Endovascular treatment for mobile thrombus of the thoracic aorta.

Detection levels of mobile thrombus of the thoracic aorta have greatly increased after any embolic event. Although the indication for treatment remains controversial, there is a growing interest about the etiopathogenesis of this rare entity and to define proper diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We present a case of mobile thrombus of the thoracic aorta causing recurrent peripheral emboli managed with endovascular stent graft.     

Endovascular stent graft repair for a Salmonella-infected aneurysm of thoracic aorta

Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair using stent graft has been reported as a feasible and effective treatment for aortic aneurysm. However, its application for treating infected aortic aneurysms is still controversial and less reported. We report a 74-year-old male diabetic patient diagnosed with Salmonella-infected aortic aneurysm, who was successfully treated with endovascular stent graft repair followed by a 2-month course of intravenous antibiotics and long-term oral antibiotic therapy. Sequential computed tomography scans demonstrated the shrinkage of the aneurysm and no evidence of relapse 11 months later.     

Endovascular stent graft repair of mycotic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta

Traditional open surgical repair for mycotic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Endovascular repair has been reported as an alternative treatment in patients with mycotic thoracic aneurysms. This article reports our experience of endovascular stent graft placement in three patients with mycotic aneurysms of the thoracic aorta and compares the results with similar reports on the literature.     

Endovascular stent grafting for contained rupture of the descending thoracic aorta

We report three cases of contained rupture of the descending thoracic aorta managed by endovascular stent grafting and discuss the possibility of managing this life-threatening complication in emergency, by endoluminal devices. Further experience is needed to specify the indications for aortic stenting in descendant thoracic aortic ruptures.     

症状性主动脉穿透性溃疡的腔内修复术

目的 探讨症状性主动脉穿透性溃疡（penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer,PAU）的临床诊断和支架型人工血管腔内修复术的临床价值。方法 回顾分析2004年9月至2010年4月治疗的12例症状性PAU患者的临床资料,所有患者均有突发胸背部疼痛等急性主动脉综合征的临床表现,计算机断层扫描血管成像（computer tomography angiography,CTA）确诊为Stanford B型PAU,其中8例合并主动脉壁间血肿,所有患者均在全麻下接受支架型人工血管腔内修复术,两例附加杂交旁路手术延长近远侧锚定区。本组12例中10例患者获得随访,随访率83.3％。随访时间1～4年（中位时间36个月）,随访率83.3％ (10/12)。结果 12例患者共植入支架型人工血管12枚,其中植入支架直径32～40 mm,平均(35.7 ±2.5) mm,长度152 ～ 202 mm,平均(163±19) mm。1例溃疡较大病例支架人工血管植入后存在极少量内漏外,其他溃疡均隔绝满意。技术成功率100％。围手术期无不良事件发生。随访中患者无症状复发及死亡。CTA检查结果满意无内漏,1例少量内漏患者术后3个月复查内漏消失。结论 支架型人工血管腔内修复术因其微创、有效可能成为现阶段症状性PAU的首选治疗手段,术后严格的血压控制是长期疗效的有效保证。     

Endovascular repair of symptomatic penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the thoracic aorta.

BACKGROUND: In this study we evaluate published and personal experience of Endovascular Repair (EVAR) of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers (PAU). PATIENTS AND METHOD: In 12 patients (mean 74 years, 58-87 years) PAU was diagnosed with computer tomography (CT). Symptomatic ulcers were treated by vascular surgeons using stentgrafts via a femoral access route. Patients were followed up clinically and with CT for an average of 849 days (186-1968 days). RESULTS: 11 patients had severe acute thoracic pain, one patient presented with hemoptysis. CT showed well outlined ulcer, intramural hematoma, and contrast enhancement of the aortic wall (n=12), pseudoaneurysm (n=11), intimal calcification adjoining the ulcer (n=10), pleural (n=9) and mediastinal fluid (n=4). Mean duration of surgery was 68min (32-120min). Primary technical success was achieved in all patients. There was no perioperative complications except one acute hemorrhage from an intercostal artery and one iliac dissection. 3 months after stentgraft application owing to a severe stenosis of the right common femoral artery, an iliofemoral bypass was performed in one patient. All patients were free of symptoms after the procedure. There was incomplete sealing of PAU in 2 of 12 patients, but no re-intervention was needed. All patients were alive during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic PAU is a potentially fatal lesion. Considering the low morbidity and mortality of EVAR, this option might be first choice.     

Endovascular stent graft repair of a thoracic aortic gunshot injury

Endovascular treatment approaches offer minimally invasive alternative strategies for the management of vascular injuries. While endovascular stent graft repair of blunt injury to the thoracic aorta is well described, there are few reports of its application for treatment of penetrating injuries of the thoracic aorta. We report the successful treatment of a through-and-through gunshot injury of the thoracic aorta and review how this technology may be applied for the treatment of penetrating thoracic aortic injury.     

血管覆膜支架置入术用于胸主动脉受累的脊柱骨巨细胞瘤治疗1例报告

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤（giant cell tumor of bone,GCTB）是一种较为少见的脊柱原发性肿瘤,其仅占脊柱原发肿瘤的1.4%~9.4%。目前国际肿瘤学疾病分类（International Classification of Diseases for Oncology,ICD-O）将其定义一种交界性原发骨肿瘤,具有局部侵袭性,并可局部复发及远处转移。脊柱GCTB目前尚无公认的类似于美国癌症联合委员会（American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC）骨肉瘤或者软组织肉瘤的分期系统。在临床工作中,临床医生及研究者更习惯将GCTB分为可切除及不可切除两种类型。2020年的中国临床肿瘤学会（Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO）骨巨细胞瘤诊疗指南将这种分期方法作为Ⅱ级推荐,其中将不可切除型又分为手术困难及不可切除两类。脊柱GCTB由于位置深在,周围解剖结构复杂,毗邻脊髓及大血管,大多数研究者将其归属于不可切除范畴。按照CSCO骨巨细胞瘤诊疗指南外科治疗的选择策略,对于术前评级为不可切除的GCTB,应用地舒单抗等骨靶向药物治疗后,整块切除术仍然被作为Ⅰ级推荐（2A类证据）。全脊椎整块切除（total enbloc spondylectomy,TES）技术由Stener自20世纪70年代首次提出,该技术要点是沿肿瘤外缘将其整块切除,以获得良好的外科边界,更加符合肿瘤学原则。20世纪90年代中期Tomita等采用后路椎弓根截骨,将病椎分为两块切除,最大限度减少术中污染,降低肿瘤的局部复发率,使TES技术得到了进一步的发展。经过国内外医生多年的手术实践,TES技术已经作为成熟的脊柱肿瘤外科技术在临床中广泛应用。然而,部分脊柱GCTB可突破骨皮质形成软组织肿块,并侵犯周围大血管壁。整块切除可能导致血管损伤,引起严重的手术并发症,甚至危及生命。那么如何在整块切除脊柱骨巨细胞瘤的同时降低术中血管损伤所带来的风险,目前临床中尚无明确的解决方案。笔者报道1例胸主动脉受累的胸椎GCTB,通过行血管覆膜支架置入术以避免血管相关事件发生,并对相关文献回顾讨论。     

Anaesthesia for stent graft repair of thoracic aneurysm and coarctation of the aorta

We present the anaesthetic management of a patient for stenting of a thoracic aortic aneurysm at the site of an aortic coarctation. The specific challenges to the anaesthetist for this case are outlined. These include the specific problems of placing the graft, the obvious risk of aortic rupture and the unfamiliar environment of the separate radiological theatre. The advantages and disadvantages to the anaesthetist of the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms with stents are briefly discussed.     

Aortobronchial fistula after endovascular stent graft repair of the thoracic aorta

Endovascular stent graft repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms has been recently introduced as an alternative to conventional graft replacement of the diseased aorta. As experience with this new technique accumulates, complications may occur. We herein report the case of a patient in whom we observed distal migration with leak of an endovascular stent graft previously inserted in the descending thoracic aorta, associated with an aortobronchial fistula. The urgent surgical treatment undertaken, which consisted of graft replacement of the previously stented aorta, had a fatal outcome.     

Endovascular treatment of a symptomatic carotid artery aneurysm with a stent graft

Endovascular methods have become more widespread and offer an alternative to surgery, which is often difficult in case of a hostile neck resulting from radiotherapy. Carotid pseudoaneurysm after laryngectomy is a very uncommon complication. We report a case of symptomatic carotid artery pseudoaneurysm treated using a stent graft.     

Endovascular stent graft]

Endovascular stent grafting for aortic aneurysms using metallic stents covered with conventional vascular grafts has attracted attention as a catheter-based, minimally invasive alternative to open surgery. Since the first clinical experience with endovascular stent grafting for an abdominal aortic aneurysm was reported in 1991, experimental and clinical investigations have between undertaken world wide. Although several commercial bifurcated stent grafts for abdominal aortic aneurysms are currently available in Europe and Australia, none of the devices are approved for clinical use in Japan and the USA. Hand-made devices are still used in each institution particularly for thoracic aortic aneurysms. Endovascular stent grafting is feasible for aneurysm repair within limited conditions. However, several unsolved issues remain concerning not only delivery devices which require precise skill in stent-graft deployment, but also concerning patient selection and proper indications. Further investigation is necessary to clarify graft durability, aneurysmal neck enlargement, and the fate of the excluded aneurysm sac for long follow-up periods.     

Endovascular treatment of the thoracic aorta

Open surgical repair has been considered the mainstay of therapy for thoracic aortic aneurysms, both elective and emergency procedures alike. Recent advances in endovascular technology have made endovascular stentgraft placement a therapeutic modality that is minimally invasive and potentially a safer treatment for aneurysmal disease of the descending thoracic aorta. Moreover, this technology may be appropriate for other diseases of the thoracic aorta, including traumatic disruptions and dissections. There appears to be an increase in the diagnosis, and therefore incidence, of these various thoracic aortic pathologies, owing both to improvement in imaging capabilities and longer life expectancies. In distinction to endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms, the evolution of thoracic stentgrafts has progressed more slowly as there has yet to exist a clinically proven device after 10 years of clinical trials. However, the enthusiasm for this technology persists, for it may indeed hold the potential for the greatest patient benefit as conventional open surgical repair continues to offer serious morbidity and mortality rates. This paper reviews the current status of thoracic aortic stentgrafts, including recent clinical studies, device failures and refinements, and future directions.     

Usefulness of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in stent graft implantation for thoracic descending aorta

BACKGROUND: Stent graft implantation for thoracic descending aorta is a promising alternative to open repair. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a sensitive imaging modality for aortic disease. We reviewed our experience with TEE in stent graft implantation for thoracic descending aorta. METHOD: Five patients underwent stent graft implantation for thoracic descending aorta under general anesthesia. Intraoperative angiography and TEE were used to identify the extent of the aneurysm and the placement of the stent. RESULTS: TEE showed stent graft configuration and presence of leakage in all cases. In three cases, additional stent graft placement or bypass was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Useful information was obtained by TEE in enhancing the accuracy of stent graft positioning potentially improving outcomes. TEE may facilitate repair by confirming aortic pathology, identifying endograft placement, and assessing the adequacy of aneurysm sack isolation, presence of leakage, as well as dynamic intraoperative cardiac performance.