毛细管色谱法测定车间空气中1,3-二氯丙烯

[目的]建立作业场所空气中1,3-二氯丙烯的溶剂解吸气相色谱分析方法.[方法]空气中的1,3-二氯丙烯用活性碳管采集,用二硫化碳解吸液解吸后进样,经WAX毛细管色谱柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰面积定量.按照<工作场所空气中毒物检验方法的研究规范>的要求进行试验及现场模拟试验.[结果]1,3-二氯丙烯在0～1500μg/ml浓度范围内具有线性相关性;回归方程y=-228.8 106.4x,相关系数为0.9999,方法的检出限1μg/ml(进样1μl),相对标准偏差在1.8%～3.5%之间,总平均解吸效率为96.7%,样品在活性碳管中可稳定5d,生产作业场所空气中可能共存的氯乙烯、二氯乙烯在本方法条件下不干扰1,3-二氯丙烯的分析测定.[结论]此方法各项指标均达到<工作场所空气中毒物检验方法的研究规范>的要求,适用于作业场所空气中1,3-二氰丙烯的检测.     

工作场所空气中叔丁醇的检测方法

目的:建立一种适用于工作场所空气中叔丁醇的检测方法。方法:用活性碳管吸附采集空气中的叔丁醇,用5%异丙醇的二硫化碳解吸,Innowax-213(30 m×0.32 mm×0.5μm)的毛细管柱分离叔丁醇后检测。结果:方法的线性范围为0~3100μg/ml,其相关系数r=0.9999;叔丁醇的检出限为3.1μg/ml。每100 mg活性碳的穿透容量为7.4 mg;在空气中叔丁醇含量在该穿透容量范围内,采样效率大于95.0%。叔丁醇在活性碳管里贮存稳定,在7 d内稳定效果好,解吸效率均在90%以上。结论:此方法的指标达到了工作场所空气中毒物检测方法的研究规范要求,适用于工作场所空气中叔丁醇的检测。     

工作场所空气中苯乙烯时间加权平均浓度测定方法探讨

[目的]建立工作场所空气中苯乙烯的时间加权平均浓度(TWA)气相色谱测定方法.[方法]通过活性炭管采样,溶剂解吸气相色谱法测定空气中苯乙烯.按照<工作场所空气中毒物检测方法的研究规范>的要求进行实验研究,并对其测定条件和气相色谱条件进行优化选择.[结果]方法线性范围为2.6～1 000 μe/ml.相关系数r=0.999 7.检出限2.6μg/ml,相对标准偏差在3.1%～5.6%之间.每100 mg活性炭对苯乙烯的穿透容量为28.6 mg.样品在活性炭管中稳定至少可保存7 d,方法重现性好.[结论]此方法的各项指标均达到了工作场所空气中毒物检测方法研究规范的要求,适用于工作场所空气中苯乙烯的时间加权平均浓度测定.由此为新颁布的<工作场所有害因素职业接触限值>(PC-TWA)积累苯乙烯相配套的检验方法.     

工作场所空气中环己酮测定的热解吸-气相色谱法

目的 建立工作场所空气中环己酮热解吸-气相色谱检测方法 .方法 :用活性炭管吸附空气中的环己酮,经热解吸仪解吸后使用火焰离子化检测器(FID)气相色谱仪对空气中的环己酮浓度进行检测.结果 :空气中环己酮浓度在0～1266 mg/m~3(以采样体积1.5 L计,相当于标准气0～19 μg/ml)有很好的线性关系;线性回归方程为y=4786.2x～6.62,r=0.9999;检出限为0.010μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.67 mg/m~3;样品至少可保存10 d;平均解吸效率为95.59%,每支活性炭管解吸率均大于92%;100mg活性炭管穿透容量大于6.3mg,采样效率为97.81%;空气中的丁酮、甲苯、二甲苯等物质对测定不产生干扰.结论 :该法准确、方便,各项指标符合<丁作场所空气中毒物检测方法 的研制规范>,适用于工作场所中环已酮浓度的测定.     

工作场所空气中仲丁醇的毛细管气相色谱测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中仲丁醇的气相色谱测定法。方法用活性炭采样管采集工作场所空气中仲丁醇,以含1%异丙醇的二硫化碳解吸后进样,经毛细管色谱柱分离,氢焰离子化检测器检测,以保留时间定性、峰面积定量。结果仲丁醇在101.2~1 620.0μg/ml范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为1.000 0;方法的检出限为3.0μg/ml,定量下限为10.0μg/ml;在采样体积为1.5 L、解吸液体积为1.0 ml的条件下,方法的最低检出浓度为2.0 mg/m~3,最低定量浓度为6.7 mg/m~3。不同浓度仲丁醇的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.79%~4.76%,加标回收率为96.5%~97.4%。结论该方法灵敏度高,精密度好,准确度好,适用于工作场所空气中仲丁醇的测定。     

工作场所空气中异亚丙基丙酮气相色谱测定方法探讨

[目的]建立工作场所空气中异亚丙基丙酮的采样和测定方法。[方法]工作场所空气用活性炭管采集,经1%甲醇的二硫化碳溶液解吸,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测,外标法定量。[结果]线性范围为10~1000μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.2mg/m3,相对标准偏差﹤5%(n=6);气体采样效率≥96.6%,100mg活性炭对异亚丙基丙酮的穿透容量为4.7mg,平均解吸效率97.8%;活性炭样品室温下可保存7d;丙酮、丁酮、异佛尔酮、苯、甲苯、二甲苯等共存物不干扰测定。[结论]本法可用于工作场所空气中异亚丙基丙酮的测定。     

气相色谱法测定作业场所空气中氢化三联苯

目的:建立作业场所空气中氢化三联苯的采样和测定方法。方法:用活性碳管采样,气相色谱仪测定。结果:方法的检出限为0.3μg/m l,当标准溶液浓度为1~20μg/m l时,相对标准偏差为5.0%~1.4%,相关系数为0.999。测定范围为1~30μg/m l。活性碳管解吸效率为85%~92%。样品在采样管中能稳定7 d。结论:测定的各项指标均符合"作业场所空气中有毒物质监测研究规范"和劳动卫生检测的要求。     

工作场所空气中二乙基甲酮活性炭采集溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法的研究

[目的]建立可定量测定工作场所空气中二乙基甲酮(DEK)的实用方法。[方法]气态的DEK用活性炭(AC)管吸附后,以二硫化碳(CS_2)溶剂解吸,最后由气相色谱[GC(FID)]分离并测定。[结果]统计分析显示DEK色谱峰面积(y)与DEK浓度(x)呈线性相关,其回归方程为(?)=11.3 15.5x(n=6),相关系数r>0.9999;当DEK浓度在625～5000μg/ml时,定量测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%～6.1%;该方法的检出限为33μg/ml(进样1.0μl);平均解吸效率达81.9%;穿透容量(BTV)>24mg(100mg活性炭);使用已吸附DEK 2439μg含100mg活性炭管并密闭放置5d,下降率为9.0%;采样效率达100%。[结论]该气相色谱定量法可用于工作场所空气中气态DEK的浓度测定。     

作业场所空气中仲丁醇的溶剂解吸气相色谱法

目的建立能和职业卫生标准中正丁醇同测的仲丁醇的气相色谱方法。方法采用活性炭管采集作业场所空气中仲丁醇,2%异丙醇二硫化碳溶液解吸,毛细管色谱柱(FFAP)分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测。结果该方法仲丁醇检测范围为0.5～2 327 mg/L;检出限为0.2 mg/L,定量下限为0.5 mg/L,最低定量质量浓度为0.4 mg/m~3(以1.5 L空气样品计);相对标准偏差为3.8%～5.6%,采样效率为99.99%～100.00%,平均解吸效率为92.7%～97.2%,100 mg活性炭的穿透容量大于9.7 mg,样品在室温下至少可保存14天。结论该方法检出限低,线性范围宽,精密度好,准确度高,适用于作业场所空气中仲丁醇的测定。     

汽油使用工作场所空气中MTBE的检测方法

目的:建立一种适用于汽油作业场所空气中甲基叔丁基醚的检测方法。方法:用活性碳管采样,二硫化碳解吸,HP-1(100 m×0.25 mm×0.5μm)的毛细管柱分离甲基叔丁基醚后检测。结果:方法的线性范围为0～3 000μg/ml,其相关系数r=0.9999;MTBE的检出限为3μg/ml。每100 mg活性碳的穿透容量大于7.2 mg,MTBE在活性碳管里贮存稳定,解吸效率均在95%以上,采样效率大于99.5%。结论:此方法的指标达到了工作场所空气中毒物检测方法的研究规范要求,适用于汽油使用工作场所空气中甲基叔丁基醚的的检测。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.