机械通气撤机过程中两种脱机方法的对比性研究

目的：探讨经验性脱机和程序化脱机在机械通气（MV）撤机过程中的效果。方法：采用经验性脱机和程序化脱机两种方式分别对116例（经验组）和60例（程序组）MV患者进行撤机试验，并对比两组MV时间、ICU住院时间、脱机成功率、呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率、48h内再插管率和住院死亡率。结果：与经验组比较，程序组MV时间和ICU住院时间均有明显缩短（均P〈0.05）；程序组脱机成功率（91．7％）明显高于经验组（70．7％）（P〈0．05）；VAP发生率和住院死亡率方面，程序组均明显低于经验组（均P〈0．05）；而48h内再插管率在两组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：程序化脱机能明显缩短MV时间和ICU住院时间，提高脱机成功率，降低VAP发生率和住院死亡率     

Burns脱机评分量表作为机械通气脱机流程启动标准的临床研究

目的:研究Burns脱机评分量表(BWAP)作为重症监护病房(ICU)机械通气(MV)患者程序化脱机流程启动标准的应用价值。方法:选取2017-07—2019-06期间收住在我院综合ICU的161例MV患者为研究对象,根据入院前后分经验组和BWAP组,分别通过医生经验判断和BWAP评分作为程序化脱机流程的启动标准,比较两组在MV时间、住ICU时间、住院总时间、自主呼吸试验(SBT)通过率、拔管成功率和28 d病死率上的差异。结果:与经验组相比,BWAP组明显缩短首次SBT前MV时间,首次拔管前MV时间和住ICU时间[首次SBT前MV时间(h):84(41.5,135)vs.134(56.5,224.25),首次拔管前MV时间(h):90(44.5,155.5)vs.137.5(59.25,271.5),住ICU时间(d):8(5,13)vs.11.00(4.25,22),均P0.05]。两组在首次拔管成功率,总住院时间和28 d病死率上的差异无统计学意义[首次拔管成功率:87.64%(78/89)vs.81.94%(59/72),总住院时间(d):21(14,29.5)vs.27(15,37.75),28 d病死率:5.60%(5/89)vs.12.50%(9/72),均P0.05]。结论:作为程序化脱机流程的启动标准,使用Burns脱机评分量表较医生经验性判断,可以明显缩短患者机械通气时间,减少住ICU时间,为重症患者提供一个客观、方便和全面的脱机前评估方法。     

程序化脱机方案在呼吸内科重症监护病房机械通气患者脱机过程中的临床实践

目的实施有利于机械通气患者脱机的方法,缩短机械通气时间,促进患者早日康复。方法选择华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院呼吸内科重症监护病房(RICU)的机械通气患者为研究对象,将2018年1—11月入院的患者设为对照组,使用基于医生经验判断的脱机方法脱机。2019年同期在院的患者设为观察组,实施程序化脱机方案,比较两组患者的脱机成功率、撤机时间、总机械通气时间、RICU住院时间、总住院时间和脱机后24h内再行机械通气的发生率。结果程序化脱机方案提高了成功脱机率(29.8%vs 53.22%),缩短了撤机时间(9.14h vs 3.64h),降低了总机械通气时间(9.43 d vs 5.88 d)和RICU住院日(39.50 d vs 16.06 d)。两组患者在死亡率(25.5%vs 20.97%)、脱机后24 h内再行机械通气发生率(21.43%vs 3.03%)以及总住院日(43.50 vs27.06)方面的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论程序化脱机方案可以改善患者照护结局,在没有或者缺乏专职的呼吸治疗师的情况下,可以考虑将程序化脱机方案交由接受了培训的护士来实施。     

以护士为主导的早期肺康复治疗在预防呼吸机相关膈肌功能障碍中的效果观察

目的:探讨以护士为主导的早期肺康复治疗在预防呼吸机相关膈肌功能障碍(V IDD)中的应用效果.方法:选取2019年8月—2021年2月某三级甲等医院呼吸重症监护室(RIC U)收治的68例机械通气病人为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(33例)和观察组(35例).对照组实施机械通气常规护理,观察组实施以护士为主导的早期肺康复治疗.在干预5 d后比较两组病人VIDD发生率、浅快呼吸指数(RSBI)、氧合指数(OI),比较两组病人呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)发生率、撤机成功率、机械通气时间和ICU住院时间.结果:观察组病人VIDD发生率、RSBI较对照组明显下降(P<0.05),两组病人OI比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组VAP发生率较对照组明显下降(P<0.05),撤机成功率较对照组明显升高(P<0.05),机械通气时间和ICU住院时间较对照组明显缩短(P<0.05).结论:在符合肺康复指证的情况下以护士为主导的早期肺康复治疗可有效改善机械通气病人的膈肌功能,降低VIDD发生率和RSBI,降低病人VAP发生率和提高病人撤机成功率,缩短病人机械通气的时间和IC U住院时间.     

计划性脱机与经验性脱机的临床比较

目的比较计划性脱机与经验性脱机的优劣。方法 71位患者分成两组,做前后对照的前瞻性研究。结果与对照组相比,试验组机械通气(MV)的时间明显缩短(53．00 h vs 156．50 h,P=0．042); 开始脱机前的机械通气(MV)时间显著减少(15．00 h vs 92．00 h,P=0．000);住院死亡率明显降低 (34．3％ vs 61．1％,P=0．024);呼吸机相关性肺炎和气管切开的发病率显著下降(P<0．05)。试验组脱机成功率高于对照组(68．6％ vs 47．2％,P=0．069),而住院费用较低(67 256．12元 vs 104 570．76元,P= 0．295)。结论脱机方案指导的计划性脱机是安全的,它能提高医生的脱机意识、减少MV的时间和并发症、降低住院病死率。     

神经外科重症机械通气患者留置鼻肠管行肠内营养的效果

目的:探讨神经外科重症机械通气(MV)患者留置鼻肠管行肠内营养(EN)的实施成效。方法:选择2016年2月至2018年6月苏北人民医院神经重症监护室行MV治疗的神经重症患者90例,按随机数字表法分为鼻胃管组和鼻肠管组各45例。分别于治疗前后观察并比较两组血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(Alb)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、MV时间和住院时间,以及呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)和反流、误吸等并发症发生率。结果:两组患者治疗前Hb、Alb及APACHEⅡ评分和GCS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,鼻肠管组患者APACHEⅡ评分明显低于鼻胃管组(P<0.05),而GCS评分未见明显差异(P>0.05)。鼻肠管组Alb明显高于鼻胃管组(P<0.05),而两组Hb比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。鼻肠管组MV时间、住院时间明显短于鼻胃管组(P<0.05),并发症发生率明显低于鼻胃管组(P<0.05)。结论:针对神经外科重症MV患者采用鼻肠管留置的方式行EN治疗,有助于患者意识恢复,改善营养指标,降低并发症发生率,缩短病程,对提高患者生活质量意义重大。     

和顺精准医疗方案对ICU行机械通气患者康复效果的影响

目的:探讨和顺精准医疗方案对ICU行机械通气患者康复效果的影响。方法:将收治的86例机械通气患者随机分为对照组和观察组各43例,对照组遵循ICU常规流程进行管理,观察组在对照组基础上采用和顺精准医疗方案实施管理;比较两组ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、并发症发生率与脱机成功率。结果:观察组ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、并发症发生率均显著低于对照组(P0.05),脱机成功率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:在常规管理的基础上联合和顺精准医疗方案,能显著缩短机械通气患者住院时间和通气时间,降低并发症发生率,提高脱机成功率。     

洗必泰刷牙冲洗法预防气管插管病人呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果

目的 探讨洗必泰刷牙冲洗法对预防气管插管病人呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的作用.方法 将200例经口气管插管病人随机分为2组:试验组100例,对照组100例.试验组采用改良口腔护理方法(0.12%洗必泰30ml+刷牙+冲洗),对照组采用传统棉球擦拭口腔护理法.比较2组病人呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率、机械通气时间、住ICU时间及住院时间.结果 试验组VAP发生率、机械通气时间、住重症监护室(ICU)及住院时间方面优于对照组(均p<0.001).结论 经口气管插管病人用改良口腔护理方法,能够彻底清洁口腔,有效预防和减少VAP的发生率,缩短住院时间、降低死亡率.     

不同呼吸机撤机策略临床效果观察及护理

[目的]研究不同呼吸机撤机策略的效果及撤机失败的影响因素。[方法]选取2012年1月—2012年12月在重症监护室进行呼吸机治疗的病人60例,随机分为A、B、C 3组各20例,A组采用呼吸机智能模式脱机,B组采用医生经验脱机,C组采用护士主导脱机,比较各组的撤机效果及成功率。[结果]A组、B组撤机成功率高于C组,A组、B组撤机时间、ICU入住时间少于C组,A组并发症发生率明显低于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清清蛋白、呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)、不良心理因素以及机械通气时间是撤机失败的影响因素。[结论]呼吸机智能模式脱机策略撤机成功率高,病人并发症少,日常护理中可以通过补充能量、加强心理护理以及缩短通气时间等方法来提高撤机成功率。     

气道集束管理干预对AIDS合并肺结核行机械通气患者的影响

目的:探讨气道集束管理干预(VCB)对获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并肺结核行机械通气患者的影响。方法:选取2018年1月1日～12月31日入住某传染病医院ICU行机械通气治疗的AIDS合并肺结核患者75例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组36例和实验组39例,对照组采用常规护理干预,实验组在常规护理干预基础上采用VCB;比较两组呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、临床病死率、脱机成功率、VAP发生时间、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及病原菌分布情况。结果:实验组病死率及VAP发生率均低于对照组(P0.01),脱机成功率高于对照组(P0.01);实验组机械通气时间、ICU住院时间均短于对照组(P0.01);VAP发生时间明显延后于对照组(P0.05);15例发生VAP,病原学分析结果显示,两组发生VAP的致病菌以真菌为主,其次为革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌。结论:将VCB应用于AIDS合并肺结核行机械通气患者中,能有效降低VAP发生率,改善患者预后,对临床有一定的指导意义。     

Weaning children from mechanical ventilation: a prospective randomized trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning.

OBJECTIVE: Compare outcomes between physician-directed and protocol-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation in pediatric patients. DESIGN: Prospective-randomized. SETTING: Pediatric and cardiac intensive care units in a 307-bed tertiary referral hospital for children. INTERVENTIONS: The control group (physician-directed) was weaned according to individual physician order for reduction in minute ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure, and ordered oxygen saturation parameters for reduction in fraction of inspired oxygen (F(IO)(2)). The study group (protocol-directed) was weaned according to a predetermined algorithm developed for the purpose of this investigation. METHODS: The study enrolled 223 patients (116 physician-directed, 107 protocol-directed). All patients were monitored for hemodynamics, ventilator parameters, arterial blood gas values when available, oxygen saturation, weaning time, pre-weaning time, extubation time, and time on F(IO)(2) > or = 0.40. We also monitored the incidence of reintubation, subglottic stenosis, tracheitis, and pneumonia. The protocol-directed group had additional measurements of actual versus predicted minute volume, comparisons of respiratory rate (actual versus predicted for age), and presence of spontaneous breathing effort for 10 consecutive minutes. Data analysis was done according to intent to treat. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in 12-hour and 24-hour pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM III) scores between groups. The protocol-directed group overall had shorter total ventilation time, weaning time, pre-weaning time, time to extubation, and time on F(IO)(2) >0.40, although after stratification for respiratory diagnosis, only the difference in weaning time remained significant. There was no difference in the incidence of reintubation, new-onset tracheitis, subglottic stenosis, or pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Protocol-directed weaning resulted in a shorter weaning time than physician-directed weaning in these pediatric patients.     

胸腺瘤切除术后重症肌无力危象的临床分析

目的:探讨胸腺瘤切除术后发生重症肌无力危象的原因及治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析1998～2005年诊治的14例胸腺瘤切除术后发生重症肌无力危象的患者的病例资料。结果:14例患者中1例死亡,其余治愈出院。重症肌无力危象主要发生于术后早期,Osserman临床分型属于Ⅲ型、Masqoka分期属于Ⅱ期、术前准备不充分,服用抗胆碱酯酶药物剂量较大、术前曾发生危象和肺部感染、中度或重度通气功能障碍等是术后发生危象的最常见诱因。结论:重症肌无力危象患者及时气管插管或气管切开,应用呼吸机,预防感染,肾上腺皮质激素冲击治疗,静脉注射大剂量免疫球蛋白等综合抢救措施,可明显缩短病程,显著降低死亡率。     

Explore the influence of BMI in the optimal time of weaning from sequential mechanical ventilation for severity chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective

To study the clinical effect of body mass index (BMI) in the optimal time of weaning from sequential invasive-noninvasive mechanical ventilation (MV) by treating severity chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.

Methods

94 patients with severity COPD were divided into the control group (BMI<21) and the study group (BMI>21). These two groups were treated by similar symptomatic therapies such as mechanical ventilation, antibacterial, antispasmodic, relieving asthma, antitussive, expectorant, correction of electrolyte imbalance and acid-base balance disorders, strengthen nutritional support, etc.

Results

Compared with the control group, the study group had shorter duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive mechanical ventilation time, total mechanical ventilation time, total hospital stay (P<0.01). There are significant differences between these two groups in re-intubation rate, VAP occurred in the number of case, hospital mortality rate in 28 days (P<0.05).

Conclusions

It is difficult to wean successfully from sequential mechanical ventilation for severity COPD patients (BMI<21), so BMI as one of important reference index can be used to estimate the optimal time for weaning from sequential mechanical ventilation for severity COPD patients.

     

有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗老年肺内源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征随机对照临床研究

目的 评价有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗老年肺内源性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的疗效及可行性.方法 32例老年肺内源性ARDS患者被随机分为序贯治疗组及常规治疗对照组,每组16例.两组均建立人工气道,以辅助/控制模式+呼气末正压(PEEP)+间隙性控制性肺膨胀(SI)方式通气24 h,随病情改善改用同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)+压力支持通气(PSV)+PEEP的方式.待"ARDS控制窗"出现,序贯组改换为无创正压通气(NIPPV),以持续气道正压(CPAP)方式通气并逐渐脱离呼吸机;对照组以SIMV+PSV+PEEP常规方式脱机.动态观察两组患者的通气及氧合指标,记录有创和总机械通气时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生情况及住呼吸重症监护病房(RICU)的天数.结果 两组患者治疗前血气分析结果相仿(P均>0.05);序贯组有创通气时间[(4.6±1.0)d]、总机械通气时间[(12.7±4.0)d]、住RICU时间[(16±7)d]较对照组[分别为(21.9±9.0)d、(21.9±9.0)d、(29±13)d]明显缩短,VAP发生率[6.25%(1/16)]和病死率[25.00%(4/16)]也较对照组[分别为75.00%(12/16)、56.25%(9/16)]明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 对老年肺内源性ARDS插管机械通气以ARDS控制窗为时机及时改用无创通气可显著改善其疗效.     

应用无创通气作为急性呼吸衰竭患者撤机方法的研究

目的评价接受机械通气治疗的急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)患者应用无创通气(NIV)撤机的临床效果。方法58例ARF患者经气管插管机械通气治疗48h后病情好转,尚未完全满足撤机条件时随机分为两组,NIV组:拔管立即给予NIV作为撤机方法;有创压力支持通气(IPSV)组:继续经人工气道给予PSV实施撤机。观察比较两组患者动脉血气变化、并发症发生率、机械通气时间和住院时间、再插管率和病死率。结果NIV组有创通气时间显著短于IPSV组(P<0.05),两组总的通气支持时间相似。NIV组呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率显著低于IPSV组(P<0.05),住院时间显著短于IPSV组(P<0.05)。两组再插管率和病死率相似。结论NIV用于接受机械通气的ARF患者撤机可缩短有创通气时间和住院时间,降低VAP的发生率。     

A randomised controlled trial of weaning from mechanical ventilation in paediatric intensive care (PIC). Methodological and practical issues.

INTRODUCTION: Most children admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) require assistance with breathing via a mechanical ventilator. Weaning from mechanical ventilation is the transition from ventilatory support to spontaneous breathing. Traditionally weaning has been with the authority of the medical staff. However, current opinion suggests that weaning could be performed by nurses using a standardised protocol [Schultz TR, Lin RJ, Watzman HM, Durning SM, Hales R, Woodson A, et al. Weaning children from mechanical ventilation: A prospective randomised trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning. Respir Care 2001;46(8):772-82]. The potential advantages of nurse-led (protocol-directed) weaning include: A reduction in weaning time and PICU stay with cost savings. Reduced complications. Improved quality of care. Appropriate use of resources. METHODS: A Randomised Controlled Trial was performed to test the null hypothesis: there is no difference between the clinical effectiveness of nurse-led versus medical-led weaning of infants from mechanical ventilation. Data was collected for 7 infants and analysed. RESULTS: Results indicated no significant differences between the two study groups. Unfortunately due to recruitment problems few inferences can be drawn from the data. CONCLUSION: The trial was unsuccessful due to Recruitment issues. Physical constraints. Impractical entry criteria. Limited randomisation service. Ethical constraints. Barriers to parental participation. The methods, the difficulties encountered and the implications for future research are addressed.     

无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭患者撤机中的应用

目的探讨无创通气(NIV)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)并呼吸衰竭中作为撤机方式的应用价值。方法接受气管插管有创通气的38例AECOPD并呼吸衰竭患者在病情有所好转,但尚未完全达到拔管撤机标准时随机分为两组:NIV组:拔管后立即经面罩给予NIV进行过渡撤机;有创正压通气(IPPV)组:继续经气管导管给予压力支持通气(PSV)实施过渡撤机。观察两组患者的动脉血气变化、机械通气时间、住院时间、再插管率和病死率。结果拔管后应用NIV患者的pH,PaCO2和PaO2与应用IPPV患者无明显差异(P>0.05)。NIV组患者VAP的发生率明显低于IPPV组(P<0.05),NIV组的有创通气时间和住院时间明显短于IPPV组(P<0.05),病死率低于IPPV组(P<0.05)。结论应用NIV作为正在接受有创通气治疗的AECOPD并呼吸衰竭患者的撤机方式是可行的,NIV可降低VAP的发生率,缩短有创通气时间和住院时间,降低病死率。     

Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation

OBJECTIVE: To compare a practice of protocol-directed sedation during mechanical ventilation implemented by nurses with traditional non-protocol-directed sedation administration. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit (19 beds) in an urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Patients requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 321). INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either protocol-directed sedation (n = 162) or non-protocol-directed sedation (n = 159). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 55.9 hrs (95% confidence interval, 41.0-90.0 hrs) for patients managed with protocol-directed sedation and 117.0 hrs (95% confidence interval, 96.0-155.6 hrs) for patients receiving non-protocol-directed sedation. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients in the protocol-directed sedation group had statistically shorter durations of mechanical ventilation than patients in the non-protocol-directed sedation group (chi-square = 7.00, p = .008, log rank test; chi-square = 8.54, p = .004, Wilcoxon's test; chi-square = 9.18, p = .003, -2 log test). Lengths of stay in the intensive care unit (5.7+/-5.9 days vs. 7.5+/-6.5 days; p = .013) and hospital (14.0+/-17.3 days vs. 19.9+/-24.2 days; p < .001) were also significantly shorter among patients in the protocol-directed sedation group. Among the 132 patients (41.1%) receiving continuous intravenous sedation, those in the protocol-directed sedation group (n = 66) had a significantly shorter duration of continuous intravenous sedation than those in the non-protocol-directed sedation group (n = 66) (3.5+/-4.0 days vs. 5.6+/-6.4 days; p = .003). Patients in the protocol-directed sedation group also had a significantly lower tracheostomy rate compared with patients in the non-protocol-directed sedation group (10 of 162 patients [6.2%] vs. 21 of 159 patients [13.2%], p = .038). CONCLUSIONS: The use of protocol-directed sedation can reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation, the intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay, and the need for tracheostomy among critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure.     

Improving adherence to a mechanical ventilation weaning protocol for critically ill adults: outcomes after an implementation program.

BACKGROUND: Despite multiple reminders, education sessions, and multidisciplinary team involvement, adherence to an evidence-based mechanical ventilation weaning protocol had been less than 1% in a general systems intensive care unit since implementation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of using an implementation program, the Model for Accelerating Improvement, to improve adherence and clinical outcomes after restarting a mechanical ventilation weaning protocol in an adult general systems intensive care unit. METHODS: A prospective comparative design, before and after implementation of the Model for Accelerating Improvement, was used with a consecutive sample of 129 patients and 112 multidisciplinary team members. Clinical outcomes were rate of unsuccessful extubations, rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia, and duration of mechanical ventilation; practice outcomes were staff's understanding of the mechanical ventilation weaning protocol, perceptions of the practice safety climate, and adherence to the weaning protocol. RESULTS: After the intervention, the rate of unsuccessful extubations decreased, and staff's understanding of and adherence to the weaning protocol increased significantly. The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia, duration of mechanical ventilation, and staff's perceptions of the practice safety climate did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Implementing the Model for Accelerating Improvement improved understanding of and adherence to protocol-directed weaning and reduced the rate of unsuccessful extubations.