人乳牙牙髓干细胞和恒牙牙髓干细胞的蛋白质组学比较

目的 采用蛋白质组学方法研究人乳牙牙髓干细胞（SHED）和恒牙牙髓干细胞（DPSC）中的蛋白表达差异.方法 应用双向凝胶电泳技术分离SHED和DPSC的细胞总蛋白.通过比较两种细胞的蛋白组学图谱,确定差异表达的蛋白点,而后对差异点进行基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱分析和蛋白数据库信息检索,对差异蛋白进行功能分类.结果 建立了SHED和DPSC的蛋白质组图谱,经软件分析出45个差异蛋白点,其中26个表达上调,19个表达下调,再经质谱鉴定出48种蛋白,其生物学功能涉及细胞周期、代谢等.结论 SHED与DPSC中蛋白的差异表达体现了两种细胞在结构和功能上的异同性,为进一步研究SHED和DPSC在增殖、分化中的差异,以及牙齿相关干细胞在组织工程和再生医学研究中的应用提供参考.     

乳牙牙髓干细胞的研究进展

乳牙牙髓干细胞（SHED）来源于脱落的乳牙牙髓,具有较强的增殖能力、自我更新能力、多向分化潜能,而且乳牙为生物废弃物,符合伦理要求,所以渐渐成为干细胞领域研究的新热点。本文就SHED的生物学特征、培养方法、鉴定方法、多向分化潜能及其在疾病治疗中应用的研究进展作一综述。     

Differentiation of stem cells from human deciduous and permanent teeth into spiral ganglion neuron-like cells

ObjectiveStem cells from pulp tissue are a promising cell-based therapy for neurodegenerative patients based on their origin in the neural crest. The aim of this study was to differentiate and evaluate the ability of human dental pulp stem cells from permanent teeth (DPSC) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) to differentiate into spiral ganglion neurons.DesignAfter isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cell properties, DPSC and SHED were treated with the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The differentiation was identified by immunostaining and qRT-PCR analysis of neuronal markers and measuring intracellular calcium activity.ResultsAfter 2 weeks of induction, morphological changes were observed in both DPSC and SHED. The differentiated cells expressed neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin, GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B, protein markers of spiral ganglion neurons. These cells also showed upregulation of the genes encoding these proteins, namely GATA3 and neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2. Intracellular calcium dynamics that reflect neurotransmitter release were observed in differentiated DPSC and SHED.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that dental pulp stem cells from permanent and deciduous teeth can differentiate into spiral ganglion neuron-like cells.     

丹参促进人脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞神经分化的研究

目的 探讨中药丹参对人脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞(SHED)神经分化功能的影响.方法 利用不同浓度的丹参注射液和神经诱导培养基诱导SHED分化为神经元样细胞.通过观察SHED经诱导后细胞的形态变化和采用Real-Time PCR方法检测神经元标记蛋白Nestin、早期神经元标记蛋白Ⅲ-Tubulin、神经细胞粘附因子NCAM、神经分化因子NeuroD、辅助T淋巴细胞因子TH、NEF等的表达,来鉴定神经元样细胞.结果 丹参注射液诱导后SHED胞体收缩,突起伸出,形似神经元;Real-TimePCR结果显示丹参注射液促进神经元标记蛋白Nestin、早期神经元标记蛋白Ⅲ-Tubulin、神经细胞粘附因子NCAM、神经分化因子NeuroD、NEF的表达.丹参注射液联合神经培养基诱导SHED神经分化的最佳丹参注射液浓度为50mg/ml.结论 中药丹参在一定浓度范围内可促进SHED向神经元样细胞分化.     

小型猪乳牙牙髓干细胞体外分离培养及鉴定

目的体外分离培养小型猪乳牙牙髓干细胞,并对其进行生物学鉴定。方法采用滤纸片法挑取单克隆小型猪乳牙牙髓细胞,免疫组织化学染色检测,体外比较单克隆牙髓干细胞及混合牙髓干细胞向矿化组织、脂肪细胞、及神经细胞诱导分化能力。结果分离培养的小型猪乳牙牙髓干细胞呈集落状生长,克隆形成率2．74％。波形丝蛋白、间充质于细胞表面标志STRO-1染色阳性,神经干细胞特异性标志nestin染色阳性。矿化诱导结果显示单克隆牙髓干细胞及混合牙髓干细胞,均为Von-kossa染色阳性,ATJP表达明显,两者无明著差异。单克隆牙髓干细胞及混合牙髓干细胞经IBMX、胰岛素、消炎痛和氢化可的松诱导3周后,可分化为脂肪细胞,两者成脂率均较低。单克隆乳牙牙髓干细胞向神经细胞诱导分化后免疫荧光鉴定β-tubulin III表达阳性,STRO-1表达阴性。混合牙髓干细胞无明显神经元样细胞分化。结论单克隆分离培养的小型猪乳牙牙髓干细胞具有很强的克隆形成能力及多向分化潜能,其矿化能力与混合的乳牙牙髓干细胞无明显差异。     

改良富血小板血浆促进乳牙牙髓干细胞成骨分化作用研究

目的：体外研究改良富血小板血浆（modified platelet-rich plasma,mPRP）促进人乳牙牙髓干细胞成骨分化的作用。方法：以α-MEM作为基础培养基,分别加入1％、2％、5％、10％4种不同浓度 mPRP 或者10％胎牛血清（对照）,对第4代SHED 连续培养并诱导矿化,碱性磷酸酶试剂盒检测 ALP 活性的变化,qRT-PCR 方法检测细胞内 RUNX2和骨钙素 mRNA 含量的改变。结果：不同浓度的 mPRP 均可以促进乳牙牙髓干细胞的 ALP 活性,且浓度为2％时 A 值最高;qRT-PCR 检测显示2％ mPRP 可以上调乳牙牙髓干细胞内 RUNX2及骨钙素 mRNA 的含量。结论：一定浓度的 mPRP 对乳牙牙髓干细胞的成骨分化具有一定的促进作用。     

Effects of cryopreservation on the characteristics of dental pulp stem cells of intact deciduous teeth

Objectives

The aim of this study was to isolate and cultivate cells from the pulp of 7-day-cryopreserved intact deciduous human teeth and evaluate the effect of cryopreservation on dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) characteristics.

Design

Twenty-six deciduous teeth were collected and allocated in two groups: immediate cell isolation (non-cryopreserved group) and intact cryopreserved (cryopreserved group). The teeth were cryopreserved in dimethylsulfoxide solution and recovered after 7 days. The success rate of isolation, proliferation, surface markers (CD14, CD29, CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, and HLA-DR), differentiation capacity, and morphology were evaluated.

Results

Isolation success rate was 61% and 30% for the non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved groups, respectively. There were no statistical differences between the groups for the tested surface markers. The cells in both groups were capable of differentiating into three mesenchymal lineages. No statistical differences between the groups were observed through the time course proliferation assay (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days); however, the mean time between isolation and the fifth passage was shorter for the non-cryopreserved group (p = 0.035). The morphology of the cells was considered altered in the cryopreserved group.

Conclusion

DPSCs were obtained from cryopreserved intact deciduous teeth without changes in the immunophenotypical characteristics and differentiation ability; however, lower culture rates, proliferation potential, and morphological alterations were observed in relation to the control group.     

山羊乳牙牙髓细胞分离培养与矿化诱导的体外研究

目的:分离培养山羊乳牙牙髓细胞,研究其矿化诱导前、后生物学特性的改变。方法:采用改良酶解组织块法培养山羊乳牙牙髓细胞,应用免疫组化方法(SAB法)对第2代细胞进行来源检测,经矿化诱导培养的第4代细胞与常规培养细胞做对照,进行相关生物学特性检测,包括细胞增殖能力、矿化能力、细胞形态改变、蛋白OCN表达、相关成骨基因(ALP、COL-I、OCN、OPN)表达水平。结果:改良酶解组织块法可较快地培养出山羊乳牙牙髓细胞,细胞爬出时间为培养的第3～4天。第2代细胞抗波丝蛋白阳性,抗角蛋白阴性,证明其间充质来源。MTT法测定显示,未诱导细胞的增殖能力明显高于矿化诱导后的细胞。与未诱导细胞相比较,矿化诱导的细胞ALP染色、钙结节茜素红染色均呈强阳性,免疫组化OCN阳性表达。诱导14d后,定时定量PCR检测证实成骨基因OCN、ALP显著上调。结论:本实验采用改良酶解组织块法成功培养出山羊乳牙牙髓细胞;连续矿化诱导培养14d后,山羊乳牙牙髓细胞分泌矿化基质,具有向成骨细胞分化和形成骨组织的潜能。     

体外观察三种支架材料对人乳牙牙髓干细胞生物学行为的影响

目的：观察乳牙牙髓干细胞（SHEDs）在3种羟基磷灰石（HA）复合支架材料上黏附、增殖、分化情况。方法：利用正常替换的乳牙分离培养 SHEDs,免疫组织化学法鉴定细胞来源,体外诱导实验观察细胞分化能力。将 SHEDs 分别接种在羟基磷灰石／β-磷酸三钙（HA／TCP）,羟基磷灰石／胶原（HA／COL）和羟基磷灰石／聚乙丙交酯（HA／PLGA）支架材料上复合培养,于4、6、8、10 h 4个时间点检测各细胞黏附率,MTT 比色法检测 SHEDs 增殖情况;碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性检测、能谱分析钙含量;Von Kossa 染色和灰度扫描细胞矿化能力。结果：SHEDs 在 HA／COL 上的黏附少于 HA／PLGA 和 HA／TCP（P ＜0．05）;HA／PLGA对 SHEDs 矿化诱导能力最强,其次是 HA／TCP,HA／COL 最弱。结论：SHEDs 在 HA／PLGA 上的黏附率、增殖率及矿化能力优于HA／TCP 和 HA／COL。     

Dental stem cells: Progress and perspectives

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are thought to contribute to reparative dentin formation, and that they may correspond to heterogenous populations of precursor cells or represent distinct differentiation stages along the odontoblastic lineage. DPSCs share many similarities with mesenchymal stem cells of the bone marrow (BMSCs). It appears that the distribution of tissue stem cells is not random and, within the dental pulp, there are potentially several distinct niches of stem/progenitor cells. In addition to DPSCs, other dental stem cell populations have been isolated. As for DPSCs, further studies are still needed to evaluate their potential of differentiation and their regenerative activity. Up today, (1) the formal demonstration that pulpal resident stem cells are actually the reparative dentin-forming cells recruited in response to injury is still lacking; and (2) the origin, localization and precise identity of odontogenic stem cells remain largely unknown. Dental clonal cell lines may represent valuable tool to answer some fontamental questions concerning the dental stem cell biology. Altogether, the presence of dental cell populations displaying stem cell properties has opened new paths for considering regenerative therapies. This might be a prerequisite to design alternative strategies for capping and endodontic treatment, using stem cells.     

人乳牙牙髓干细胞和成人牙髓干细胞研究进展

近年来,成体干细胞不断地从不同的组织中被分离出来,该类细胞具有多向分化潜能、较强的增殖能力和持久的自我更新能力,具备充当组织工程种子细胞的天然优势。2000年和2003年,研究者先后从成人牙髓组织和人乳牙牙髓组织中分离出具有干细胞特征的细胞,这两种细胞的发现对牙组织工程将产生重要的意义。现就这两种成体干细胞的研究进展做一综述,并展望其应用前景。     

人乳牙牙髓干细胞体外表达和分泌胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的研究

目的 研究人乳牙牙髓干细胞(SHED)表达和分泌胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)的能力及规律,为进一步探讨SHED治疗帕金森病的作用机制提供依据.方法 通过酶消化法体外分离培养人乳牙牙髓中的干细胞,当传代至第3代时,加入神经干细胞的特殊培养基Neurobasal A和细胞因子进行神经球诱导培养,通过Real-Ti...     

山羊乳牙牙髓细胞复合多孔磷酸钙骨水泥异位成骨研究

目的:观察山羊乳牙牙髓细胞(SGDs)与多孔磷酸钙骨水泥之间的生物相容性及其异位成骨能力。方法:流式细胞仪检测第1代SGDs的STRO-1表达情况;体外培养的第4代SGDs进行成骨诱导7d后,与多孔磷酸钙骨水泥复合培养,扫描电镜下观察SGDs黏附和生长情况;细胞材料复合物植入裸鼠皮下8周观察异位成骨能力。结果:SGDs与多孔磷酸钙骨水泥复合培养3d后,细胞与材料表面贴合,形态正常,可见细胞伸出伪足,分泌胞外基质;裸鼠体内植入8周后,HE染色显示骨样组织形成,免疫组化OC呈阳性表达。结论:SGDs可以向成骨细胞分化,并具有诱导成骨能力,与多孔磷酸钙骨水泥结合,可形成骨样组织。     

人乳牙牙髓干细胞在干细胞治疗中的应用

乳牙牙髓干细胞（SHED）是牙源性干细胞的一种,属外胚间充质干细胞。作为一种理想的干细胞来源,SHED在干细胞治疗中有良好的应用前景。本文阐述了SHED的生物学特征及其在干细胞治疗中的优势,探讨了SHED在组织再生和修复中发挥的多向分化潜能、细胞分泌功能和免疫调节功能等方面的功能作用。此外,本文还介绍了SHED在各系统、器官疾病治疗中的临床应用,重点阐述了用SHED进行干细胞移植在牙髓—牙本质再生、颌骨再生、神经系统疾病治疗和免疫系统疾病治疗方面的研究进展。     

Chondrogenic potential of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth in vitro and in vivo

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic potential of stem cells from human exfoliated teeth (SHED). Materials and methods. SHED cultures were isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Colony-forming capacity, odonto/osteogenic and adipogenic potential were measured. SHED were cultured for 2 weeks in chondrogenic differentiation medium containing dexamethasone, insulin, ascorbate phosphate, TGF-β3 and bFGF. Toluidine blue staining and safranin O staining were used for chondrogenesis analysis. The related markers, type II collagen and aggrecan, were also investigated using immunohistochemistry. SHED were seeded onto the β-TCP scaffolds and transplanted into the subcutaneous space on the back of nude mice. The transplants were recovered at 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-transplantation for analysis. Results. SHED showed colony-forming capacity, odonto/osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by toluidine blue staining, safranin O staining, type II collagen and aggrecan immunostaining. After in vivo transplantation, SHED recombined with β-TCP scaffolds were able to generate new cartilage-like tissues. Conclusions. The ?ndings demonstrate the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of SHED both in vitro and in vivo models, suggesting the potential of SHED in cartilage tissue engineering.     

In vitro and in vivo characteristics of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth obtained by enzymatic disaggregation and outgrowth

Objective

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are a good source of dental tissue for regeneration therapy, and can be obtained using different primary culture methods. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the in vitro and in vivo characteristics between SHED isolated via enzymatic disaggregation (e-SHED) and outgrowth (o-SHED) primary culture methods.

Design

Dental pulp stem cells were isolated from 14 exfoliated deciduous teeth by enzymatic disaggregation (n = 7) and outgrowth (n = 7). Their proliferation potential and colony-forming ability were evaluated in vitro, as was their mesenchymal stem-cell-marker expression (using flow cytometry), and their differentiation was verified using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and histochemical staining. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the hard tissue that was generated after in vivo transplantation were compared using haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, qPCR, and quantitative alkaline phosphatase analysis.

Results

The cell-proliferation potential, colony-forming ability, and Stro-1 and CD146 expression were higher in e-SHED than in o-SHED. While the in vitro adipogenic differentiation potential was greater in e-SHED than in o-SHED, the in vitro osteogenic differentiation did not differ significantly between the two cell types. Although in vivo hard tissue formation was greater following transplantation of o-SHED into mice, there was no difference in the quality of hard tissue generated by e-SHED and o-SHED.

Conclusion

The findings of this study indicate that e-SHED exhibit stronger stemness characteristics, but that o-SHED are more suitable for hard-tissue regeneration therapy in teeth.     

TNF-α对人脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞促破骨细胞形成能力的影响

目的: 探讨肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor -α,TNF-α）对人脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞（stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth,SHED）促破骨细胞形成能力的影响。方法: 通过酶消化法体外分离、培养处于生理性根吸收时期的自然脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞;建立SHED与破骨前体细胞外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs）的间接共培养模型,在破骨诱导培养液中加入0、5、10、50、100 ng/mL不同浓度的TNF-α,通过实时定量RT-PCR和Western 免疫印迹检测破骨相关基因及核转录因子κB（nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB）信号通路相关基因的表达。采用SPSS 19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 在10 ng/mL的TNF-α刺激下,PBMCs中破骨相关蛋白CTSK和 TRAP 的表达水平均显著增高。Western免疫印迹和实时定量RT-PCR检测结果显示,SHED胞质内 p-IκBα 和胞核内 p65 蛋白、基因的表达水平在10 ng/mL的TNF-α刺激下显著高于无TNF-α刺激组。结论: 炎症细胞因子TNF-α通过NF-κB信号通路对SHED促破骨细胞形成能力具有调控作用。     

Effects of HEMA and TEDGMA on the in vitro odontogenic differentiation potential of human pulp stem/progenitor cells derived from deciduous teeth

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HEMA and TEGDMA on the odontogenic differentiation potential of dental pulp stem/progenitor cells.

Methods

Dental stem/progenitor cell cultures were established from pulp biopsies of human deciduous teeth of 1-3 year-old children (Deciduous Teeth Stem Cells-DTSCs). Cultures were characterized for stem cell markers, including STRO-1, CD146, CD34, CD45 using flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with the MTT assay. DTSCs were then induced for osteo/odontogenic differentiation by media containing dexamethasone, KH₂PO₄,β-glycerophosphate and l-ascorbic acid phosphate in the presence of nontoxic concentrations of HEMA (0.05-0.5 mM) and TEGDMA (0.05-0.25 mM) for 3 weeks. Additionally, the effects of a single exposure (72 h) to higher concentrations of HEMA (2 mM) and TEGDMA (1 mM) were also evaluated.

Results

DTSCs cultures were positive for STRO-1 (7.53 ± 2.5%), CD146 (91.79 ± 5.41%), CD34 (11.87 ± 3.02%) and negative for CD45. In the absence of monomers cell migration, differentiation and production of mineralized dentin-like structures could be observed. Cells also progressively expressed differentiation markers, including dentin sialophosphoprotein-DSPP, bone sialoprotein-BSP, osteocalcin-OCN and alkaline phosphatase-ALP. On the contrary, long-term exposure to nontoxic concentrations of HEMA and TEGDMA significantly delayed the differentiation and mineralization processes of DTSCs, whereas, one time exposure to higher concentrations of these monomers almost completed inhibited mineral nodule formation. BSP, OCN, ALP and DSPP expression were also significantly down-regulated.

Significance

These findings suggest that HEMA and TEGDMA can severely disturb the odontogenic differentiation potential of pulp stem/progenitor cells, which might have significant consequences for pulp tissue homeostasis and repair.