外伤性牙脱位治疗的临床分析

目的:研究外伤性脱位前牙的临床治疗。方法:对142颗不同类型的脱位前牙治疗方法和临床疗效进行分析。结果:脱位前牙再植后牙髓血管再生,根尖完全形成,牙髓存活率达8.5%;根管治疗率达79.6%,其中部分脱位牙为76.7%,完全性脱位牙为90.4%;脱位牙的牙根吸收率45.1%,其中,根管治疗前为39.4%,根管治疗后为5.7%。结论:牙髓血管再生是牙再植术成功的关键,而根管治疗是脱位前牙治疗的重要手段,早期根管治疗可预防或减少脱位牙牙根的吸收。     

MTA根尖屏障术用于根端囊肿中根尖孔未闭合牙的临床疗效评价

目的:观察MTA根尖屏障术治疗根端囊肿中根尖孔未闭合牙的临床疗效。方法:临床确诊为根尖孔未完全闭合伴发根端囊肿24例患者的26颗牙为研究对象,病灶牙均为上颌前牙,术前常规根管预备及消毒,术中刮除囊壁后修整根尖并用超声倒预备根尖部3~5 mm,后同时从冠方及根方加压充填MTA于根尖区3~5 mm,1周后待MTA完全硬固,完善根管充填及修复治疗。结果:24例患者均取得成功,术后2年无复发,且病灶牙与颌骨均愈合良好。结论:根尖孔未闭合牙伴发根端囊肿患者应用MTA行根尖屏障术取得较好的临床疗效,且操作方便,无不良刺激反应,是一种较理想的治疗方法。     

全脱位恒牙延迟再植术预后的影响因素分析

目的:分析影响全脱位恒牙延迟再植术预后的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析35例(患牙38颗)全脱位恒牙延迟再植患者的临床资料,根据随访12～108个月预后情况,将再植牙分为成功、存留和失败。使用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,单因素分析使用Log-Rank检验,多因素分析使用Cox比例风险回归模型,评估性别、年龄、牙齿发育程度、牙齿保存方式、牙髓治疗方式对再植牙生存率的影响。结果:38颗再植牙成功3颗,存留28颗,失败10颗。再植牙9年累积生存率为34.7%。不同性别、年龄、牙齿发育程度、牙齿保存方式组的生存情况比较,均无统计学差异(P>0.05);不同牙髓治疗方式组的累积生存率比较,有统计学差异(P<0.01),表现为根管充填组>持续根管换药组>保髓治疗组。结论:延迟再植全脱位恒牙时,保髓治疗的患牙生存预后较差,临床上建议早期进行牙髓摘除,消炎后根管充填。     

刻意再植术治疗难治性根尖周炎的预后及相关因素分析

目的：评价刻意再植术治疗难治性根尖周炎的疗效以及影响再植预后的相关因素。方法：回顾分析2001年因难治性根尖周炎,临床建议拔除患者5例7个患牙,经即刻拔除再植术＋根管充填治疗5年后的临床资料。其中,5例患者均为45岁以上,年龄最大56岁,女性3例,5个患牙,3个磨牙,2个前磨牙;男性2例,前磨牙和磨牙各1个。上述患牙均在局麻下拔除术、牙齿离体后30min内完成根尖周变性组织湿法刮除术、根管充填术、牙体缺损即刻解剖性外形修复术,再植复位术。结果：术后5年复查,所有患牙均存留,牙龈附着正常,牙体活动度在Ⅰ度内,咀嚼功能良好,X光检查均达到牙周膜或骨性愈合。结论：根尖生物膜与难治性根尖周炎的发生密切相关,牙齿再植术能有效地清除病灶区的整个生物膜,彻底根治生物膜引起的难治性和慢性感染,为临床降低医源性牙齿缺失提供了一种新途径。     

辅助治疗方法对脱位再植牙愈合和疗效的影响

目的：观察氢氧化钙根管内封药、引导性组织再生术（guided tissue regeneration,GTR)和高压氧（hyperbaric oxyen,HBO）治疗联合应用对再植牙的疗效。方法：选择脱位时间超过6小时的358颗前牙，随机分成实验组和对照组，前者以Ca(OH)2根管内封药后在再植术中配合使用不全胶原膜行GTR术，术后给予HBO治疗10天；后者常规根管充填后进行常规牙再植术。对两组手术后临床指标和牙根吸收及失牙情况进行跟踪观察并分析其原因。结果：术后3、6、12个月实验组探诊深度减少和附着获得与对照组差异显著；牙根吸收率、2年失牙率和再植牙总成功率两组亦有非常明显的差异。结论：配合Ca(OH)2根管内封药和GTR、HBO治疗可使脱位离体时间较长牙再植术获得较好疗效。     

12例牙根未发育成熟全脱位恒牙再植后疗效评价

目的研究保存牙髓对牙根未发育成熟的全脱位恒牙再植预后的影响。方法选择因外伤来院就诊的全脱位恒牙26颗,干燥保存,离体时间在1h～2h之间。试验组为13颗根尖孔未闭合的年轻恒牙,使用生理盐水冲洗完全脱位牙及牙槽窝,局麻下复位,树脂夹板固定,调(?),2周后拆除固定装置。对照组为13颗根尖已经闭合的恒牙,复位固定一周后进行常规牙髓治疗,Vitapex糊剂充填。6个月后更换一次糊剂。所有病例每三个月拍摄牙片,观察评价牙根吸收程度。随访18个月后。根据牙根是否发生炎症性吸收评价治疗是否成功。采用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果再植后18个月,实验组成功率为46.2%,对照组成功率为84.6%,两组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于保存条件差,离体时间长的根尖未闭合全脱位恒牙,建议复位固定一周后应采用常规牙髓治疗,充填Vitapex糊剂,以减轻髓腔内及根尖区炎症反应,促进牙本质桥形成,诱导根尖发育。     

前牙完整性脱位再植根管充填临床应用

目的：评价前牙离体再植根管充填的手术疗效。方法：回顾分析1999年以来收治的96例因外伤致前牙离体脱位患者的临床资料。其中30min至2h前牙离体脱位患者20例,前牙离体脱位超过2h患者76例。结果：76例前牙离体脱位超过2h患者离体牙经处理后,均采用复位再植,固定一次性根管充填,术后显效65例,有效5例,失败6例。30min至2h以内离体牙经处理后再植复位再定,术后显效14例,其中牙髓复活4例,有效4例,失败2例。结论：因外力致完整脱位的自体牙经过处理后复位再植一次性根充治疗有明显的临床疗效。脱位牙离体时间长短关系密切、脱位牙在体外的保存方式是影响成败的主要因素。采用复位再植、固定,根管充填,防止牙骨坏死,根尖感染是目前牙离体再植较理想的术式之一。     

高压氧辅助治疗再植牙

目的　观察高压氧辅助治疗再植牙的疗效。方法　对 44例外伤致 2颗牙脱位患者进行牙再植术 ,分成实验组与对照组各 2 2例 44颗牙 ,实验组辅助以高压氧治疗 ,对照组作为对照。术后跟踪观察疗效。结果　两组术后牙周愈合速度与结果有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;2年牙再植成功率和 5年失牙率亦有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　高压氧辅助治疗可提高牙再植术的成功率。     

富血小板血浆对脱位再植牙牙周组织愈合影响的研究

目的:探讨局部应用富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)对狗脱位牙再植后牙周组织愈合的影响.方法:将6只Beagle犬的第二切牙拔除,干燥放置60 min,按随机区组设计分为4组,A组为再植前根面及牙槽窝涂布PRP,7d后行根管充填术;B组为涂布PRP,未行根管充填术;C组为未涂布PRP,7 d后行根管充填术;D组为未涂布PRP,未行根管充填术.12周后进行组织学观察,分别计算每颗牙的正常牙周膜指数(正常牙周膜位点的百分率)和3种吸收指数(3种吸收位点的百分率),结果进行统计学分析.结果:A、C 2组各种吸收指数和正常牙周膜指数差异不明显;B组替代性吸收发生率较D组明显减低,正常牙周膜率则比D组明显增高.结论:在一定条件下局部应用PRP可减少非根管治疗再植牙替代性吸收的发生,并可促进其牙周组织的正常愈合.     

外伤性脱位再植牙根管处理的时机选择

目的:探讨脱位再植牙根管处理的最佳时机。方法:42例49颗脱位再植牙随机分为3组,A组:术前去髓,根充氢氧化钙,半年后常规根充。B组:直接再植,再植术后1周去髓,根充氢氧化钙,半年后常规根充。C组:直接再植,出现牙髓病变时根充氢氧化钙,半年后常规根充。结果:A组与B组的有效率分别为81.25%和94.44%,两者间疗效无显著差异;且A、B两组的疗效均显著优于C组(53.33%),P值均<0.05。结论:牙脱位时间在3h内,再植术后1周行去髓根充氢氧化钙,半年后再行常规根充为较理想的根管处理时机及治疗方法。     

The effect of Emdogain gel on periodontal healing in replanted monkeys' teeth

OBJECTIVE: We sought to histologically evaluate the effect of Emdogain gel on periodontal healing in monkeys' teeth undergoing delayed replantation.Study design Mature monkey teeth simulating avulsion were endodontically treated before extraction. Negative control teeth (group N = 10 roots) underwent immediate replantation, whereas the rest were bench-dried for 1 hour and treated in one of the following ways before replantation: the positive control teeth (group P = 12 roots) had no further treatment; group C teeth (4 roots) had the periodontal ligament removed; group D teeth (10 roots) were treated with Emdogain gel; group E teeth (6 roots) had the periodontal ligament removed before the application of Emdogain gel; and group F teeth (7 roots) had the periodontal ligament removed, the root surface conditioned, and Emdogain gel applied. Periodontal healing was evaluated after 16 weeks by undertaking histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that group N teeth had a statistically higher occurrence of complete healing than did all other groups, whereas group P was not significantly different in any of the healing categories from D, E, and F, the groups in which Emdogain gel was used. Group C teeth had a significantly higher occurrence of replacement root resorption than did the teeth in groups P and F-but were not significantly different from teeth in groups D and E. CONCLUSION: Emdogain gel did not appear to significantly reduce replacement resorption in monkeys' teeth that had undergone delayed replantation.     

促进撕脱性损伤牙延期再植后牙周愈合的研究进展#br#

牙撕脱性损伤是牙外伤中预后较差的一种,目前对于恒牙撕脱性损伤的治疗一般采用牙再植术,再植时根面牙周组织活性对其预后至关重要。临床调查显示,撕脱性损伤牙再植多为延期再植,离体牙根面牙周膜在干燥状态下脱水坏死是导致术后病理性牙根吸收的主要原因。国际牙外伤协会建议在延期再植时采取适当措施,促进再植牙的牙周愈合再生,减少病理性吸收,延长再植牙使用寿命。文章结合2020版国际牙外伤协会撕脱性损伤牙治疗指南对现有促进撕脱性损伤牙延期再植后牙周愈合相关研究做一综述,包括根面处理、药物及干细胞治疗在牙再植术中的应用。     

The effect of extra-alveolar root filling with calcium hydroxide on periodontal healing after replantation of permanent incisors in monkeys

The effect of calcium hydroxide, used as an extra-alveolar root filling material, on periodontal healing was examined in green vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiopa). Incisors were extracted and a root canal filling of calcium hydroxide paste was processed. Control teeth were replanted after either pulp extirpation or root filling with gutta-percha. In the experimental groups, the extra-alveolar period was either 18 or 120 minutes. The animals were killed eight weeks after replantation, and the replanted teeth were examined histologically. The histologic parameters recorded for each tooth were surface resorption, inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption (ankylosis), periapical inflammatory changes, and downgrowth of pocket epithelium. Teeth with canals filled with calcium hydroxide that had an extra-alveolar time period of 18 minutes, showed noticeably more replacement resorption than either the teeth with canals filled with gutta-percha or those with extirpated pulps. Calcium hydroxide paste may diffuse through the apical foramen, thus injuring the periodontal ligament in the apical region. Consequently, the use of calcium hydroxide does not seem justified in the initial treatment of avulsed teeth, but it can be used after some weeks when periodontal ligament healing has progressed.     

Results after replantation of avulsed permanent teeth. I. Endodontic considerations

Abstract – Following avulsion and replantation, teeth are at risk for infection and infection related resorption (IRR). Severe discolorations of tooth crowns and cervical root fractures are common. This study presents data on endodontic related complications of avulsed teeth replanted following an extraoral endodontic treatment. Periodontal aspects will be discussed in the second part of the present publication. Twenty‐eight permanent teeth in 24 patients aged seven to 17 years were replanted after avulsion. All teeth could be evaluated. In all teeth extraoral endodontic treatment by retrograde insertion of ceramic or titanium posts was performed. Mean observation period was 31.2 months (median: 24.1 months). Nine teeth healed with a functional peridontal ligament (PDL) (functional healing, FH), 19 teeth exhibited replacement resorption (RR), which was succeeded by IRR in three teeth after observation periods of more than 14 months. Diagnosis was set to tunneling resorption (one case) and to cervical resorption preceded by complete RR (two cases). No early IRR was observed. All six teeth rescued in physiologic conditions (cell culture medium of tooth rescue box) exhibited FH. Discolorations of tooth crowns or other complications (cervical root fractures, fractures of posts) were not observed. No differences in the healing results of immature and mature teeth were observed which is in contrast to previous studies. This finding is explained with the different endodontic treatment protocols. Extraoral endodontic treatment by retrograde insertion of posts prevents early IRR and minimizes the overall incidence of IRR. The method does not negatively influence periodontal healing. As there are further advantages (no discoloration, no root fractures, patient not involved, less radiographs, less time consumption, less costs) the method is recommended in isolated teeth before replantation. Especially immature teeth profit from the prevention of complications.     

Replantation of 45 avulsed permanent teeth: a 1-year follow-up study

Abstract –  Thirty-four patients with 45 avulsed and replanted permanent teeth were followed for 1 year. All teeth were soaked in tetracycline before replantation. In addition, enamel matrix derivative was used in teeth with dry storage times exceeding 30 min. Splinting was carried out with a non-rigid titanium splint and was limited to 7–10 days. Within that period, root canal treatment was begun in all teeth with a closed apex, whereas teeth with an open apex and ideal post-traumatic storage were not instrumented. All patients were given tetracycline systematically for 10 days. The survival rate of replanted avulsed permanent teeth was 95.6% at the 1-year follow-up. In 82.2%, root canal treatment was performed. Pulp survival was never observed, but three teeth had pulp canal obliteration. Normal periodontal healing was observed in 57.7% of teeth; 42.3% of teeth showed external root resorption (28.9% replacement resorption, 6.7% infection-related resorption, 6.7% surface resorption). The occurrence of replacement resorption correlated with the period of extraoral dry storage. Compared with other clinical studies on avulsed and replanted teeth, the present study reports a higher percentage of periodontal healing. The favorable treatment outcome may be associated with a strict protocol to enforce endodontic treatment, the use of topical and systemic tetracycline, and the relatively high number of ideally stored teeth following avulsion. In contrast, the present study has a follow-up period limited to 1 year.     

Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 1. Diagnosis of healing complications

Abstract A material of 322 patients with 400 avulsed and replanted permanent teeth were followed prospectively in the period from 1965 to 1988 (mean observation period=5.1 yrs). The age of the patients at the time of replantation ranged from 5 to 52 yrs (mean =13.7 yrs and median =11.0 yrs). Standardized patient records were used through the entire period in order to obtain valid data concerning the extent of injury and treatment provided. At the follow–up period, pulpal and periodontal healing were monitored by clinical examination, mobility testing and standardized radio–graphic controls. Thirty–two of the replanted teeth (8%) showed pulpal healing. When related to teeth with incomplete root formation, where pulpal revascularization was anticipated (n = 94) the frequency of pulpal healing was 34%. Periodontal ligament healing (i.e. with no evidence of external root resorption) was found in 96 teeth (24%). Gingival healing was found in 371 teeth (93%). During the observation period, 119 teeth (30%) were extracted. Tooth loss was slightly more frequent in teeth with incomplete root formation at the time of replantation than in teeth with completed root formation.     

Unexpected formation of root-like structures subsequent to the avulsion of immature permanent teeth: Case report

This report describes the unexpected formation of root-like structures following the avulsion of immature permanent teeth without replantation. A 6-year-old female patient had avulsed the four permanent mandibular incisors and the two deciduous mandibular canines. The patient was seen in an emergency healthcare unit but did not receive specialized treatment for tooth replantation. As follow-up treatment, she received a removable prosthesis. After 4 years of follow-up, an image obtained by panoramic radiography showed formations similar to four root structures in the alveolus of the previously avulsed permanent teeth. This finding was confirmed by periapical radiography and computed tomography. This case report demonstrates that in teeth with incomplete root development, even after avulsion without replantation, cells from the pulp stump may have the capacity to form mineralized structures that appear radiographically comparable to root dentin.     

Modified Apexification Procedure for Immature Permanent Teeth with a Necrotic Pulp/Apical Periodontitis: A Case Series

The current American Association of Endodontists clinical considerations for a regenerative endodontic procedure state that a regenerative procedure is suitable for immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp when the pulp space is not needed for a post/core in the final restoration. Therefore, many immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp that have sustained a substantial loss of coronal tooth structure either from caries or trauma are treated by apexification or mineral trioxide aggregate/Biodentine (Septodent, Lancaster, PA) apical barrier techniques in which no further root maturation would occur. This case series presents 10 immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp in which a post/core was likely required in the future for adequate coronal restoration because of loss of substantial coronal tooth structure and a modified apexification procedure was used. All 10 cases after the modified apexification procedure showed no clinical symptoms/signs and showed radiographic evidence of healed/healing of periapical lesion after a 2-year review. Eight cases showed increased thickness of the apical root canal walls, increased apical root length, and apical closure. The overall percentage change in root length was 7.52%, in root width at the apical one third it was 18.89%, and in radiographic root area it was 15.04% at the 24- to 72-month follow-up period. This modified apexification procedure allows for the tooth to be restored with a post/core if required for the final restoration in the future as well as continued root development.     

Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 2. Factors related to pulpal healing

Abstract Four hundred avulsed and replanted permanent teeth were examined for pulpal healing. In 110 teeth, the apical foramen was either open or half-open. In 16 teeth, the pulps were extirpated prophylactically. Thus, pulpal revascularization was considered possible in 94 teeth. Revascularization occurred in 32 teeth (34%). Pulp necrosis could usually be demonstrated after 3 weeks. Positive pulpal sensibility and radiographis signs of pulp canal obliteration were usually observed after 6 months. The effect of various clinical factors was examined, such as sex, age, type of tooth replanted, stage of root formation, type and length of extra-alveolar storage, clinical contamination of the root surface, type of cleansing procedure of the root surface, type and length of splinting and the use of antibiotics. Finally, the width of the apical foramen and the length of the root canal were measured on radiographs taken at the time of injury. A multivariate statistical analysis revealed that pulpal revascularization was more frequent in teeth with shorter distances from the apical foramen to the pulp horns. Furthermore, that wet storage (saliva and/or saline) for more than 5 min decreased the chance of pulpal revascularization; whereas dry extraalveolar storage had a monotonous effect on pulpal revascularization, i. e. decreasing chance of revascularization with increasing length of the extraalveolar dry storage. Based on these findings, immediate replantation after brief cleansing in either tap water or saline is recommended.     

Continued root formation after replantation and root canal treatment in an avulsed immature permanent tooth: a case report

Abstract – This case report describes the continued root formation following replantation and conventional root canal therapy of a traumatically avulsed open‐apex tooth with suppurative apical periodontitis. A 7‐year‐old male patient had an avulsed upper left central incisor (tooth 21) replanted approximately 50 min after traumatic avulsion. A root canal procedure was initiated due to pulp necrosis and periapical abscess detected in the follow‐up period. After endodontic treatment with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) dressing, a normal root length developed including an apical segment beyond the hard tissue barrier. Regeneration of the root occurred without pathology or ankylosis at 1‐year of follow up.