210例根管治疗失败病例的根尖X线片和锥形束CT的影像学分析

[摘要]目的：比较根尖X线片（periapical radiograph, PR）与锥形束CT（cone-beam computed tomography, CBCT）在诊断根管治疗（root canal treatment, RCT）失败病例时的差异。方法：回顾性分析RCT失败患牙的影像学资料,比较PR与CBCT诊断RCT失败病例的病因和病情时的差异。结果：共分析210颗RCT失败患牙的PR和CBCT资料,根管欠填和遗漏根管是导致RCT失败的主要原因。CBCT能更准确的判断根管充填质量和根折类型,CBCT对遗漏根管的检出率比PR高14.8%,对根折的检出率比PR高5.7%。结论：CBCT对RCT失败病例的病因和病情分析优于PR,能为根管再治疗的方案制定提供更有意义的参考。     

根管治疗失败的原因分析

目的探讨根管治疗失败的原因。方法收集2003-2007年间根管治疗失败患牙56例,分别从根管预备、充填以及其它方面进行分析失败原因。结果根管欠充、超充、侧填不足、根管侧穿和根管遗漏是根管治疗失败的主要原因。结论根管治疗中应熟悉根管解剖形态,准确掌握根管长度,坚持无菌操作,配合熟练的操作以及良好的根管预备是根管治疗成功的关键。     

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目的    分析根管治疗术后并发症发生原因。方法    收集2006—2010年在大连市口腔医院牙体牙髓科因根管治疗术后疼痛、不适、肿胀等再次就诊病例77例（77颗患牙）,按患牙部位、并发症种类分类分析。结果    根管治疗术后并发症主要有咬合痛、咬合不适、窦道及局部肿胀,多见于磨牙（占71.43%）。发生原因为根管欠充和超充、根管遗漏、根管内遗留器械和根纵裂等。结论    根管欠充和超充、根管遗漏、根管内遗留器械和根纵裂是根管治疗后并发症发生的主要原因。避免根管治疗术后并发症发生,关键在于医生要熟悉牙齿解剖结构,考虑到可能的根管变异,从阅读术前X线片至根管充填结束,认真对待根管治疗的每一步。     

根管治疗失败的原因分析及预防探讨

目的：分析根管治疗失败的原因,提高根管治疗的成功率。方法：选取根管治疗失败病例84例,患牙86颗,依据初次治疗情况、临床检查及再治疗术中对患牙根管系统的探查,分析其初治失败的原因并探讨其预防措施。结果：86颗治疗失败的患牙中欠填40颗,根管遗漏18颗,冠渗漏11颗,牙折9颗,超填6颗,牙髓牙周联合病变2颗。结论：根管清理不彻底或充填不严密是造成根管治疗失败的主要原因,彻底清除根管内感染物质、对根管进行严密充填是提高根管治疗成功率的关键。     

乳磨牙根管治疗失败原因分析

目的探讨乳磨牙根管治疗失败的原因。方法收集2004年1月~2006年6月在广东省口腔医院儿童牙科就诊的乳磨牙根管治疗失败的病例128例,共136颗患牙,分析治疗失败的原因。结果失败患牙中因充填物脱落根管系统暴露再感染53颗(38.97%);遗漏根管52颗(38.24%);根管充填不密合、欠填21颗(15.44%);其它原因10颗(7.35%)。结论因充填物脱落造成髓腔暴露发生再感染和遗漏根管是造成乳磨牙根管治疗失败的主要原因。     

口腔手术显微镜联合锥形束CT辅助治疗上颌第一前磨牙遗漏远颊根管1例报告

遗漏根管是根管治疗失败的常见原因,避免根管遗漏对提高根管治疗成功率至关重要。上颌第一前磨牙根管解剖形态变异较大,多为颊腭双根管或单根管,极少存在三根管[1]。研究表明,汉族人上颌第一前磨牙三根管的发生率为0.2%~1.8%[2-4]。如何识别可能存在的遗漏第三根管是上颌第一前磨牙根管治疗过程中的难点。本文报道了1例口腔手术显微镜联合锥形束CT(CBCT)辅助治疗上颌第一前磨牙根管治疗中远颊根管遗漏的病例,以期为临床治疗提供参考。     

28例后牙根管治疗后失败的探讨

目的 探讨根管治疗后失败的原因。方法采用根管再治疗、根尖手术和牙周手术的方法对失败病例进行再治疗。结果28例后牙根管治疗后失败的病例中,根内感染11例,冠渗漏7例,牙根纵折裂7例,牙周感染3例。结论根管内感染是根管治疗失败的主要原因,而牙根纵折裂也是不容忽视的因素。     

锥束CT在变异根管诊断治疗中的作用

目的:通过研究根管治疗病例的锥形束CT(CBCT)影像,探讨这一技术在变异根管诊断治疗中的作用。方法:使用ProMAX3D CBCT设备,分析比较300例根管治疗病例CBCT和常规X光片根管腔的影象特点。结果:CBCT能够三维显示根管的形态和分布,发现切牙双根管、磨牙根管数目异常、C形根管等根管变异。结论:CBCT可在根管治疗术前术中对根管变异作出明确的诊断,对防止根管遗漏、保存牙本质和保障根管治疗成功有一定的临床指导意义。     

显微根尖手术探查根管治疗失败的可能原因分析

目的 通过显微根尖手术直接探查,分析以往根管治疗失败的可能原因。方法收集2006年1月—2014年1月因根管治疗失败需行根尖手术的患牙289颗,其中238个牙根被纳入研究。所有根尖手术都在显微镜下完成,手术过程中将被切除的根尖或牙根断面进行亚甲蓝染色后,放大26倍,观察先前的根管治疗情况。采用SPSS19.0软件包,应用Fisher精确检验法进行统计学处理。结果在238个牙根的根尖手术病例中,根管治疗失败的可能原因包括根管渗漏（29.41%）、遗漏根管（15.55%）、根管欠充（15.55%）、根尖部解剖结构复杂（7.98%）、根管超充（4.20%）、根尖骨开窗（4.20%）、医源性因素（3.36%）、根尖结石（2.52%）、根尖裂纹（1.68%）和未知原因（15.55%）,根管治疗失败的发生率在不同牙位差异显著（P<0.001）。结论显微根尖手术能更好地探查根管治疗失败的可能原因,为提高根管治疗成功率提供保障。     

CBCT 辅助诊断、治疗左下颌尖牙双根管根尖周炎1例

报道1例在CBCT辅助下诊断和治疗的左下颌尖牙双根管病例。CBCT能够三维显示根管的形态和分布,在术前术中对根管变异作出明确的诊断,对防止根管遗漏、保存牙本质和保障根管治疗成功有一定的临床指导意义。     

Variation in periodontal referral in 2 regions in theUK

This study investigated the periodontal referral patterns of general dental practitioners (GDPs) in Northern Ireland (NI) and North West England (NWE). A questionnaire dealing with periodontal referral was sent to all 520 GDPs registered in NI and to 274 GDPs in NWE. A usable return was made by 355 (68%) in NI and 189 (70%) in NWE. The NI dentists made significantly more periodontal referrals (median 5, range 0-80) in the year preceding the survey than those in NWE (median 2, range 0-50), p<0.001. Distance was the only factor significantly related to the referral rate in both regions with those who practised more than 25 miles from a specialist referring significantly fewer patients in both regions. In NI, there was a trend towards increased periodontal referral by GDPs who had attended more postgraduate courses; however, in NWE, this was not the case. The GDPs in NWE were significantly less likely than those in NI to refer patients with medical conditions. It is concluded that there is considerable variation in periodontal referral both within and between the 2 regions studied. It is further concluded that in many cases, non-disease factors, such as the accessibility of the specialist service, have powerful effects on the decisions made by dentists and patients in these regions (NI and NWE) in relation to periodontal referral. Much of the variance in referral in North West England, as in Northern Ireland, remains unexplained.     

Trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden

Celeste RK, Nadanovsky P, Fritzell J. Trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 39: 204–212. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Objectives: To describe the dynamics of trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden among adults, to assess whether trends follow expected patterns according to the inverse equity hypothesis. Methods: In Sweden, we obtained nationally representative data for the years 1968, 1974, 1981, 1991 and 2000, and in Brazil, for 16 state capitals in 1986 and in 2002. Trends in the prevalence of ‘edentulism’ and of ‘teeth in good conditions’ were described in two groups aged 35–44 with lower and higher economic standards, respectively. Results: There was an annual decline in disparities in ‘edentulism’ of 0.4 percentage points (pp) (95% CI = 0.2–0.7) in Brazil and 0.7pp (95% CI = 0.5–0.9) in Sweden, as a result of improvements in both income groups. Concerning ‘teeth in good conditions’, in Brazil, there was improvement only in the higher income group and absolute disparities have increased (0.5pp annually), while in Sweden, there was a nonsignificant decrease (0.3pp annually) with improvements in both groups. Since 1991 in Sweden and in 2002 in Brazil, our measures of socioeconomic disparities in ‘edentulism’ were not statistically significant. Trends did not differ by sex or dental visit. Conclusions: Despite improvements in both income groups and a decrease in disparities in ‘edentulism’, the poorer group in Brazil has seen no improvement in ‘teeth in good conditions’ and disparities have increased. It appears that Brazil and Sweden reflect different stages of trend for ‘teeth in good conditions’ and the same stages for ‘edentulism’, represented by the inverse equity hypothesis.     

Fluorosis in relation to fluoride levels in water in central Nigeria

Abstract– Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation to fluoride levels in water among children aged 12–15 years in the states of Plateau and Bauchi, Nigeria. Methods : Children ( N =203) were examined using WHO criteria. The children were from two schools and permanent residents of the communities in which the schools are located (Tilden Fulani and Kanadap). Intra-examiner reliability for determining fluorosis scores was 80%. Results : Fluoride levels in the water ranged from 0.0–0.4 mg/L. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in the sample was 51%. Forty-one percent had very mild fluorosis, 7% had mild fluorosis and 3% had moderate to severe fluorosis. The lowest DMFT was observed in the school where the fluoride level of the water ranged between 0.0 and 0.4 mg/L, and in the group with very mild fluorosis. Conclusion : Fluoride levels in water for central Nigeria were appropriate for oral health. In the areas where the children were permanent residents, factors other than the fluoride levels of the water contributed to the severity of dental fluorosis.     

Trends in endodontic claims in Italy

According to the scant data available in the literature, endodontic claims are common among dental professional liability cases and the second most common type of claim. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of endodontic claims in Italy and the most frequently disputed errors, and the discussion below includes consideration of ethical and medico‐legal aspects thereof. We retrospectively analysed 120 technical reports written on cases of professional malpractice in endodontics in the last 5 years. The complainant patients were males in 22.5% of the cases, while females made up the remaining 77.5%. In the dentist sample, male operators were more often involved in litigation cases (80%) than female operators. The most frequently claimed technical errors were: lack of a complete filling of root canal/s (71.7%), the perforation of tooth structure (12.7%), extrusion of sealing materials beyond the apex of the tooth (9.6%) and the fracture of an endodontic instrument (5.9%). In 1.7% of cases it was found that the expert did not make any errors performing the endodontic therapy. In only very few cases (2.7%) no therapy was considered necessary, while the most common therapeutic solution involved in endodontic misconduct was tooth extraction (53.0%). In many cases the dentist preferred to extract the endodontically undertreated tooth and substitute it prosthetically rather than trying to re‐treat it. The discrepancy between the total number of cases examined and those that eventually go to court leads us to believe that the majority of endodontic malpractice cases are resolved in out‐of‐court settlements.     

Human Herpesviridae in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in children in Nigeria

Herpesviruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human periodontitis. The present study investigated whether herpeasviruses are present in the lesions of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Sixty-two Nigerian children, aged 3–14 years, were studied. Twenty-two children had acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and were also malnourished, 20 exhibited no acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis but were malnourished, and 20 were free of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and in a good nutritional state. Polymerase chain reaction methods were used to determine the presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus type 1 and type 2 (EBV-1, EBV-2), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), human papilloma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in crevicular fluid specimens collected by paper points. Of the 22 acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis patients, 15 (68%) revealed viral infection and 8 (36%) viral coinfection. Thirteen (59%) acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis patients demonstrated HCMV, 6 (27%) EBV-1, 5 (23%) HSV and 1 (5%) HHV-6. Only 2 (10%) subjects from each group not affected by acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis showed viral presence, and no control subject revealed viral coinfection. These findings suggest that HCMV and possibly other herpesviruses contribute to the onset and/or progression of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in malnourished Nigerian children.     

Changes in caries prevalence in Japan

In Japan, the mean DMFT at 12 years of age increased from 2.8 in 1957 to 5.9 in 1975. From the 1981 survey (DMFT=5.43), conversely, the mean DMFT decreased and reached 3.64 in 1993. The increase in caries prevalence can, without doubt, be explained by an increment of sugar consumption, since the intake of sugar increased after World War II and exceeded 18.25 kg/year (50 g/day) in 1965 and reached a maximum value (29.3 kg/year) in 1973 in Japan. On the other hand, the reason why the DMFT has decreased since 1981 is not clear. In many industrialized countries, a caries reduction has been achieved with acceptable fluoride exposure, although sugar consumption was still at a high level. However, fluoride usage was still limited during the last 2 decades in Japan. There is no community where fluoridated drinking water has been supplied since 1972. Fluoride tablet use was also discontinued for children in the 1970s. Fluoride mouthrinsing programs were available for only 19r of school children in 1992. Moreover, the market share of fluoridated dentifrices stayed at 10% until 1986 and became 30% only in 1988. An excellent correlation (r=0.91; P 0.01) is observed between the DMFT in 12-year-olds and per capita sugar consumption per year between 1957 and 1987 in Japan.     

Advances in local anesthesia in dentistry

Local pain management is the most critical aspect of patient care in dentistry. The improvements in agents and techniques for local anesthesia are probably the most significant advances that have occurred in dental science. This article provides an update on the most recently introduced local anesthetic agents along with new technologies used to deliver local anesthetics. Safety devices are also discussed, along with an innovative method for reducing the annoying numbness of the lip and tongue following local anesthesia.     

Localization of SOST/sclerostin in cementocytes in vivo and in mineralizing periodontal ligament cells in vitro

Jäger A, Götz W, Lossdörfer S, Rath‐Deschner B. Localization of SOST/sclerostin in cementocytes in vivo and in mineralizing periodontal ligament cells in vitro. J Periodont Res 2009; doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0765.2009.01227.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Cementum and bone are rather similar hard tissues, and osteocytes and cementocytes, together with their canalicular network, share many morphological and cell biological characteristics. However, there is no clear evidence that cementocytes have a function in tissue homeostasis of cementum comparable to that of osteocytes in bone. Recent studies have established an important role for the secreted glycoprotein sclerostin, the product of the SOST gene, as an osteocyte‐derived signal to control bone remodelling. In this study, we investigated the expression of sclerostin in cementocytes in vivo as well as the expression of SOST and sclerostin in periodontal ligament cell cultures following induction of mineralization. Material and Method: Immunolocalization of sclerostin was performed in decalcified histological sections of mouse and human teeth and alveolar bone. Additionally, periodontal ligament cells from human donors were cultured in osteogenic conditions, namely in the presence of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and β‐glycerophosphate, for up to 3 wk. The induction of calcified nodules was visualized by von Kossa stain. SOST mRNA was detected by real‐time PCR, and the presence of sclerostin was verified using immunohistochemistry and western blots. Results: Expression of sclerostin was demonstrated in osteocytes of mouse and human alveolar bone. Distinct immunolocalization in the cementocytes was shown. In periodontal ligament cultures, following mineralization treatment, increasing levels of SOST mRNA as well as of sclerostin protein could be verified. Conclusion: The identification of SOST/sclerostin in cementocytes and mineralizing periodontal ligament cells adds to our understanding of the biology of the periodontium, but the functional meaning of these findings can only be unravelled after additional in vitro and in vivo studies.