丹参酮Ⅱ A抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导大鼠心肌肥大的机制

目的在原代培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞的基础上,观察丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠盐(STS)对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导的心肌细胞肥大的影响,以探讨STS在钙调神经磷酸酶(CaN)依赖的信号通路心肌肥大中的作用. 方法以培养的原代心肌细胞为模型,用AngⅡ刺激细胞外Ca2+内流,丹参酮ⅡA及钙离子拮抗剂维拉帕米(Ver)进行干预,检测心肌细胞[Ca2+]i及钙调神经磷酸酶(CaN)、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性;[3H]-亮氨酸掺入法测定心肌细胞蛋白质合成速率作为心肌细胞肥大的指标.结果AngⅡ刺激组[Ca2+]i水平及蛋白核酸合成速率明显增高,与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.01),而STS能有效地降低由AngⅡ刺激引起的[Ca2+]i增高(P＜0.01 vs AngⅡ组),明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的蛋白质合成速率的增加(P＜0.01 vs AngⅡ组).AngⅡ刺激组CaN、PKC活性与对照组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05、P＜0.01).STS及Ver抑制AngⅡ介导的心肌细胞CaN、PKC活性的增高.结论CaN通路在AngⅡ刺激的心肌细胞肥大中起重要作用;STS具有Ca2+阻滞剂的特点,能有效地降低由AngⅡ刺激引起的[Ca2+]i增高,导致CaN活性降低阻滞心肌肥大的发生和发展.     

缬沙坦对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的肥大心肌细胞胞内钙的影响

目的:观察血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)1型受体(AT1)拮抗剂缬沙坦(Valsartan)对AngⅡ诱导的肥大心肌细胞胞内钙([Ca2+]i)变化的影响,并探讨其机制。方法:原代培养的大鼠心肌细胞,3H-亮氨酸掺入法测定心肌细胞蛋白质合成速率,利用共聚焦显微镜技术测定[Ca2+]i。结果:AngⅡ诱导心肌细胞肥大48h后[Ca2+]i明显增加,与空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);缬沙坦预处理后,[Ca2+]i与肥大组相比下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),与空白对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:AngⅡ诱导肥大心肌细胞[Ca2+]i增加,缬沙坦通过阻断AT1受体,抑制肥大心肌细胞[Ca2+]i增加。     

丹参酮ⅡA抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导大鼠心肌肥大的机制

目的 在原代培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞的基础上，观察丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠盐（STS）对血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）诱导的心肌细胞肥大的影响，以探讨STS在钙调神经磷酸酶（CaN）依赖的信号通路心肌肥大中的作用。方法 以培养的原代心肌细胞为模型，用AngⅡ刺激细胞外Ca^2＋内流，丹参酮ⅡA及钙离子拮抗剂维拉帕米（Ver）进行干预。检测心肌细胞[Ca^2＋]i及钙调神经磷酸酶（CaN）、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）和蛋白激酶C（PKC）活性江。[^3H]-亮氨酸掺入法测定心肌细胞蛋白质合成速率作为心肌细胞肥大的指标。结果 AngⅡ刺激组[Ca^2＋]i水平及蛋白核酸合成速率明显增高，与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0．01），而STS能有效地降低南AngⅡ刺激引起的[Ca^2＋]i增高（P〈0．01VSAng1组）。明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的蛋白质合成速率的增加（P〈0．01 VS AngⅡ组）。AngⅡ刺激组CaN、PKC活性与对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。STS及Ver抑制AngⅡ介导的心肌细胞CaN、PKC活性的增高。结论 CaN通路在AngⅡ刺激的心肌细胞肥大中起重要作用；STS具有Ca^2＋阻滞剂的特点，能有效地降低由AngⅡ刺激引起的[Ca^2＋]i增高，导致CaN活性降低阻滞心肌肥大的发生和发展。     

钙调神经磷酸酶信号通路与心肌细胞肥大

目的　探讨不同来源的细胞内Ca2 ([Ca2 ]i)在钙调神经磷酸酶 (CaN) 活化T细胞核因子 3 (NFAT3 )介导的心肌肥大中的作用。方法　分别用血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )或雷尼丁刺激培养的大鼠心肌细胞外Ca2 跨膜内流或细胞内Ca2 释放 ,检测CaN、NFAT3、锌指转录因子 (GATA4)蛋白量、NFAT3定位以及氚 亮氨酸 (3H Leu)掺入量 ,环孢素A作为CaN特异抑制剂。结果　AngⅡ、雷尼丁刺激 1、3d ,心肌细胞CaN、NFAT3、GATA4蛋白表达及3H Leu掺入量较对照组明显增高(P值 <0 0 5或 <0 0 1)。AngⅡ和雷尼丁刺激第 1天 ,心肌细胞NFAT3表达由胞质转入胞核表达为主。环孢素A可抑制上述作用 ,与刺激组相比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5或 <0 0 1)。结论　刺激心肌细胞Ca2 内流及Ca2 释放 ,均可激活CaN NFAT3信号通路。CaN NFAT3信号通路的激活与[Ca2 ]i增加有关 ,而与 [Ca2 ]i的来源无关。环孢素A能够抑制AngⅡ和雷尼丁介导的CaN NFAT 3 GATA 4表达的增加和蛋白质合成     

细胞内钙调控剂对心肌细胞生长的作用

目的 探讨干预细胞内钙（[Ca^2 ]i）对心肌细胞生长和钙调神经磷酸酶（calcineurin,CaN）信号通路的作用。方法 原代乳鼠心肌细胞培养,应用免疫印迹（western blot)检测心肌细胞CaN蛋白表达,心肌细胞蛋白质,核酸合成速率分别用氘－亮氨酸（^3H-Leu),氘－胸腺啶（（^3H-TdR)掺入量测定：环孢素A（CsA)抑制CaN信号通路,血管紧张素II（Ang II),雷尼丁（RY）和三磷酸肌醇（IP3）干预心肌细胞[Ca^2 ]i。结果 Ang II ,RY和IP3明显增加心肌细胞CaN蛋白表达并提高^3H-Leu,^3H-TdR的掺入量,提高^3H-TdR掺入量在一定范围内呈量效和时间依赖关系,各刺激组与对照组相比差异有显性（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）,RY10^-6 mol/L刺激心肌细胞蛋白酸合成速率最高,环孢素A可抑制Ang II引起的^3H-Leu,^3H-TdR掺入量增加。结论 干预细胞[Ca^2 ]i对心肌细胞蛋白及酸合成有明显影响;心肌细胞CaN蛋白表达及生长似与细胞[Ca^2 ]i变化有明显关系而与其来源无关,阻断ＣaN能有效地抑制心肌细胞生长,表明ＣaN信号通路在心肌细胞生长中发挥重要作用。     

钙离子在肿瘤坏死因子α诱导心肌肥大中的作用

目的 研究Ca2+在肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)诱导心肌细胞肥大中的作用.方法 Lowry法测心肌细胞蛋白含量;计算机图像分析系统测心肌细胞体积;3H-亮氨酸掺入法测心肌细胞蛋白合成;Till阳离子测定系统观察胞内[Ca2+]i瞬变.结果 IP3R阻断剂2-APB(30 μmol/L)或RyR阻断剂ryanodine (50 μmol/L)能降低由TNF-α(100μg/L)诱导的心肌细胞蛋白合成、蛋白含量以及细胞体积增加,二者合用抑制作用更强.L型Ca2+通道阻断剂nifedipine(50 μmol)对上述反应无明显作用(P＞0.05).IP3R阻断剂2-APB(30μmol/L)或RyR阻断剂ryanodine(50 μmol/L)能降低由TNF-α(100 μg/L)诱导的心肌细胞内钙离子瞬变幅度增高,二者合用作用抑制更强.L型Ca2+通道阻断剂nifedipine(50μmol/L)对其无明显作用(P＞0.05).结论 TNF-α通过调节心肌细胞内钙离子浓度从而诱导心肌细胞肥大.而在此过程中TNF-α可能主要是通过作用IP3R和RyR促使胞内钙贮库Ca2+释放而引起胞内钙离子水平增高的,而非通过打开L型Ca2+通道.     

钙敏感受体对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大的作用

目的 观察钙敏感受体(CaSR)在血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)诱导心肌细胞肥大中的作用和可能机制.方法 用Ang Ⅱ处理原代新生大鼠心室肌细胞复制心肌肥大细胞模型;用CaSR激动剂氯化钆(GdCl3),GdCl3+蛋白激酶C(PKC)通路阻断剂(Ro318220)处理AngⅡ诱导的肥大心肌细胞分别作为GdCl3、Ro318220组.通过苏木素-伊红染色(HE)法测定细胞直径,考马斯亮蓝蛋白试剂盒测定蛋白含量来评价细胞肥大的情况;利用激光共聚焦显微镜检测心肌细胞内钙浓度([Ca2+]i;Western blot法检测CaSR和PKC通路的蛋白表达.结果 ①与对照组(0.1263±0.0443)比较,Ang Ⅱ组(0.1963±0.0375)和GdCl3组(0.2778±0.0564)CaSR蛋白表达明显增加(P均＜ 0.05),且GdCl3组明显高于AngⅡ组(P＜0.05).②与对照组(222.70±22.09)比较,Ang Ⅱ组(392.16±36.85)和GdCl3组(502.60±44.21)心肌细胞内[Ca2+]i显著增加(P均＜0.05);与Ang Ⅱ组比较,GdCl3组[Ca2+]i显著增加(P＜0.05).③与对照组比较,Ang Ⅱ可诱导心肌细胞肥大,GdCl3可促进Ang Ⅱ的诱导作用,而Ro318220可抑制GdCl3的作用;④与对照组(0.27±0.07、0.69±0.06、0.87±0.04)比较,Ang Ⅱ组PKCα、PKCε和PKCδ蛋白表达明显增加(0.60±0.16、1.02±0.13、1.20±0.18,P均＜0.05),GdCl3组PKCα、PKCε蛋白表达明显增加(0.82±0.16、1.34±0.12,P均＜0.05);与Ang Ⅱ组比较,GdCl3组PKCα、PKCε蛋白表达明显增加(P均＜ 0.05);与GdCl3组比较,Ro318220组PKCα、PKCε蛋白表达(0.41±0.10、0.85±0.14)明显减少(P均＜ 0.05).结论 PKC通路参与CaSR激活促进心肌细胞肥大的信号转导.     

PTEN抑制钙/钙调神经磷酸酶信号通路、负性调控血管紧张素Ⅱ所致心肌细胞肥大

目的 观察PTEN过度表达对血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）刺激所致钙／钙调神经磷酸酶（Ca^2＋／CaN）信号通路激活的影响,探讨PTEN负性调控心肌肥厚的作用机制。方法通过携带野生型PTEN基因的腺病毒（Ad-PTEN）感染构建过度表达PTEN的原代培养心肌细胞模型,用AngⅡ作为促心肌肥厚刺激剂,Fura-2／AM比率荧光成像系统检测细胞内Ca^2＋浓度（[Ca^2＋]i）,逆转录聚合酶链反应检测受感染细胞内心房利钠因子（ANF）、β-肌球蛋白重链（B-MHC）与CaNAβ的mRNA表达,Western blot检测CaNAβ的蛋白表达,同时测定CaN活性。结果 Ad-PTEN感染后,心肌细胞内过度表达PTEN的mRNA和蛋白。PTEN的过度表达能够明显抑制AngⅡ刺激所致的心肌细胞肥大标志基因表达。AngⅡ刺激使[Ca^2＋]i、CaNAβ mRNA与蛋白表达以及CaN活性明显增高,PTEN过度表达能够明显抑制AngⅡ引起的[Ca^2＋]i、CaNAβ mRNA与蛋白表达以及CaN活性增高。结论 PTEN过度表达可能通过抑制Ca^2＋／CaN信号通路,负性调控AngⅡ刺激所致的心肌细胞肥大。     

钙调神经磷酸信号通路参与心肌成纤维细胞的增殖

目的 :探讨钙调神经磷酸酶 （Ca N）依赖的信号通路在三磷酸肌醇 （IP3 ）刺激的乳鼠心肌成纤维细胞 （FBs）增殖中的作用。方法 :以培养的 FBs为模型 ,用 IP3 刺激 FBs内 Ca2 +释放 ,环孢素 A（Cs A）阻断 Ca N,维拉帕米 （Ver）阻断 FBs钙通道 ,检测 FBs Ca N、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶 （MAPK ）、蛋白激酶 C（PKC）活性 ,用 3 H-亮氨酸及 3 H-胸腺嘧啶掺入量作为反映 FBs增殖的指标。结果 :IP3 刺激组 FBs蛋白核酸合成速率明显增高 ,与对照组相比差异显著 （P<0 .0 1） ;Cs A及 Ver能明显抑制 IP3 介导的 FBs蛋白核酸合成速率增高 ,与 IP3 刺激组相比差异显著 （P<0 .0 1）。同时发现 IP3 刺激组 Ca N、PKC活性与对照 FBs相比差异显著 （P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1）。 Cs A和 Ver抑制 IP3 介导的FBs Ca N活性增高 ,Ver抑制 IP3 介导的 FBs PKC活性的增高。结论 :Ca N在 IP3 刺激的 FBs增殖中起重要作用 ,其它信号通路可能也参与了 IP3 刺激的 FBs增殖     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.