleles in a population from Mainland China is quite different from other ethnic groups. The high frequency of the KT2 subset of DR4 (DRB1*0406) and of DPB1*0501 are the most striking features found. A new type of DR4 was determined in one subject. It was like DR4-Dw15 (DRB 1*0405) but, according to our hybridization patterns, it encoded valine instead of glycine in position 86. It is now called DRB1*0410.     

北京地区人群HLA-A、B、DRB1的聚合酶链反应-直接测序分型研究

目的调查北京人群人类白细胞抗原（human leukocyte antigen，HLA）-A、B、DRB1的基因多态性，获得完整准确的遗传学数据。方法应用聚合酶链反应-直接测序分型（polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing，PCR-SBT）法对北京地区人群中618名健康无关个体进行HLA-A、B、DRB1基因座高分辨分型。结果检出HLA-A、B、DRB1的基因型数和等位基因数分别为199和84、366和143、286和122，这3个基因座分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律（P〉0．05）。结论从基因水平分析了北京地区HLA-A、B、DRB1基因座的群体分布特征，提供了一套比较完整准确的HLA-A、B、DRB1等位基因频率、基因型频率，为器官移植的供体选择、法医学个体认定、HLA与疾病相关性及人类学等研究提供了重要的参考数据。     

Detection of specimen contamination in routine histopathology by HLA class II typing using the polymerase chain reaction and sequence specific oligonucleotide probing

This study evaluates the use of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II PCR-SSO typing for the investigation of suspected specimen contamination in four routine surgical histopathology cases. Two cases were of patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate gland. The third case was a patient undergoing excision of a subcutaneous small cell carcinoma. The fourth case was a patient undergoing reversal of a Hartman's procedure for adenocarcinoma of the colon. Tissue was extracted from routinely processed formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material and HLA class II typed, using a non-radioactive polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probe technique (PCR-SSO), using probes specific for the DRB, DQA, and DQB loci. The accuracy of PCR-SSO typing of DNA extracted from paraffin biopsy material was confirmed by concordant results for DRB, DQA, and DQB typing in five separate control individuals from whom frozen and paraffin lymph node biopsies were available. PCR-SSO typing was also successful in the four study cases and revealed that contamination had occurred in two cases, eliminating this possibility in the remaining cases. This study demonstrates that DNA can be reliably amplified and accurately typed from routinely processed material, and reveals a useful new application for PCR-SSO tissue typing.     

HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 polymorphism defined by sequence-based typing of the Han population in Northern China

DNA typing for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B and -DRB1 was performed using polymerase chain reaction-sequence-based typing method on 618 randomly selected healthy individuals of the Han population in Northern China. Allele frequencies and haplotypes were statistically analyzed. A total of 84 HLA-A alleles, 143 B alleles, and 122 DRB1 alleles were detected, and 853 A-B-DRB1 haplotypes, 473 A-B haplotypes, and 551 B-DRB1 haplotypes were statistically inferred. Statistical analysis of three-locus haplotypes showed that A*0207-B*4601-DRB1*0901 (3.06%) was the most predominant. Gene frequencies and haplotypic associations within HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 loci were determined at a high-resolution (four digit) allelic level and should provide useful information in anthropology, bone marrow donor registry, legal medicine, and disease association studies.     

DNA typing for HLA-DR, and -DP alleles in a Chinese population using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and oligonucleotide probes

We have determined alleles of HLA-DRB1, DRB3, DRB5, DQA1, DQB1, and DPB1 loci in 91 unrelated healthy individuals from North China. Group-specific PCR primers were employed for the analysis of subsets of DR1, DR2, DR4, DRw52, and DPB. With allele-specific probes, 22 DRB1, 8 DQA1, 13 DQB1, and 12 DPB1 alleles were found in this panel. Allele frequencies showed that 25.3% of the subjects had DR7 and 26.4% had DR9, only 5.5% had DRB1*0301 (DRw17). In the DR4 group, DRB1*0405 (Dw15, 8.8%) and 0406 (KT2, 9.9%) were the most prevalent alleles. DRB1*0404 (Dw14.1), 0407 (Dw13.2) and 0408 (Dw14.2) were absent and the other alleles of the DR4 group were rare. The most common DRw6 subset was DRB1*1401 (8.8%). DRB1*0802 and 0803 were present (2.2%, 6.6%), and DRB1*0801 was not found. Associations with DQA1 and DQB1 were generally similar to those found in other populations. DPB1*0501 was the most frequent (60.2%) allele at the DPB1 locus. Overall our study shows that the distribution of class II alleles in a population from Mainland China is quite different from other ethnic groups. The high frequency of the KT2 subset of DR4. (DRB1*0406) and of DPB1*0501 are the most striking features found. A new type of DR4 was determined in one subject. It was like DR4-Dw15 (DRB1*0405) but, according to our hybridization patterns, it encoded valine instead of glycine in position 86. It is now called DRB1*0410.