椎-基底动脉延长扩张症1例报告并文献复习

正椎-基底动脉延长扩张症(vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia,VBD)是指椎-基底动脉系统血管异常延长、扩张、迂曲改变的血管畸形,延长扩张的椎-基底动脉可因直接压迫颅神经或脑干而产生相应的临床症状,亦可导致阻塞性脑积水或椎基底动脉供血区缺血而引起不同的临床表现,故其临床症状     

36例椎基底动脉扩张延长症临床分析

椎基底动脉扩张延长症（VBD）是目前正处于研究和探索阶段的一种脑血管变异性疾病,动脉的延长扩张主要是指动脉血管的显著伸长、扩张、迂曲,随之出现血流动力学和凝血功能障碍形成血栓和微小栓塞,可伴或不伴动脉瘤形成,主要发生于椎动脉或基底动脉。国外研究报道,总体人群中VBD的发生率低于0.05%,范晓颖等对门诊常规CT扫描的患者进行统计发现,VBD的发生率0.6%,     

磁共振血管造影联合3D-CISS序列在椎基底动脉延长扩张症诊断中的应用

目的探讨磁共振血管造影联合3D-CISS序列扫描在椎基底动脉延长扩张症诊断中的应用。方法回顾性分析8例VBD患者的MRA及3D-CISS序列图像资料。结果 8例患者的3D-CISS序列和MRA原始图像上除显示扩张迂曲的椎基底动脉外,还可见5例患者的基底动脉或其分支与脑池段颅神经的位置关系异常,其中基底动脉及左侧小脑上动脉压迫面神经脑池段各1例;基底动脉与三叉神经关系密切1例;基底动脉与动眼神经关系密切2例。结论磁共振血管造影联合3D-CISS序列扫描不但可以完整显示扩张、迂曲的椎基底动脉,且可以观察病变血管与脑池段脑神经的关系,为临床诊断和针对性治疗提供重要依据。     

椎基底动脉扩张延长症研究进展

椎基底动脉扩张延长症作为一种独立的脑血管病变,临床并不少见,其病因尚不明确,病理改变主要涉及颅内动脉中膜,血管的扩张、迂曲会使相邻结构受压、血流动力学发生改变、血栓形成及分支动脉受到牵拉,出现颅神经压迫症状及后循环缺血等临床表现。虽然针对椎基底动脉延长症尚无确切有效的治疗方法,但在外科手术、神经介入及对症治疗等方面有一定的研究进展。     

椎基底动脉延长扩张症一例

椎基底动脉延长扩张症(vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia,VBD)指椎基底动脉异常迂曲、扩张、延长;在总人群中发生率为0.06％～5.8％,在卒中患者中高达10％～12％[1],是独立于年龄、高血压、糖尿病等血管危险因素外的脑梗死病因[2].现报道1例椎基底动脉扩张患者的3年病程演变,加深对VBD病因、危险因素、发病机制及治疗的认识.     

颅内动脉延长扩张症2例报告及文献复习

随着影像技术的发展,在重视动脉粥样硬化血管狭窄致病的同时,越来越多的研究发现颅内动脉延长扩张症与脑血管病之间具有一定的相关性[1,2]。颅内动脉延长扩张症(intracranial arterial dolichoectasia,IADE)是指颅内动脉延长、扩张以及迂曲,根据受累动脉部位的不同,分为颈内动脉延长扩张症和椎基底动脉延长扩张症[2](vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia,VBD)。     

颅内动脉延长扩张症2例报告及文献复习

随着影像技术的发展,在重视动脉粥样硬化血管狭窄致病的同时,越来越多的研究发现颅内动脉延长扩张症与脑血管病之间具有一定的相关性[1,2]。颅内动脉延长扩张症(intracranial arterial dolichoectasia,IADE)是指颅内动脉延长、扩张以及迂曲,根据受累动脉部位的不同,分为颈内动脉延长扩张症和椎基底动脉延长扩张症[2](vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia,VBD)。     

椎-基底动脉延长扩张症临床分析(附3例报道)

椎-基底动脉延长扩张症(vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia,VBD)是一种少见的血管异常性疾病.20世纪80年代Smoker等研究了正常基底动脉和异常基底动脉的CT表现,提出椎-基底动脉延长扩张症的概念[1].国内对椎-基底动脉延长扩张症的研究往往限于影像学领域,许多临床医生对该病缺乏认识.     

1例面肌痉挛合并椎基底动脉延长扩张症并文献复习

目的 报告1例面肌痉挛合并椎基底动脉延长扩张症（VBD）病例,提高对VBD的认识.方法 对1例合并VBD的面肌痉挛病人行手术治疗,并结合文献进行分析.结果 VBD是一种少见的血管异常性疾病,迂曲扩张的椎基底动脉压迫增加了面肌痉挛治疗的复杂性.结论 治疗面肌痉挛病人过程中应注意到其合并VBD的可能性,从而能够早期诊断和治疗.     

1例椎基底动脉扩张延长症并文献复习

正椎基底动脉扩张延长症(vertebrobasilar dolichiectasia,VBD)是一种以椎动脉颅内段和/或基底动脉显著扩张、延长、迂曲为特征,临床少见的脑血管变异病。该病尚处于临床研究和探索阶段,本研究现报道本院收治1例VBD及引发相关思考并文献复习。     

早年创伤对认知功能影响的研究进展

早年创伤是一个全球普遍存在的问题,严重影响儿童、青少年的大脑发育,继而导致认知功能、人格水平、社会行为的改变。早年创伤主要是父母、监护人或其他年长者对孩子施加躯体虐待、躯体忽视、情感虐待、情感忽视或性虐待。美国一项调查显示：儿童虐待事件的发生率高达1．2％[1]。早年创伤影响认知功能的多个领域,包括学习／工作记忆、视觉空间能力、执行功能、言语智能、复杂推理搜决策、学业表现等比]。创伤造成的认知功能改变是目前国内外神经科学和精神医学领域研究的热点,但其发病机制仍不明确,鉴于早年创伤与认知功能的关系问题,现就早年创伤对大脑发育、神经认知的影响加以综述。     

Differential cognitive responses to guqin music and piano music in Chinese subjects： an event-related potential study

Objective To compare the cognitive effects of guqin （the oldest Chinese instrument） music and piano music. Methods Behavioral and event-related potential （ERP） data in a standard two-stimulus auditory oddball task were recorded and analyzed. Results This study replicated the previous results of culture-familiar music effect on Chinese subjects： the greater P300 amplitude in frontal areas in a culture-familiar music environment. At the same time, the difference between guqin music and piano music was observed in NI and later positive complex （LPC： including P300 and P500）： a relatively higher participation of right anterior-temporal areas in Chinese subjects. Conclusion The results suggest that the special features of ERP responses to guqin music are the outcome of Chinese tonal language environments given the similarity between Guqin＇s tones and Mandarin lexical tones.     

Brain network markers of abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow in Parkinson＇s disease

Neuroimaging of cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow is ideally suited to assay widely-distributed brain circuits as a result of local molecular events and behavioral modulation in the central nervous system. With the progress in novel analytical methodology, this endeavor has succeeded in unraveling the mechanisms underlying a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, statistical brain mapping studies have made significant strides in describing the pathophysiology of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and related disorders by providing signature biomarkers to determine the systemic abnormalities in brain function and evaluate disease progression, therapeutic responses, and clinical correlates in patients. In this article, we review the relevant clinical applications in patients in relation to healthy volunteers with a focus on the generation of unique spatial covariance patterns associated with the motor and cognitive symptoms underlying PD. These characteristic biomarkers can be potentially used not only to improve patient recruitment but also to predict outcomes in clinical trials.     

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and neuronal apoptosis in the epileptic rat brain*★

BACKGROUND：It has been reported that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, a very well known Chinese traditional medicine, can affect immunoregulation, free radical scavenging, and anti-hypoxia responses. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）, nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and neuronal apoptosis in rats with pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）-induced epilepsy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cellular and molecular biology experiment with randomized controlled study design was performed at the Central Laboratory of Basic Medical College of Jiamusi University from June to August 2005. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy, adult, male, Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups （10 rats per group）： control, epilepsy model, and Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. A sub-eclampsia PTZ dose （35 mg/kg） was intraperitoneally injected to induce epilepsy in the latter two groups. Wild Ganoderma lucidum spore powder （30 g/L） was provided by the wild Ganoderma lucidum plant nursery at Jiamusi, China. Immunohistochemical detection and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediate dUTP nick end-labeling （TUNEL） kits were purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China. METHODS： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was intragastrically administered at a dose of 10.0 mL/kg, once a day for 28 days. In the epilepsy and control groups, an equivalent volume of normal saline was intragastrically administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunoreactivity for IGF-1 and NF-κB/P65 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Neuronal apoptosis was detected using TUNEL methods. RESULTS： The hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats with PTZ-induced epilepsy exhibited a higher number of apoptotic cells at high magnification （×400）, compared with the control group. Expression of IGF-1 and NF-κB were higher in the epilepsy group, compared with the control group （P 〈 0.01）. In Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated rats,     

Naoxintong dose effects on inflammatory factor expression in the rat brain following focal cerebral ischemia

BACKGROUND： Certain components of tetramethylpyrazine, a traditional Chinese medicine, exhibit protective effects against brain injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of different Naoxintong doses on expression of nuclear factor-kappa B （ kB）, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and complement 3 in rats following focal cerebral ischemia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June 2004 to June 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 150 adult, healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 280-320g, were selected. Naoxintong powder （mainly comprising szechwan lovage rhizome, milkvetch root, danshen root, and radix angelicae sinensis） was obtained from Buchang Pharmacy Co., Ltd. in Xianyang City of Shanxi Province of China, lot number 040608. METHODS： The rats were randomly assigned into sham operation, saline, high-dose Naoxintong, moderate-dose Naoxintong, and low-dose Naoxintong groups, with 30 rats in each group. Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were established using the suture method, with the exception of the sham operation group. Rats in the high-dose, moderate-dose and low-dose Naoxintong groups received 4, 2, and 1 g/kg Naoxintong respectively, by gavage. Rats in the saline group were treated with 1 mL saline by gavage All rats were administered by gavage at 5 and 23 hours following surgery, and subsequently, once per day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 6, 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 days following model establishment, brain water content was measured. Histopathological changes in brain tissues were detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of nuclear factor- kB, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor- α, and complement 3 was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： A total of 150 rats were included in the final analysis with no loss. Brain water content was significantly increased in the ischemic hemisphere of rats from the saline, as well as the high-dose, mo     

Chaotic electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus – mossy fiber sprouting, epileptic seizures, and brain electrical activity in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats★

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated that appropriate interventions can alter brain electrical activity of epileptic patients prior to and during a seizure, leading to maintenance of a highly chaotic state, thereby inhibiting abnormal epileptic discharges, and eventually controlling epileptic seizure. OBJECTIVE： This study was designed to observe the effects of chaotic electrical stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus on mossy fiber sprouting, epileptic seizures, and electrical discharges, and to summarize the most suitable intervention. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized grouping, neuroelectrophysiological study was performed at the Laboratory of Neurology, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University in September 2007. MATERIALS： Fifty-five healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to an epileptic model by an intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol. The YC-2 programmed electrical stimulator was provided by Chengdu Instrument Factory, China; the video electroencephalographic system （KT-88-2400） and 24-hour active electroencephalographic system were products of Contec Medical System Co., Ltd., China; pentylenetetrazol was purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： The present interventional method consisted of electrical stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus with an intensity of 500 μA, pulse width 0.05 ms, frequency 30 Hz, and a duration of 20 minutes for 14 successive days. Fifty-five rats were divided into 6 groups： （1） pre-stimulation （n = 10）, pentylenetetrazol was administered and 30 minutes later, chaotic electrical stimulation was performed; （2） synchronous stimulation （n = 10）, rats received pentylenetetrazol and chaotic electrical stimulation concurrently; （3） post-administration stimulation （n = 10）, after pentylenetetrazol administration, chaotic electrical stimulation was performed immediately after cessation of a seizure; （4） sham-stimulation （n = 10）, following pentylenetetrazol administration, an electrode was con     

Effect of bilobalide B on cholinergic hippocampal neurons exposed to cholesterol and apolipoprotein E4*☆

BACKGROUND： Extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves have been reported to improve nerve function and activity in Alzheimer＇s disease, which is associated with reduced secretion of cholinergic neurotransmitter in hippocampal neurons. OBJECTIVE： To validate the protective effect of bilobalide B against in vitro injury of cholinergic neurons of the hippocampus induced by combined cholesterol and apoE4 DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed in the Pathology Laboratory, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2003 to July 2006. MATERIALS： Neonatal Wistar rats, 1-day-old, both male and female, and mean body mass of 5 g were selected for this study. Cholesterol and apolipoprotein E4 （apoE4） were purchased from Sigma Company （USA）, bilobalide B was purchased from Tianjin Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Factory, batch number 20050312. METHODS： Hippocampal neurons were divided into three groups： a normal control group （routinely added media）, a model group （exposed to media containing 40 mg/L cholesterol and 30 mg/L apoE4 for 24 hours） and a bilobalide B group （exposed to media containing 160 mg/L bilobalide B for 16 hours, and then with addition of 40 mg/L cholesterol and 30 mg/L apoE4 for an additional 24 hours）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Levels of acetylcholine （ACh） and activity of acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and choline acetyltransferase （CHAT） in hippocampal neurons were determined by microdosage hydroxylamine colorimetry, hydroxylamine colorimetry and radiological chemistry, respectively. RESULTS： The ACh level was significantly lower in the model group than that in the normal control group （P 〈 0.01）, while it was markedly higher in the bilobalide B group than in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Activity of AChE was significantly decreased in the model group compared with the normal control group （P 〈 0.05）. However, there was no significant difference between the model group and the bilobalide B group ?     

氧化应激与认知功能障碍的研究进展

氧化应激（Oxidative Stress）不仅在糖尿病、高血压病等身心疾病中起着重要作用,而且对阿尔茨海默病（AlzheimerDisease,AD）、帕金森病（Parkin-son Disease,PD）等神经精神障碍的认知功能也有一定影响。强烈或持续性的氧化应激可通过诱导细胞凋亡和炎性反应导致细胞、组织损害。流行病学及动物研究均表明,母孕期遭受应激可能会影响胎儿的神经心理发育过程,造成胎儿大脑某区域的缺陷,引起持续性认知改变、神经内分泌和行为反应,增加后代精神疾病的患病风险。现对氧化应激与认知功能障碍的机制进行综述。     

Intrathecal MK-801 inhibits formalin-induced activation of spinal p38-MAPK in rats**★

BACKGROUND： p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） plays an instrumental role in signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus, while subcutaneous injection of formalin can induce increased activation of spinal p38 MAPK. However, the mechanisms underlying the formalin-induced activation of spinal p38 MAPK in rats are unclear. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid （NMDA） receptor antagonist MK-801 on the formalin-induced activation of spinal p38 MAPK in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized grouping, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University between May and November 2007. MATERIALS： Forty eight healthy, adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups： formalin ＋ normal saline （n = 12） and formalin ＋ MK-801 （n = 36）. The formalin ＋ MK-801 group was further divided into three subgroups according to the dosage of MK-801 （10, 50, and 100 nmol/L, 12 rats for each subgroup） METHODS： Following anesthesia, polyethylene tubing filled with sterile normal saline was implanted into the subarachnoid cavity. On postoperative days 5-8, rats received a 15 minute perfusion of normal saline or MK-801 （10, 50, and 100 nmol/L） in the formalin ＋ normal saline and formalin ＋ MK-801 groups, respectively, followed by formalin injection for the induction of nociceptive behavior. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Detection of total p38 MAPK and of phosphorylated p38 MAPK by western Blot analysis; observation of nociceptive behaviors in the 1 hour after formalin injection. RESULTS： Western Blot analysis revealed that injection of formalin had no effect on total p38 MAPK expression but resulted in increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the spinal cord. This increase was apparent after 5 minutes, peaked at 20 minutes, and thereafter descended and reached control levels after 45 minutes. Pretreatment with MK-801 （10, 50, 100 nmol/L） resulted in a dose-dependent reduc     

Changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the ventral horn of spinal cord

Objective To investigate changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） and its synthesis rate-limiting enzyme tryp-tophan hydroxylase （TPH） in the ventral horn of spinal cord after exercise-induced fatigue, and to further discuss the mecha- nism of exercise-induced central fatigue at spinal level. Methods Sixteen healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups： exercise-induced fatigue group and control group. Immunohistochemical staining for 5-HT and TPH in the ventral horn were performed and analysized quantitatively. The mean optic densities of 5-HT and TPH positive fibers or terminals were measured by computerized image analyzer. Results Both 5-HT and TPH positive fibers/terminals decreased in the exercise-induced fatigue group. The immunohistochemical staining was weaker and the mean optic densities decreased obviously in the fatigue group compared with those in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion 5-HT and TPH in the ventral horn of spinal cord might be involved in exercise-induced fatigue.