七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉在小儿口腔手术中应用

目的:探讨七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在小儿口腔手术麻醉中的应用.方法:选择行口腔手术的患儿60例,随机分为两组,即七氟醚吸入组与异氟醚吸入组,每组各30例.分别使用七氟醚或异氟醚吸入诱导复合瑞芬太尼麻醉行唇裂、聘裂手术.记录诱导时问、拔管时间,观察有无恶心、呕吐,躁动,喉痉挛,支气管痉挛等并发症的发生.结果:七氟醚组诱导时间略长于异氟醚组静脉诱导时间;拔管时间均显著短于异氟醚组(P<0.05).恶心、呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:七氟醚吸入麻醉平稳迅速,缩短苏醒拔管时间,适用于小儿口腔手术手术.     

喉罩-瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚或丙泊酚麻醉在经尿道前列腺电切术中的应用

目的比较喉罩-瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚与喉罩-瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚2种麻醉方法在经尿道前列腺电切术中的优缺点,为前列腺电切术寻求安全、快捷的麻醉方法提供参考。方法40例接受经尿道前列腺电切术患者随机均分为喉罩-瑞芬太尼-七氟醚（S）组与喉罩-瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚（P）组。麻醉诱导采用静注咪唑安定0.03～0.06 mg.kg-1,芬太尼3μg.kg-1,阿曲库胺0.5 mg.kg-1,S组吸入七氟醚0.5%～3%,P组静注丙泊酚0.5～1 mg.kg-1,待下颌松弛置入喉罩后,S组静脉泵入瑞芬太尼0.15μg·kg-1·min-1及吸入七氟醚0.5%～3%维持麻醉,P组则泵入瑞芬太尼0.15μg.kg-1.min-1及丙泊酚3～8 mg.kg-1.h-1维持麻醉。记录患者术中生命体征、苏醒时间、术中及术后并发症发生情况。结果麻醉诱导后2组患者平均动脉压（MAP）及心率（HR）均明显低于麻醉前水平（P〈0.05）,S组MAP、HR在手术开始前已基本恢复到诱导前水平,而P组术中各个时间点MAP及HR仍明显低于诱导前,且较S组麻醉前水平及对应时间点水平低（P〈0.05）。结论喉罩-瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚或喉罩-瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉用于经尿道前列腺电切术都能提供满意的麻醉,七氟烷比丙泊酚可控性更佳,术中血流动力学更稳定,术后苏醒更为迅速,是一种较理想的麻醉方法。     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼改善七氟醚吸入诱导插管条件的临床观察

目的评价靶控输注瑞芬太尼改善七氟醚诱导用于无肌松药气管插管的临床效果。方法将拟行择期手术全身麻醉的患者46例随机分为2组,复合瑞芬太尼组(Ⅰ组)靶控输注1 ng/mL瑞芬太尼,单纯吸入组(Ⅱ组)输注等量生理盐水。进行七氟醚吸入诱导,气体监测仪监测出呼吸末七氟醚达2.5 MAC,稳定3 min后行气管插管。分别记录诱导前(T0)、诱导后插管前(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后2 min(T3)和插管后5 min(T4)的MAP、HR和SpO2。结果Ⅰ组患者意识消失时间和插管时间显著短于Ⅱ组,Ⅰ组呼气末七氟醚浓度达2.5 MAC时间较Ⅱ组延长(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组插管条件评分优于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组诱导后MAP和HR显著下降。Ⅱ组诱导后MAP下降,插管后1 min,MAP、HR较基础值显著升高,与Ⅰ组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼1 ng/mL靶控输注复合七氟醚吸入诱导,能较好地控制气管插管的血流动力学反应,在无肌松药条件下,可达到满意的气管插管条件。     

七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在剖宫产手术中的效果观察

目的探讨七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在剖宫产手术中的麻醉效果,并与异氟醚复合芬太尼比较。方法将需剖宫产手术的ASAI～Ⅱ级的足月产妇40例（23～32岁）随机分为七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼组（I组）和异氟醚复合芬太尼组（Ⅱ组）各20例。诱导：I组面罩吸入3．5％七氟醚、2～4L／min流量的氧气、静脉输入瑞芬太尼1μg／kg、丙泊酚1mg／kg、顺苯阿曲库铵0．1mg／kg;Ⅱ组静脉注芬太尼0．02mg／kg、丙泊酚2mg／kg、顺苯阿曲库铵0．1mg／kg。维持：I组吸入1．5％～3．5％七氟醚,胎儿娩出后输注瑞芬太尼0．15μg／（kg·min）;I组吸人1％～2．5％异氟醚,胎儿娩出后静脉注芬太尼0．02mg／kg。取新生儿脐动脉（UA）血样1ml行血气分析。分别记录两组麻醉期间血流动力学的参数、血氧饱和度（SpO2）的变化、麻醉复苏的时间、术中知晓情况以及新生儿Apgar评分、脐动脉血气分析。结果I组诱导后和手术时心率、血压基本保持平稳沪〉0．05）。II组在诱导后心率和血压下降较I组明显（p〈0．05）,术后产妇拔管时间【（10．3±3．2）mini和睁眼时间[（15．4±2．3）min】I组明显早于Ⅱ组[（18．5±6．3）min,（25．6±3．5）min],差异有显著性垆〈0．05）。两组新生儿1、5、10minApgar评分均大于7分,脐动脉血气分析差异无显著性垆〉0．05l两组均未见新生儿呼吸抑制及产妇术中知晓发生。结论吸入七氟醚联合瑞芬太尼在剖宫产手术中的麻醉平稳、效果确切、苏醒快、新生儿无呼吸抑制。     

瑞芬太尼在儿童气管插管中的应用

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼在儿童气管插管中的效果.方法 选择全麻手术患儿40例,随机分为瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),2组患儿均接受阿托品、羟丁酸钠、异丙酚静脉复合麻醉诱导,R组静注瑞芬太尼,F组静注芬太尼后行气管内插管.分别比较插管评分、第一次插管成功率及各时点平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR).结果 2组间插管评分、第一次插管成功率及各时点MAP、HR比较差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼可提供良好的插管条件.     

七氟醚与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于乳癌根治术的麻醉比较

目的:比较乳腺癌根治术七氟醚与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉术中血流动力学及麻醉恢复情况。方法:择期行乳腺癌根治术患者40例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,随机分为七氟醚组(S组)与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(PR组),每组20例。麻醉诱导相同,咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg,芬太尼4μg/kg,丙泊酚2mg/kg,插入喉罩。麻醉维持:S组吸入七氟醚,PR组瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚输注。手术结束时,停止吸入七氟醚,纯氧吸入。记录两组患者术中收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR),记录手术时间、术毕自主呼吸恢复时间,拔除喉罩时间,Aldrete评分达到9分时间及麻醉恢复室(PACU)停留时间。结果:两组比较,S组自主呼吸恢复时间缩短(P<0.05),Aldrete评分达到9分时间及PACU停留时间延长(P<0.05)。结论:七氟醚麻醉或丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于乳腺癌根治术术中血流动力学稳定;七氟醚麻醉术后患者自主呼吸恢复较快,而瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉患者术后早期意识状态恢复较好。     

儿童腺体手术的麻醉药物效果比较研究

目的研究瑞芬太尼在儿童腺体切除术麻醉中的安全性和有效性。方法选择扁桃体或腺样体切除术的患儿,设立瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),麻醉诱导采用咪达唑仑0.1mg/kg、丙泊酚2.5mg/kg、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg;R组瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,F组芬太尼2μg/kg,以2%利多卡因1.5-3ml行咽、喉、气管表面麻醉后气管插管。气管插管后,R组立即持续泵注瑞芬太尼0.1μg/kg/min,F组术中吸入异氟烷、氧化亚氮,术中根据麻醉深度调整吸入浓度。手术开始前局部注射1%盐酸利多卡因,预计手术结束前10分钟停止吸入麻醉药。结果两组患儿插管前、插管后、手术开始5分钟的HR、MAP无显著差异,R组手术开始后30分钟的HR低于F组(P<0.05),苏醒时间短于F组(P<0.05),恶心呕吐率无明显差异。结论瑞芬太尼可安全地用于儿童扁桃体或腺样体切除术。     

苏芬太尼用于老年患者全身麻醉诱导对心排血量和血流动力学的影响

目的 观察等效剂量的苏芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼用于老年患者全身麻醉诱导对心排血量和血流动力学的影响.方法 择期老年手术患者90例,按美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为苏芬太尼组(S组)、瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组各30例.常规诱导,气管插管前采用盲法分别静脉注射苏芬太尼0.2 μg/kg、瑞芬太尼2μg/kg和芬太尼2μg/kg.分别测量并记录各组诱导前基础值(T0),诱导后(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后3min(T3)收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、心排血量(CO)、心指数(CI)和外周血管阻力(SVR)等心功能指标的变化,并记录不良反应:心动过缓、低血压等.结果 与基础值相比,各组诱导后MAP降低(P＜0.05),R组CO下降(P＜0.05),S组CO无明显变化.插管后R组MAP、CO有明显下降；F组MAP、HR有明显升高；S组患者的CO、MAP在诱导过程无明显波动(P＞0.05).结论 苏芬太尼和瑞芬太尼用于老年患者麻醉诱导,抑制插管时应激反应的效果优于芬太尼,但是心血管稳定性方面苏芬太尼优于瑞芬太尼.     

瑞芬太尼靶控输注在小儿眼斜视矫正术中的应用

目的:通过比较瑞芬太尼血浆靶控输注麻醉诱导和维持,与芬太尼单次静脉注射诱导、吸入药物维持,证明瑞芬太尼在小儿眼斜视矫正术麻醉中应用的安全性和有效性。方法:60例2～14岁择期行小儿斜视矫正术的患儿,随机分为芬太尼单次静注诱导(F)组和瑞芬太尼血浆靶控诱导和维持(R)组,F组诱导时单次静脉注射芬太尼1μg·kg~(-1),以吸入氧化亚氮和异氟烷维持麻醉,R组诱导时设瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度为4 ng·mL~(-1),以瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度为3 ng·mL~(-1)持续静脉输注和吸入氧化亚氮维持麻醉,观察麻醉起效时间、呼吸恢复时间、麻醉时间及各时间点的血压(BP),心率(HR)和脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_2):入室、入睡、插管、插管后3 min及手术开始、手术结束、拔管和拔管后3 min。观察芬太尼和瑞芬太尼的诱导量,术后呕吐、躁动和疼痛情况。结果:两组患儿的麻醉起效时间和呼吸恢复时间两组间有显著性统计学差异(P＜0．01或P＜0．05);血流动力学方面,两组HR在插管后3 min和手术开始时有显著性统计学差异(P＜0．01或P＜0．05),R组的HR显著低于F组的HR;两组平均动脉压(MAP)插管时和插管后3 min有显著性统计学差异(P＜0．01),R组的MAP显著低于F组的MAP。两组术后常见并发症(呕吐、躁动及疼痛)无显著性统计学差异。结论:瑞芬太尼血浆靶控输注复合丙泊酚和肌肉松弛剂行麻醉诱导,持续血浆靶控输注复合氧化亚氮吸入维持麻醉,能够安全、有效地用于小儿眼斜视矫正术的麻醉,并具有起效迅速、血流动力学稳定的特点,与芬太尼比较,术后并发症未见增多。     

瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚快通道麻醉在脑动脉瘤介入手术的应用

目的:探讨瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚快通道麻醉在脑动脉瘤弹簧圈介入手术的应用。方法:40例择期行脑动脉瘤弹簧圈填塞介入手术患者均选择静吸复合全身麻醉,随机分为喉罩组(L组)和气管插管组(T组)。术中泵入丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、顺阿曲库铵复合吸入七氟烷维持麻醉,围手术期泵入尼莫地平、应用控制性降压等方法处理。记录麻醉诱导前、插入喉罩或气管插管时、动脉瘤栓塞时、拔除喉罩或气管插管时及手术结束时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)及呼气末二氧化碳(PETCO2)的变化,观察患者苏醒期并发症发生率。结果:插入喉罩或气管插管时和拔除喉罩或气管插管时MAP、HR两组间比较气管插管组明显高于喉罩组(P<0.05),喉罩组比气管插管组苏醒迅速,并发症发生率低。结论:瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚喉罩通气用于脑动脉瘤介入手术是较为理想的快通道麻醉方法。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.