Reversal of cisplatin-induced delay in gastric emptying in rats by ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Cisplatin causes nausea, vomiting and inhibition of gastric emptying. We have demonstrated the antiemetic effect of the acetone and ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale, Roscoe, Zingiberacae) against cisplatin-induced emesis in dogs. In the present study, the acetone and 50% ethanolic extract of ginger in the doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg (p.o.) and ginger juice, in the doses of 2 and 4 ml/kg, were investigated against cisplatin effect on gastric emptying in rats. All three ginger preparations significantly reversed cisplatin-induced delay in gastric emptying. The ginger juice and acetone extract were more effective than the 50% ethanolic extract. The reversal produced by the ginger acetone extract was similar to that caused by the 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist ondansetron; however, ginger juice produced better reversal than ondansetron. Therefore, ginger, an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy, may also be useful in improving the gastrointestinal side effects of cancer chemotherapy.     

Cholagogic effect of ginger and its active constituents

The effect of bile secretion in rats was examined in order to clarify the stomachic action of ginger and also to investigate its active constituents. The results showed that mainly the acetone extracts of ginger, which contain essential oils and pungent principles, caused an increase in the bile secretion. Further analyses for the active constituents of the acetone extracts through column chromatography indicated that [6]-gingerol and [10]-gingerol, which are the pungent principles, are mainly responsible for the cholagogic effect of ginger.     

Gastroprotective effect of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton. fruits in rats

Cardamom, the fruits of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. (Zingiberaceae) commonly known as "Heel khurd" is used in Unani system of medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. A crude methanolic extract (TM), essential oil (EO), petroleum ether soluble (PS) and insoluble (PI) fractions of methanolic extract, were studied in rats at doses of 100-500, 12.5-50, 12.5-150 and 450 mg/kg, respectively for their ability to inhibit the gastric lesions induced by aspirin, ethanol and pylorous ligature. In addition their effects on wall mucus and gastric acid output were recorded. All fractions (TM, EO, PS, PI) significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol and aspirin but not those induced by pylorus ligation. TM proved to be active reducing lesions by about 70% in the EtOH-induced ulcer model at 500 mg/kg. The PS fraction reduced the lesions by 50% at 50 and 100mg/kg (no dose response was observed) with similar effect than the PI fraction at 450 mg/kg. In the aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, the best gastroprotective effect was found in the PS fraction, which inhibited lesions by nearly 100% at 12.5mg/kg. In our experimental conditions, the PS extract at doses >or=12.5mg/kg proved to be more active than ranitidine at 50mg/kg.     

Gastroprotective activity of ginger zingiber officinale rosc., in albino rats

The cytoprotective and gastric anti-ulcer studies of ginger have been carried out in albino rats. Cytodestruction was produced by 80% ethanol, 0.6M HC1, 0.2M NaOH and 25% NaCl. Whereas gastric ulcers were produced by ulcerogenic agents including indomethacin, aspirin and reserpine, beside hypothermic restraint stress and by pylorus ligated Shay rat technique. The results of this study demonstrate that the extract in the dose of 500 mg/kg orally exert highly significant cytoprotection against 80% ethanol, 0.6M HC1, 0.2M NaOH and 25% NaCl induced gastric lesions. The extract also prevented the occurrence of gastric ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hypothermic restraint stress. These observations suggest cytoprotective and anti-ulcerogenic effect of the ginger.     

Effects of Azadirachta indica extract on gastric ulceration and acid secretion in rats

The effect of Azadirachta indica extract on gastric ulceration was studied in albino rats. Azadirachta indica extract (100-800 mg/kg p.o., 100-25 mg/kg i.p.) significantly inhibited gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin (40 mg/kg). Administration of 800 mg/kg p.o. and 250 mg/kg i.p. caused 100% cytoprotection against indomethacin (40mg/kg, i.p.)-induced gastric ulceration. This action was accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in total gastric acidity. In order to investigate the probable mechanism of Azadirachta indica antiulcer activity, the effect of the extract alone and in combination with histamine (1mg/kg) and cimetidine (0.12 mg/kg) on gastric acid secretion in situ was studied. Azadirachta indica (250 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the basal and histamine-induced gastric acid secretion. Cimetidine seemed to augment Azadirachta indica inhibition of gastric acid secretion.The results suggest that the stem bark extract of Azadirachta indica possesses antiulcer agents, which probably act via histamine H(2) receptor.     

Antiulcerogenic effect and acute toxicity of a hydroethanolic extract from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaves

The antiulcerogenic effect of a hydroethanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale L. leaves was investigated. The extract inhibited gastric lesions induced by HCl/ethanol in female rats. A dose-response effect study showed that the ED50 was 150 mg/kgb.w. Extract doses higher than 100 mg/kgb.w. were more effective than 30 mg/kg of lansoprazol in inhibiting gastric lesions. A methanolic fraction (257.12 mg/kg) which reduced gastric lesion at 88.20% is likely to contain the active principle of the antiulcer effect. No signs of acute toxicity were observed when mice were treated with extract dose up to 2000 mg/kgb.w. A chemical analysis of the extract allowed the identification of phenolic compounds as the major components. Glycosylated quercetin, amentoflavone derivate and a tetramer of proanthocyanidin were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The level of total phenolics in the extract was evaluated at 35.5% and flavonoid content was 2.58%.     

Gastroprotective effect of Dodonaea viscosa on various experimental ulcer models

AIM OF THE STUDY: Dodonaea viscosa Linn. (Sapindaceae) is used as a medicinal herb by the tribes of Shola forest regions of Western Ghats. It is used for headaches, backaches, stomach pain, piles and simple ulcers. The present study was performed to evaluate the gastroprotective effect and acute toxicity of this plant in various experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies were performed in two different models (ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric ulcer) in wistar rats. Gastric protection was evaluated by measuring the ulcer index, gastric glutathione assay, alkaline phosphate assay and histopathological studies. Gastric secretion studies were done by pyloric ligation experiment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Water and ethanol extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed moderate activity compared to hexane extract. Hexane extract of Dodonaea viscosa dose dependently inhibited ethanol induced gastric lesions, causing 90% protection at 500 mg/kg, 81% protection at 250 mg/kg, and 70% protection at 125 mg/kg and it also dose dependently inhibited indomethacin induced gastric lesions, causing 92% protection at 500 mg/kg, 77% protection at 250 mg/kg, and 52% protection at 125 mg/kg. The various degrees of inhibition were statistically significant (p相似文献   

Pharmacological assay of Cordia verbenacea. III: Oral and topical antiinflammatory activity and gastrotoxicity of a crude leaf extract

The antiinflammatory effects and gastrotoxicity of a lyophilized 70% ethanol extract of the leaves of Cordia verbenacea were investigated through experimental models in rats and mice. The oral administration of 1.24 mg/kg of the extract significantly inhibited nystatin-induced oedema. Topical application of the extract at a dose of 0.09 mg/ear in mice was clearly more effective than 1.0 mg/ear of naproxen in the reduction of the ear oedema induced by corton oil. At antiinflammatory doses, the extract showed an important protective effect on the gastric mucosa, reducing significantly the number of gastric lesions.     

Anti-ulcer actions of the bark methanol extract of Voacanga africana in different experimental ulcer models in rats

The antiulcerogenic effects of the bark methanol extract of Voacanga africana were studied using various experimental ulcer models in rats. The effects of the extract on the volume of gastric juice, gastric pH, acid output, mucus production and peptic activity were recorded, as well as the preventive action against lesions caused by HCl/ethanol and indomethacin. Oral administration of the extract (500-750 mg/kg) inhibited the formation of gastric lesions induced by HCl/ethanol (40-63% inhibition). The inhibitory effect against HCl/ethanol was significantly (P<0.01) suppressed by pre-treatment of the rats with indomethacin (30 mg/kg, i.p.). The extract significantly reduced gastric lesion formation in pylorus ligated rats, but this was not associated with an increase in gastric mucus production or with a reduction in acid content, volume of gastric secretion or pepsin activity of the gastric juice.     

Pharmacological assay of Casearia sylvestris. I: Preventive anti-ulcer activity and toxicity of the leaf crude extract

An ethanol extract of the leaves of Brazilian Casearia sylvestris, given orally, inhibited gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. At a prophylactic dose of 57.5 mg/kg, the extract showed a reduction of gastric juice more effective than misoprostol (500 micrograms/kg). In reducing hydrochloric acid output, the extract was less effective than misoprostol, cimetidine (32.0 mg/kg) and atropine (5.3 mg/kg). With the extract, the pH of the stomach contents was not significantly different from that of controls. Stress-induced lesions produced by restraint and water immersion were significantly prevented by the extract for all levels of severity when compared with the controls. The extract appeared more effective than misoprostol in suppressing light lesions, was equivalent to cimetidine and misoprostol for moderate lesions, and less effective than cimetidine and misoprostol for severe lesions. Toxicological experiments indicated a low acute toxicity, confirmed by subchronic daily testing. The oral LD50 value of greater than 1840 mg/kg was over 32 times higher than the antiulcerogenic ED50 (57.5 mg/kg).     

Antiulcerogenic activity of ethanol extract of Solanum variabile (false "jurubeba")

The ethanol extract (EE) of the aerial parts of Solanum variabile Mart. (Solanaceae) was investigated for its ability to prevent ulceration of the gastric and duodenal mucosa at different doses. Its ability to heal chronic ulcer processes was also evaluated. When the HCl/ethanol solution was used to induce gastric ulcer, the EE produced a significant dose-dependent reduction of lesion formation of 51, 74 and 89%, at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively. The 100 mg/kg dose had no significant activity. The EE also significantly reduced the gastric lesions induced by the combination of indomethacin and bethanechol (60 and 72%) at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and also reduced stress-induced gastric ulcer (41%) but only at the doses of 1000 mg/g (P < 0.05). The pylorus-ligature experiment demonstrated that the highest EE dose affected significantly the gastric juice parameters by increasing pH values from 4.08 (negative control) to 5.42 and decreasing acid output from 7.16 (negative control) to 4.26 mEq.mL, 4h. A decrease of gastric contents from 370 mg (negative control) to 240 mg was also observed. The results obtained in the chronic gastric ulcer model indicated that a single oral dose of Solanum variabile (1000 mg/kg) administered for 14 consecutive days accelerated the ulcer healing by 46% compared to a 55% effect of cimetidine. Also, at the dose of 1000 mg/kg, the EE inhibited the onset of duodenal lesions by 64%. The data suggest that the EE of Solanum variabile has a significant preventive, curative and duodenal anti-ulcer effect.     

The antiinflammatory, gastroprotective and antioxidant activities of Hieracium gymnocephalum extract

The present study investigated the antiinflammatory, gastroprotective and antioxidant activities of a CH(2)Cl(2) extract of western Balkan endemic Hieracium gymnocephalum Griseb. ex Pant. (Compositae). The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used as an experimental model for screening the antiinflammatory activity. The extract was administrated p.o. in doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg to rats and its effects compared with indomethacin, used p.o. as a reference drug. The results showed that the investigated extract reduced the oedema in a concentration-dependent manner. The obtained antiinflammatory effect was 5.9%, 11.7%, 31.2% and 44.1% at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively, being statistically significant at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Indomethacin had a strong antiinflammatory effect of 73.4% at a dose of 8 mg/kg, but caused large gastric lesions. When the plant extract in the highest tested dose (200 mg/kg) was concomitantly given with indomethacin, the antiinflammatory effect was slightly enhanced, but the gastric lesions were significantly reduced. The antioxidant activity of the H. gymnocephalum extract, investigated using DPPH radical assay, OH-radical assay and TBA-test, was not substantial.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of [6]-gingerol

In the present study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol, which is the pungent constituent of ginger, were performed. Intraperitoneal administration of [6]-gingerol (25 mg/kg-50 mg/kg) produced an inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced licking time in the late phase. [6]-Gingerol (50 mg/kg-100 mg/kg) also produced an inhibition of paw edema induced by carrageenin. These results suggested that [6]-gingerol possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.     

Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of an ethanolic extract of Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Schult. Bip

Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schult. Bip. is used in folk medicine to treat stomach disorders including peptic ulcers. The ethanolic extract (0.5-2 g/kg) decreased the gastric juice volume, acid secretion, as well as pepsin secretion in pylorus ligated rats. B. pilosa extract showed antiulcer activity against indomethacin-induced gastric lesions. The extract effectively inhibited gastric haemorrhagic lesions induced by ethanol, and with an effective dose of 2 g/kg being more potent than sucralfate (400 mg/kg). In contrast, ranitidine (50 mg/kg) failed to reduce these lesions. These results indicate that B. pilosa ethanolic extract exerts a cytoprotective effect in addition to its gastric antisecretory activity that could be due, partly at least, to the presence of flavonoids of which quercetin was identified by HPLC.     

Gastroprotective effect of a traditional Chinese herbal drug "Baishouwu" on experimental gastric lesions in rats

"Baishouwu" is an appellative name of dried root tubers from three Asclepiadaceae plants: Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight, Cynanchum bungei Decne and Cynoctonum wilfordii Maxim. In order to establish the pharmacological basis for the ethnomedicinal use of Baishouwu in gastric disorders, this study examined the effects of ethanol extracts and fractions from root tubers of Cynanchum auriculatum, Cynanchum bungei and Cynoctonum wilfordii on ethanol-, indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in rats. Plant materials were collected from various areas of China. Oral administration of ethanol extract and chloroform fraction of Cynoctonum wilfordii collected from Changbai Cordillera at doses of 150 and 68 mg/kg, respectively, significantly inhibited the development of ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and also caused significant decrease of gastric acid secretion after histamine-induced gastric lesion. Oral administrations of ethanol extract and chloroform fraction of Cynanchum auriculatum collected from Binhai at the doses of 300 and 69 mg/kg, respectively, significantly inhibited ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions. This study demonstrates the gastroprotective property of Baishouwu for the first time.     

Gastric cytoprotective anti-ulcer effects of the leaf methanol extract of Ocimum suave (Lamiaceae) in rats

The anti-ulcerogenic potential of the leaf methanol extract of Ocimum suave (Lamiaceae) was investigated using four methods of gastric lesion induction in experimental Wistar rats (150-200 g): (1) HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions, (2) Absolute ethanol-induced gastric lesions, (3) Indomethacin-HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions, (4) Pylorus ligation-induced gastric lesions. Administration of the extract of O. suave to the rats by oral route (75-500 mg/kg) dose-dependently prevented the formation of acute gastric lesions induced using the four experimental techniques. The dose-dependent reduction of lesion formation was in all cases accompanied by significant increases in gastric mucus production. At the dose of 250 mg/kg there was complete inhibition of gastric lesions induced using the HCl/ethanol solution. Pre-treatment, by intraperitoneal route, with indomethacin significantly reduced the ability of the extract to inhibit the formation of HCl/ethanol-induced lesions. When the rats were subjected to pylorus ligation, the dose of 500 mg/kg completely inhibited lesion formation but did not have any effect on gastric acid secretion compared with the controls. The mucus secretion promoting effect of the extract was most significant when the gastric environment was highly acidic. These results suggest that a new anti-ulcer therapy regimen may be formulated which does not require the use of antacids and anti-secretory agents.     

Inhibition of experimental gastric lesion and inflammation by Phyllanthus amarus extract

Methanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus Shum & Thonn (Euphorbiaceae) 50, 200, and 1000 mg/kg body weight significantly inhibited gastric lesions, induced by intragastric administration of absolute ethanol (8 ml/kg). Mortality, increased stomach weight, ulcer index, and intraluminal bleeding were reduced significantly by Phyllanthus amarus. Biochemical analysis indicated that reduced glutathione (GSH) of gastric mucosa produced by ethanol administration was significantly elevated by treatment with Phyllanthus amarus extract. Aqueous and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus amarus produced an inhibition of rat paw edema up to 42% compared to control in 3h and continued up to 8h. Anti-oxidant activity of the extract as well as presence of tannins in the extract may be responsible for these observed activities.     

Antiulcerogenic activity of Zizyphus lotus (L.) extracts

Oral administration of aqueous extracts of Zizyphus lotus root barks (50-200 mg/kg) leaves (50-200 mg/kg) and fruits (200-400 mg/kg) produced a significant (p<0.01) and dose dependent inhibition to the acute ulcer induced by HCl/ethanol solution. The methanolic (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroformic (CHCl(3)) leaves extracts when administered orally at the dose of 200 mg/kg, exhibited a significant (p<0.01) inhibition of gastric lesions by 45%, 76% and 33%, respectively. Indeed, methanolic and ethyl acetate root barks extracts significantly reduced the gastric lesions by 47% and 41%, respectively. While the chloroformic root barks extract had no significant activity (19%). The effect of all extracts was compared with cimetidine (100 mg/kg, 62%) and omeprazole (30 mg/kg, 93%). Volume, pH and acidity of gastric juice were studied in pylorus-ligated rats. Root barks (200 mg/kg, p<0.01), leaves (200 mg/kg, p<0.01) and fruits (400 mg/kg, p<0.05) aqueous extracts showed significant reduction of gastric juice secretion in pylorus ligated rats, whereas the other extracts did not show any significance. Thus, Zizyphus lotus extracts act essentially as cytoprotective agents, which support the antiulcer effect of this plant in the traditional medicine.     

Antiulcerogenic activity of Alchornea castaneaefolia: effects on somatostatin, gastrin and prostaglandin

The hydroethanolic extract of the leaves (HEL) and bark (HEB) obtained from Alchornea castaneaefolia (Euphorbiaceae) were investigated for their ability to prevent ulceration of the gastric mucosa in animal models. HEL (500 and 1000 mg/kg) and HEB (1000 mg/kg) significantly reduced the gastric injuries induced by the combination of HCl/ethanol and lowered the severity of gastric damage formation induced by indomethacin/bethanechol in mice. Further investigation showed that HEL also inhibited formation of ulcers in mice submitted to stress and pylorus ligature, but HEL did not modify gastric juice parameters in Shay mice. HEL was also effective in promoting the healing process in chronic gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid in rats. An enriched flavonoidic fraction (EFF at dose of 100mg/kg) obtained from HEL reduced gastric lesions induced by HCl/ethanol and indomethacin/bethanechol in mice. Although EFF did not modify the amount of free mucus production by gastric mucosa, it was able to increase prostaglandin production. When administered to rats submitted to ethanol-induced gastric lesions, EFF increased the somatostatin serum levels, while the gastrin serum levels were proportionally decreased. Phytochemical investigation on HEL and EFF led to the isolation of flavonoids glycosides as the main compounds, thus suggesting that these substances may be involved in the observed antiulcer activity.