胸段硬膜外阻滞对心脏瓣膜置换术后病人血浆皮质醇、IFN-γ、IL-4的影响

目的 探讨胸段硬膜外阻滞对心脏辦膜置换术后病人血浆皮质醇（Cor）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）的影响。方法 心脏辦膜置换术病人20例，心功能Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级，射血分数〉0．4，随机分为2组（n=10）：单纯全麻组（GA组）和全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组（GEA组）。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评价术后的疼痛程度。于麻醉诱导前、术后4h和1、3、7d取外周血，测定血浆Cor、IFN-γ、IL-4的浓度。结果 血浆Cor浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，GA组术后4 h、1 d升高，GEA组术后4 h升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后4 h、1 d降低（P〈0．05）。血浆IFN-γ浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，2组术后4 h和1、3 d均升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后1 d升高（P 〈0．05）。血浆IL-4浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，GA组术后4 h降低（P〈0．05）。IFN-γ／IL-4比值的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，2组术后4h、1d升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后1d升高（P〈 0．05）。结论 胸段硬膜外阻滞可降低心脏辦膜置换术后病人血浆Cor水平，提高IFN-γ／IL-4比值。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对上腹部手术病人应激反应的影响

目的　观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对上腹部手术病人应激反应的影响。方法　26 例择期行上腹部手术的病人,随机分为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(GEA组)和单纯全麻组(GA组),每组 13例。分别测定麻醉前、切皮时、切皮后 1 h、术毕拔管各时点血浆皮质醇(Cor)、血管紧张素 -Ⅱ(A Ⅱ)、β- 内啡肽(β- EP)和白细胞介素 10(IL- 10)水平。结果　血浆Cor在拔管时两组均高于麻醉前(P<0. 05);在切皮时、切皮后1 h,GA组明显高于GEA组(P<0 .05);与麻醉前基础值比较,GEA组术中无明显升高。A- Ⅱ- GEA组拔管时高于麻醉前(P<0 .05);GA组切皮后1 h、拔管时均较麻醉前明显升高(P<0. 05)。两组病人β- EP术中、拔管时均上升,与麻醉前比较,GA组明显升高(P<0. 05)。两组病人 IL -10术中、拔管时均呈上升趋势,组间比较无显著性差异。结论　全麻复合硬膜外阻滞能减轻但不能消除上腹部手术病人的应激反应。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对换瓣手术病人术后血浆皮质醇、血糖及术后恢复的影响

目的观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对心脏瓣膜置换手术病人血浆皮质醇(Cor)、血糖(Glu)及术后恢复的影响。方法将20例换瓣手术病人随机分为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞(GEA)和单纯全麻(GA)两组。于术前、术后4 h、术后第1、3、7天取血浆测Cor、Glu浓度,并记录术后清醒时间和拔管时间。结果与术前比较,GA组病人术后4 h,术后第1天血浆Cor水平均显著升高(P<0.05),GEA组血浆Cor水平仅在术后4 h显著增高(P<0.05),但其术后4 h,术后第1天的血浆Cor水平明显低于GA组(P<0.05)。术后第1天,GEA组血浆Cor水平即恢复致术前水平,GA组至术后第3天才恢复致术前水平。两组病人Glu从术后4 h至第7天均高于麻醉前水平,GEA组升高的幅度小于GA组,在术后各时点两组之间差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。GEA组病人术后清醒时间、术后拔管时间早于GA组(P<0.05),术后VAS显著低于GA组(P<0.05)。结论全麻复合硬膜外阻滞可减轻心脏换瓣手术病人应激反应和术后疼痛,有利于病人术后早清醒与早拔管。     

不同麻醉和镇痛方法对胸科手术胰岛素抵抗及相关因素影响的研究

目的 研究不同麻醉和术后镇痛方式对胸科手术后胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)的影响及相关因素.方法 60例胸科手术患者按随机数字表法随机分为两组:对照组(GA组,n=30),实验组(GEA组,n=30).GA组行全麻+术后静脉镇痛;GEA组行硬膜外麻醉复合全麻+术后硬膜外镇痛.分别于麻醉前、术毕...     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在上腹部手术中的应用

观察硬膜外阻滞加气管内全麻（简称GA＋Epi）和单纯气管内全麻（简称GA）用于上腹部手术、30例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ患者随机分成GA组和GA＋Epi组，两组性别、年龄、体重及手术时间无显著差异，全麻用药相同。两组于麻醉前、气管插管后、术中、技管后进行MAP、HR、RR和SPO2监测。结果表明：GA＋Epi组插管后及术中MAP、HR波动小，相对稳定，与GA组有显著性差异（P＜0．01），全麻复合硬膜外阻滞可使全麻用药量减少，气管技管时间提前，且硬膜外阻滞术后有较好的止痛作用，明显减轻麻醉诱导气管插管期间及术中刺激的应激反应。     

用血栓弹力图比较不同麻醉方法对患者围术期凝血及纤溶功能的影响

目的 比较全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对患者围术期凝血及纤溶功能的影响。方法 80例择期单侧膝关节置换术患者,随机分为全麻组和硬膜外组。分别于术前、术中、术后抽取静脉血检测TEG(Thromboelastography),参数包括反应时间(R)、K时间、α角、最大振幅(MA)、凝血指数(CI)及LY30。同时采用彩色多普勒观察术后下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)形成情况。结果 全麻组R、K术中及术后均低于术前,其中R值术后组内明显低于术前(P<0.05),组间明显低于硬膜外组(P<0.05);全麻组α、MA、CI及LY30术中及术后均高于术前,其中术后组内明显高于术前(P<0.05),组间明显高于硬膜外组(P<0.05);LY30硬膜外组术后组内明显高于术前(P<0.05)。结论 全身麻醉对患者围术期凝血功能有明显促进作用,可使血液处于高凝状态,而硬膜外麻醉可在一定程度上防止术后血液高凝状态;全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对患者围术期纤溶功能均有一定促进作用且前者作用更强。     

全麻复合硬膜外麻醉用于胸科手术对细胞因子及内脏缺血的影响

目的 了解胸部手术时细胞因子、粘膜内pH（pHi）、组织动脉CO2分层差P（t-a）CO2的变化及相关关系，并观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞（GEA）对细胞因子和粘膜缺血的影响。方法 20例肺叶或肺叶局部切除手术病人随机分为两组，GEA组和单纯全麻（GA）组，于术前、切皮时、切皮后2h、4h、6h、术后第一、三日晨取血测定白介素－6（IL－6）、白介素－10（IL－10）水平及术前、切皮时、切皮后1h、2h、4h、6h的pHi、P（t-a）CO2值。结果 （1）丙组IL－6、IL－10手术开始后升高，组间无统计学差异。（2）pHi呈降低趋势，组间无显著差异；P(t-a）CO2呈渐升高趋势，与pHi负相关（r=-0.318），P（t-a）－CO2在切皮后4h GEA组低于GA组（P＜0.01）。（3）pHi与IL－6呈显著负相关（r=-0.252）。结论 （1）胸部手术引起细胞因子改变，并且不受硬膜外阻滞影响。（2）胸科手术导致胃肠道粘膜缺血，P(t-a)CO2可反映内脏组织灌流，胸段硬膜外阻滞可改善内脏组织灌流。（3）胃肠道粘膜缺血与细胞因子可能有相互影响。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞及术后镇痛对开胸围术期循环和内分泌功能的影响

目的:观察全麻联合硬膜外阻滞及术后镇痛对开胸围术期循环和内分泌功能的影响.方法:将80例开胸手术病人,随机分为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞(TEA组)和单纯全麻(GA组)各40例.TEA组术后硬膜外镇痛48 h;GA组术后必要时肌注哌替啶镇痛.分别测定入室基础值(T0)、诱导插管后(T1)、切皮后(T2)、手术探查时(T3)、肿瘤切除后(T4)、术毕即刻(T5)、术后24 h(T6)、术后48 h(T7)各时段的MAP、HR和同一时段抽取静脉血测定皮质醇、胰岛素和血糖浓度变化.结果:GA组围术期的MAP在T2、T3、T5、T6和HR在T2、T5、T6时段均显著高于T0水平或TEA组同一时段(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);皮质醇在T3、T5、T6时段GA组明显高于TEA组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);胰岛素仅在T3时段GA组显著高于TEA组(P＜0.01);血糖浓度GA组在T2、T3、T4、T5、T6、T7时段均分别较T0或TEA组同一时段显著升高(P＜0.01).结论:全麻联合硬膜外阻滞可有效缓解开胸手术应激反应,对循环和内分泌影响小,同时术后镇痛可减轻围手术期糖代谢紊乱.     

硬膜外腔阻滞对胸部手术应激反应的影响

目的 观察硬膜外腔阻滞对胸部手术应激激素和细胞因子的影响。方法20例食管癌手术病人,随机分为两组,每组10例,即全麻复令硬膜外腔阻滞(GEA)组和全麻(GA)组,分别测定麻醉诱导前、手术2h、手术4h、术毕、术后1d及术后3d的血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、血清促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇、C-反应蛋白、IL-6及IL-10的水平。结果 血浆去甲肾上腺素和血清皮质醇GEA组术中术后无显著改变,但GA组术毕和术后1d显著升高(P<0.05),术后3d恢复至术前水平,组间比较前者有显著差异(P<0.05)。两组血浆肾上腺素、IL-10术中术后均无显著变化。两组血清ACTH、IL-6及CRP术中术后均显著升高(P<0.05),组间比较无显著差异。结论 硬膜外腔阻滞可以减轻胸部手术的应激反应。IL-6是较CRP更灵敏的反映组织损伤的炎性指标。     

不同麻醉方式用于老年患者腹腔镜乙状结肠原位新膀胱术的临床效果

目的 比较单纯全麻和全麻联合硬膜外阻滞用于老年患者腹腔镜下乙状结肠原位新膀胱术的临床效果.方法 择期行腹腔镜下全膀胱切除并乙状结肠原位新膀胱术老年患者42例,随机均分为单纯全麻组(G组)和全麻联合硬膜外阻滞组(GE组).记录气腹前5min (T1)、气腹后10 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、90min(T4)、180min(T5)、解除气腹后30 min(T6)及术毕(T7)各时点HR、MAP、CVP、气道压(Paw)、PaCO2、pH和血糖(Glu),以及手术时间、气腹时间、出血量、丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼用量、拔管时间、苏醒时间及术后躁动发生率.结果 与G组比较,GE组瑞芬太尼用量较少,术后拔管时间较短,躁动发生率较低(P＜0.05).两组T2～T7时HR、MAP、CVP、Paw、PaCO2及Glu值均增高,pH值下降(P＜0.05).T2、T3、T6、T7时G组HR、MAP较GE组增快升高明显(P＜0.05);T2～T7时G组Glu较GE组升高明显(P＜0.05).结论 老年患者腹腔镜乙状结肠原位新膀胱术中采用全麻联合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻相比,血流动力学更稳定,阿片类药物用量更少,术后苏醒质量更高.     

Combined resection of the thoracic esophagus and thoracic descending aorta

We conducted combined resection of the thoracic esophagus and thoracic descending aorta in 2 patients, one with advanced esophageal cancer with aortic invasion and the other aortoesophageal fistula caused by a false aortic aneurysm. Combined resection of esophageal tumor and adjacent involved organs was conducted in 14 patients with A3:T4 esophageal cancer but none survived 3 years and resecting tumor-invaded organs did not improve patient survival. One major problem of combined resection of the esophagus and aorta is contamination of the posterior mediastinum. In 1 patient, 2-stage surgery for the esophagus and in situ aortic replacement was conducted to reduce operative risk and avoiding infection of the prosthetic vascular graft. With thoracic descending aortic aneurysm adjacent to the esophagus on the increase, cardiovascular surgeons should prepared to undertake combined resection of both the aorta and esophagus.     

Combined resection of the thoracic esophagus and thoracic descending aorta.

We conducted combined resection of the thoracic esophagus and thoracic descending aorta in 2 patients, one with advanced esophageal cancer with aortic invasion and the other aortoesophageal fistula caused by a false aortic aneurysm. Combined resection of esophageal tumor and adjacent involved organs was conducted in 14 patients with A3:T4 esophageal cancer but none survived 3 years and resecting tumor-invaded organs did not improve patient survival. One major problem of combined resection of the esophagus and aorta is contamination of the posterior mediastinum. In 1 patient, 2-stage surgery for the esophagus and in situ aortic replacement was conducted to reduce operative risk and avoiding infection of the prosthetic vascular graft. With thoracic descending aortic aneurysm adjacent to the esophagus on the increase, cardiovascular surgeons should prepared to undertake combined resection of both the aorta and esophagus.     

Transthoracic approaches to the lesions of thoracic cord and thoracic vertebrae

Experiences of transthoracic approaches to the thoracic cord lesions were reported. Since 1983, we have performed six transthoracic approaches to the thoracic lesions; one thoracic OPLL, one dumbbell-shaped neurinoma, two thoracic soft disc, one epidural metastatic tumor to thoracic vertebrae. From the viewpoint of surgical anatomy, the thoracic vertebrae show a physiological kyphosis and the subarachnoid space of the ventral site is narrower than that of the dorsal site. Due to such anatomical characteristics, the thoracic laminectomy for decompression is not so effective as in the cervical or lumbar region and a relatively small mass lesion can bring a paraplegic state. The lesion of the ventral site of the thoracic cord has been regarded as no man's land because of poor results of posterior approaches. Instead of posterior approaches, anterior or anterolateral approaches with transthoracic route have been adopted. In the present paper, we used transthoracic anterolateral approaches for four patients and anterior sternum-splitting approach for two patients. The operative procedures of the approaches were described in detail. By these approaches, we could treat four patients with favourable results but the result of thoracic OPLL was poor. The cause of this poor result seemed to depend upon the intraoperative compression of the thoracic cord. For the troublesome complication, we described the postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage into thoracic cavity with respiratory disturbance. Several devices to prevent such troublesome complication were discussed.     

Video-assisted thoracic surgical applications in thoracic trauma

VATS is a valuable and safe way to manage many problems in thoracic trauma. It may allow earlier diagnosis and treatment of posttraumatic complications of chest injuries with less morbidity. This approach has already demonstrated advantages in such entities as retained hemothorax. The reduced pain and morbidity are attractive features compared with open thoracotomy. VATS continues to evolve in thoracic trauma, but unquestionably has proved value.     

Clinical analysis of ossified thoracic ligaments and thoracic disc hernia]

Thoracic lesions present several clinical problems, particularly in their diagnosis and treatment, compared with cervical or lumbar lesions. Since 1983, 18 cases of thoracic space lesions, excluding spinal tumors or trauma have been experienced: nine cases of ossification of yellow ligament (OYL), five of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), and four of disc hernia (DH). In these 18 patients, problems of clinical manifestations, neuroradiological examination, and surgical approaches are analyzed and discussed. As clinical manifestations, there was a preponderant occurrence in males in the OYL group, while in the OPLL group all the patients were females. OYL and DH occurred at lower thoracic levels. Thirteen of the 18 patients showed combined lesions either in the cervical or in the lumbar regions, such as cervical OPLL, cervical spondylosis, lumbar DH, and lumbar canal stenosis. In the neuroradiological examinations diagnosis of the upper thoracic lesions was difficult. Computed tomography (CT) scan with intrathecal metrizamide injection seemed essential for examination of ossified thoracic lesions. However, because CT imaging of the entire spine is impractical, efficient use of this examination requires previous localization of the offending vertebral level from either the neurological findings or other neuroradiological examinations such as myelography. Magnetic resonance imaging seemed most useful for ruling out the thoracic compressing lesions. As for surgical approaches, posterior decompression was effective for OYL and the anterior approach was useful for OPLL and DH. In patients with "tandem lesions," neurological and neuroradiological findings played an important role in deciding the responsible site.     

轻中度胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者胸椎后凸角对上胸椎后凸角的影响

目的:探讨轻中度胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者胸椎后凸角与上胸椎后凸角的关系,并评估其临床意义。方法:选取在我院就诊的轻中度(Cobb角40°~60°)单胸弯型AIS患者50例、双胸弯型AIS患者50例,均摄站立位脊柱全长正位X线片及上肢抱胸体位下的站立位脊柱全长侧位X线片。测量主胸弯Cobb角、上胸椎(T2~T5)后凸角(upper thoracic kyphosis,UTK)及胸椎(T5~T12)后凸角(total kyphosis,TK)。两种弯型患者分别按TK大小分为两组:A组TK<10°,B组10°≤TK≤40°。分别将两种弯型的A组及B组的参数测量结果进行比较,并对相关参数指标进行Spearman相关分析。结果:在单胸弯型AIS患者中,A组UTK平均为6.9°,B组为9.8°,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);单胸弯AIS患者TK与UTK存在显著性正相关(P<0.05)。在双胸弯型AIS患者中,A组的UTK平均为12.0°,B组为11.9°,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),双胸弯型AIS患者的TK与UTK无显著性相关(P>0.05)。结论:双胸弯型AIS患者的TK对UTK无明显影响;而单胸弯型AIS患者的UTK会随着TK的减小而减小,在对单胸弯型AIS患者进行胸椎融合时,应考虑其对术后矢状面形态重建的影响。     

胸椎退变致胸髓压迫的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨胸椎退行性改变致慢性胸髓压迫症的早期诊断和治疗方法。方法 ２１例胸椎管狭窄症患者,男９例,女１２例,平均年龄４９．５岁;单纯苋韧带骨化症１６例,Ｓｃｈｅｕｅｍａｎｎ病３例,弥散性特发性骨质肥大症２例;采用ＣＴ、ＣＴＭ、ＭＲＩ及磁刺激ＭＥＰ等检查;用“揭盖法”椎管后侧壁切除及合并前方减压法手术治疗;按ＪＯＡ评分及Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ的标准评定手术疗效。结果 ２１例中,局灶型５例,连续型１０例,跳     

Hypotension during thoracic surgery under combined general and high thoracic epidural anesthesia

High thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) is increasingly often used in combination with general anesthesia for major thoracic and abdominal surgery. TEA leads to sympatholysis of cardiac efferences leading to improved myocardial oxygen balance, which is in part due to vasodilation of atherosclerotic coronary vessels. To provide the full benefit of TEA, it is important to extend it as patient-controlled epidural analgesia in the postoperative period. If adequate vascular volume is maintained, hypotension is less frequent after TEA than after lumbar epidural anesthesia. However, in combination with general anesthesia, it may be more frequent and more severe. Treatment of hypotension is sometimes difficult and may require the use of nonadrenergic vasoconstrictors (eg, vasopressin). Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company