经口腔前庭腔镜手术与颈部开放手术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌的临床研究

目的　探讨经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺切除术（endoscopic thyroidectomy using the oral vestibular approach,ETOVA）与传统颈部开放手术治疗女性甲状腺乳头状癌的安全性、有效性及美容效果。方法　回顾性分析2019年1～12月行甲状腺乳头状癌根治术的120例女性患者的临床资料,分为经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术组（腔镜组,n=60）和传统颈部开放手术组（开放组,n=60）,对比两组患者术中及术后相关临床资料。结果　两组患者年龄、肿瘤直径、中央区淋巴结清扫时间、中央区淋巴结清扫总数、中央区转移淋巴结数量、术后并发症、术后24 h疼痛评分、术后6个月疼痛评分均无统计学差异（P 均>0.05）。腔镜组手术总时长、术中失血量、术后引流量均大于开放组（P 均<0.001）,腔镜组术后满意度高。结论　ETOVA在治疗甲状腺乳头状癌是安全、有效的,具有更好的美容效果,患者满意度高,可以考虑作为部分患者,尤其是年轻女性甲状腺乳头状癌患者的首选手术方案。     

纳米碳在甲状腺乳头状癌隐匿性侧颈转移淋巴结清扫术中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨纳米碳在甲状腺乳头状癌隐匿性侧颈转移淋巴结清扫术中的临床应用价值。 方法 60例临床淋巴结阴性甲状腺乳头状癌在术中注射纳米碳,切除黑染侧颈淋巴结送冰冻病理,根据病理情况决定淋巴结清扫范围。 结果 60例患者术中侧颈淋巴结黑染58例,冰冻病理证实淋巴结阳性12例,行侧颈淋巴结清扫术12例。术后随访未见局部复发。 结论 临床N0甲状腺乳头状癌通过术中注射纳米碳示踪可增加侧颈隐匿性转移淋巴结检出率,减少阳性淋巴结漏诊率,提高手术效果。     

胸前入路无注气内镜手术治疗早期甲状腺乳头状癌的初步研究

目的 探讨经胸前入路无注气内镜手术治疗早期甲状腺乳头状癌(T1N0M0)的安全性和可行性.方法 2004年7月至2010年12月,收集应用经胸前入路无注气内镜手术治疗91例甲状腺乳头状癌(T1N0M0)患者,对肿瘤大小、手术类型、手术时间、手术出血量、术后并发症、术后平均住院时间等临床因素进行总结分析.结果 91例患者均成功进行内镜手术,无一例中转开放手术,肿瘤平均((x)±s,下同)直径为(0.96±0.71 )cm,41例患者行单侧腺叶切除,3例行单侧腺叶次全切除,42例行单侧腺叶切除+对侧腺叶次全切除,5例行双侧腺叶切除.39例甲状腺微小癌(肿瘤直径＜1.0 cm)患者行中央区淋巴清扫术,29例甲状腺癌(肿瘤直径1.0～2.0 cm)患者行中央区淋巴清扫术,其中2例同时行择区性颈淋巴清扫术.平均手术时间为(99±17)min,手术出血量为(18±12)ml,术后平均住院日为(3±1)d.2例患者术后出现暂时性喉返神经麻痹,均在术后1～2个月内恢复,1例出现永久性喉返神经麻痹,暂时性低钙血症2例,无喉上神经损伤、气管损伤、皮下气肿、术后血肿、顽固性咳嗽.所有患者颈前未遗留手术瘢痕,对术后美容效果满意.术后随访7～ 85个月,平均(58.4±17.2)个月,未见肿瘤复发.结论 经胸前入路无注气内镜手术治疗早期甲状腺乳头状癌近期疗效安全可行,术后美容效果好,远期疗效尚待进一步随访观察.     

中央区淋巴结清扫在甲状腺乳头状癌手术中的价值

目的:探讨中央区淋巴结清扫在甲状腺乳头状癌处理中的作用。方法:收集我院2011-2012收治的136例甲状腺乳头状癌患者,所有患者在切除原发灶的同时均进行同侧中央区淋巴结清扫,临床颈侧区淋巴结转移的患者行颈侧区功能性淋巴结清扫术。结果:136例患者中央区淋巴结阳性率为56.6%(77/136),其中临床淋巴结阴性(cN0)患者,中央区淋巴结阳性率为47.5%(48/101),临床淋巴结阳性(cN1)患者,中央区淋巴结阳性率为82.9%(29/35),差异具有统计学意义。结论:在没有增加手术风险的情况下,切除甲状腺癌原发灶的同时应该行同侧中央区淋巴结清扫。     

甲状腺癌颈清扫术后乳糜漏的综合治疗

目的 探讨甲状腺癌颈淋巴清扫术后产生乳糜漏的原因及处理策略。 方法 回顾性分析647例甲状腺乳头状癌患者行颈淋巴清扫术后的临床资料。对11例术后发生乳糜漏的患者给予静脉营养、低脂饮食、局部加压及负压引流等措施。 结果 该组患者乳糜漏出现在手术后的第0.5~3.0天,其发生率为1.7%,患者乳糜漏的峰值引流量为 120~1100 mL/d。该组患者接受淋巴结清扫区域:单侧叶+峡部切除449 例,接受全甲状腺切除152例,单侧叶+峡部切除+对侧次全切除46例;单纯中央区淋巴结清扫总共 395 例,发生乳糜漏5例,发生率为1.26%(5/395)。侧颈+中央区淋巴清扫共83例,发生乳糜漏4例,发生率为4.8%(4/83),内镜辅助上纵隔清扫总共6例,发生乳糜漏2例,发生率为33.3%(2/6)。乳糜漏左侧与右侧之比为7∶4;其中3例患者为复发再清扫(rRLN)。每日引流量<20 mL/d时拔管,乳糜漏闭合时间为6~23 d,中位时间11 d。所有患者未行二次手术处理。 结论 甲状腺癌行淋巴结清扫手术时应仔细规范操作以预防乳糜漏的发生,及时采取调整饮食、负压引流等综合措施多可治愈,保守治疗无效时行手术治疗。     

儿童分化型甲状腺癌的临床特征及治疗体会

目的 探讨儿童分化型甲状腺癌的临床特征和治疗特点。 方法 回顾分析经手术治疗的18岁以下的分化型甲状腺癌32例的临床资料。 结果 32例患者中男8例,女24例。发病年龄<14岁11例,≥ 14岁21例;累及双侧甲状腺19例,单侧13例。多发病灶23例,单发病灶9例;肿瘤≥1 cm 30例,<1 cm 2例;病理证实甲状腺乳头状癌27例,甲状腺滤泡状癌5例;发生颈淋巴结转移25例,转移率为78.13%,颈部Ⅰ~Ⅵ区及上纵隔区均有淋巴结转移,各区转移率分别为 3.13%、31.25%、31.25%、37.50%、9.38%、68.75%、25.00%;发生甲状腺外侵12例,肺转移5例,甲状腺癌术后颈部淋巴结转移10例。随访1~14年,无死亡病例。 结论 儿童分化型甲状腺癌具有侵袭性强、转移率高、复发率高、死亡率低的临床特点,甲状腺全切除术和规范的颈结清扫术值得高度重视。     

异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复甲状腺癌切除术后气管缺损13例

目的 探讨异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复甲状腺癌切除术后气管缺损的可行性。方法 甲状腺癌侵犯气管患者13例经甲状腺肿瘤切除、颈部淋巴结清扫、气管部分切除术,以异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复气管缺损。结果 术后随访36~53个月,11例患者气管腔无肉芽生长,管腔光滑,顺利拔管;2例拔管失败,气管内肉芽形成感染1例,气管修复处内陷1例。结论 累及气管的甲状腺癌患者,可根据肿瘤切除后气管缺损范围,选择适当病例,以异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复气管缺损,保障气道通畅。     

补救性中央区淋巴清扫术在甲状腺乳头状癌中的应用

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结可疑残留的补救治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年1月行补救性中央区淋巴清扫术且临床随访资料完整的甲状腺乳头状癌患者85例.结果 补救性中央区淋巴清扫术后59例患者有阳性淋巴结,总的淋巴转移率为69.4％(59/85).59例共清扫336枚淋巴结,平均5.7枚;共有159枚转移淋巴结,每例平均2.7枚.外院记录已行清扫的6例患者补救手术后4例病理结果有淋巴转移,其中2例残留淋巴结位于头臂动脉与气管相交处,1例位于喉返神经的深面,1例位于气管前胸腺内.本组并发症发生率为10.6％(9/85),其中5例出现声嘶,其中2例患者发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,术后出血1例,颈阔肌皮瓣下积液1例.随访3～5年,随访中位时间44个月,对侧中央区复发1例,侧颈复发4例,1例患者出现肺转移,全组无死亡病例.结论 对于未行中央区淋巴清扫但转移风险高(T3、T4级,原发灶被膜外侵犯,原发灶考虑肿瘤残留,血管或淋巴管侵犯)或在影像学下发现可疑转移淋巴结的病例,以及对于已行中央区清扫但考虑清扫范围不足、残留可能性大,或者未行中央区清扫,但术后病理发现阳性淋巴结的病例,须行补救中央区清扫手术.     

鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝入路(即鼻腔外侧壁入路)手术治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的疗效及并发症。 方法 回顾性分析2014年9月至2016年3月收治的21例内翻性乳头状瘤的临床资料。 结果 21例患者通过鼻内镜经泪前隐窝入路手术治疗上颌窦病变,术中均完全清除窦内病变,且术中、术后病理证实为内翻性乳头状瘤。术后愈合良好,无严重并发症。1例患者术后6个月局部复发,再次手术切除,现随访12个月无复发。 结论 经泪前隐窝入路进入上颌窦切除病变是一种微创、安全、有效的处理内翻性乳头状瘤的手术方式。     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移规律及影响因素分析

目的：探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移规律及其相关影响因素,为甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结清扫术提供一定的临床依据。方法：回顾性分析314例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料。314例患者中,行甲状腺腺叶峡部切除、中央区淋巴结清扫术79例,甲状腺全切、中央区淋巴结清扫术173例,甲状腺全切、中央区淋巴结清扫术、侧颈部改良根治性颈部淋巴结清扫术62例。手术中清扫出淋巴结1～55个,其中阳性淋巴结0～14个。结果：314例患者中经病理证实共有168例（53．50％）患者有淋巴结转移,其中中央区淋巴结转移159例（50．64％）,中央区＋侧颈转移淋巴结55例（17．52％）,单纯侧颈淋巴结转移9例（2．87％）。患者年龄、肿瘤直径、甲状腺被膜受侵犯、临床分期是甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的影响因素（P〈0．05）。结论：甲状腺乳头状癌患者最常发生中央区淋巴结转移,应常规进行中央区淋巴结清扫术。     

Surgical complications and recurrence after central neck dissection in cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma

Objectives

To evaluate surgical complications and recurrence patterns after central neck dissection (CND) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 361 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with or without CND for PTC from 2000 to 2007. Clinicopathological results and recurrence were stratified according to treatment modality.

Results

Incidence of occult central metastasis of PTC was 64.3%. With respect to surgical morbidities, the total thyroidectomy (TT) with CND group exhibited a significantly higher incidence of transient vocal fold paralysis (10.0% vs 3.4%, p = 0.029) and permanent hypocalcaemia (11.4% vs 4.5%, p = 0.041), and significantly prolonged mean operating time (195.8 min vs 153.0 min, p < 0.001) than the TT alone group. Analysis of the recurrence patterns revealed that level IV was most commonly involved in both groups. When the location of recurrence was categorised into central and lateral neck, the recurrence rate in the lateral neck was significantly higher than that in the central neck, regardless of initial CND.

Conclusions

CND was associated with permanent hypocalcaemia and transient vocal fold paralysis. The lateral neck was mainly involved in recurrence regardless of initial CND, suggesting the clinical benefit of CND may be small.     

甲状腺外科无喉返神经损伤的可能性

目的探讨甲状腺外科手术喉返神经(recurrenlaryngealnerve,RLN)零损伤的可能性。方法回顾性分析我科2001年3月～2005年3月659例甲状腺疾病的手术方式、术后RLN损伤、甲状旁腺功能低下、术后出血和术后复发等并发症的发生。术中常规解剖RLN,保护并勿过度解剖甲状旁腺及其供应的血管。结果甲状腺一侧腺叶加对侧腺叶部分切除376例、甲状腺一侧腺叶加峡部切除87例、甲状腺双侧腺叶次全切除76例、甲状腺全切除73例、颈部低位领式切口入路切除胸骨后结节性甲状腺肿47例。术后无一例发生RLN损伤。术后暂时性低钙血症发生率为1.67%(11/659)。无永久性低钙血症。术后出血需再手术止血和术后伤口血肿的发生率分别为0.60%(4/659)和0.45%(3/659)。甲状腺功能低下和术后复发的发生率分别为0.45%(3/659)和0.15%(1/659),无切口感染。结论甲状腺外科手术中熟悉RLN的解剖知识,常规紧贴甲状腺被膜外分离并全程解剖RLN及其分支可避免RLN的损伤。     

家族性甲状腺乳头状癌的生物学特征及治疗

目的 分析家族性甲状腺乳头状癌的临床生物学行为,并探讨其治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年8月天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院收治的家族性甲状腺乳头状癌共15个家系36例患者的临床资料,并将随机抽取的同期散发性甲状腺乳头状癌95例患者作为对照组.结果 15例(41.7％)家族性甲状腺乳头状癌患者年龄≥45岁;12例(33.3％)双侧腺叶发病,20例(55.6％)多灶病变;27例(75.0％)伴颈部淋巴结转移;17例(47.2％)伴甲状腺良性结节.95例对照组中60例患者(63.2％)年龄≥45岁;12例(12.6％)双侧腺叶发病,21例(22.1％)多灶病变;51例(53.7％)伴颈部淋巴结转移;26例(27.4％)伴甲状腺良性结节.家族性甲状腺乳头状癌患者行甲状腺全切除22例,患侧腺叶及峡部切除14例;3例行单侧或双侧侧颈清扫及中央区颈清扫术,7例行单侧或双侧后侧颈清扫及中央区颈清扫术,6例行一侧后侧颈清扫及中央区颈清扫术+对侧中央区颈清扫术,20例行单侧或双侧中央区颈清扫术.结论 家族性甲状腺乳头状癌较散发性甲状腺乳头状癌具有发病年龄小,多灶发病及双侧发病比例高,颈部淋巴结转移率高的生物学特征.术前应详细询问家族史并评估病情,建议选择较为积极的治疗方式.     

Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy with or without central neck dissection

PurposesMinimally invasive thyroid surgeries are universally accepted. We report on one, transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy with or without central neck dissection.MethodsA case series of 103 patients were operated on between December 2018 and December 2021. We performed transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for 76 patients with a benign nodule, and 27 with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The patients with malignant nodules also underwent ipsilateral central neck dissection. The extent of surgery, operative time and operative complications were analyzed.ResultNo cases were converted to open surgery. Average tumor size was 3.8 ± 1.62 cm, mean operative time was 116.5 ± 41.7 min, median blood loss 40.1 ± 49 mL. There were 95 patients with lobectomy and 8 patients with total thyroidectomy. Temporary hoarseness occurred in 9 patients (8.7 %). No patients developed permanent hoarseness. Twelve patients had middle chin numbness.ConclusionThe transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach, with or without central neck dissection, is a safe, effective and highly aesthetic treatment.     

Local lymph node recurrence after central neck dissection in papillary thyroid cancers: A meta analysis

BackgroundProphylactic central neck dissection (CND) at the time of total thyroidectomy (TT) remains controversial in clinically node-negative (cN0) papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compare the local recurrence between patients who underwent TT plus CND and those who underwent TT alone.MethodsThe publicly available literature published from January 1990 to October 2017 concerning TT plus prophylactic CND versus TT for PTC was retrieved by searching the national and international online databases. Meta-analysis was performed after the data extraction process.ResultsTwenty-five studies with comparison between TT + CND and TT alone were eligible and included in this meta-analysis. For both PTC and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), the overall recurrence in TT + CND group was significantly lower than that in TT alone group. The central compartment recurrence was significantly higher in TT alone group than TT + CND group (OR = 3.41, 95% Cl [2.00 ～ 5.80], P < 0.00001), while no significant difference of lateral compartment recurrence was observed between the two groups (OR = 1.19, 95%Cl [0.81 ～ 1.77], P = 0.38). We compared ipsilateral CND + TT with TT alone and found that the recurrence was not significantly different between the two groups (OR = 1.44, 95%Cl [0.74 ～ 2.81], P = 0.28). On the other hand, bilateral CND + TT showed significantly low recurrence (OR = 2.48, 95%Cl [1.75 ～ 3.53], P < 0.00001).ConclusionsThe addition of CND to TT resulted in a greater reduction in risk of local recurrence than TT alone, especially preventing central neck recurrences. Additionally, we discovered that bilateral CND in patients with PTC > 1 cm was necessary.     

甲状腺外科手术操作与手术并发症的相关性

目的 了解甲状腺外科手术操作与手术并发症的相关性,探讨辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺的甲状腺切除术在治疗甲状腺肿物中的作用,以提高甲状腺肿物的手术治愈率,并减少手术并发症。方法 回顾分析甲状腺良性肿瘤或甲状腺癌患者152例临床资料,甲状腺切除采用"精细化被膜解剖"技术,术中辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺。结果 152例患者中,行喉返神经探查262侧,均成功辨认及保护;行喉上神经外支探查231侧,174例成功辨认(75.3%)。原位解剖保护甲状旁腺150例,行甲状旁腺移植术2例。术后发生单侧暂时性喉返神经麻痹1例,在术后3个月内恢复;无喉上神经外支功能障碍。术后发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下症13例,术后1周恢复9例, 4周后恢复3例, 5个月后恢复1例。无发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下症、永久性喉返神经损伤和永久性喉上神经外支损伤病例。结论 术中辨认及保护喉返神经、喉上神经外支、甲状旁腺技术行甲状腺肿物切除术是安全的甲状腺手术操作,有效避免了永久性甲状旁腺功能低下症、喉返神经和喉上神经外支损伤并发症的发生。最大限度地保存了喉功能和甲状旁腺功能,提高了甲状腺肿物的手术治愈率。     

Clinical impact of cervical lymph node involvement and central neck dissection in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 368 cases

The impact of cervical lymph node metastases and the optimal surgical management of the neck in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remain controversial. The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine, in patients with PTC, the predictive factors and the impact on tumor recurrence rate of cervical lymph node involvement, and to evaluate the oncologic results and the morbidity of central neck dissection (CND). We reviewed the records of patients who had undergone surgical treatment for PTC at our institution between 1990 and 2000. A total of 368 patients (86 men and 282 women) were included in this study. Young age (p?=?0.02), tumor size (p?=?0.001) and extrathyroidal tumor extension (p?=?0.003) were significant predictive factors of cervical lymph node metastatic involvement (multivariate analysis). Initial metastatic cervical lymph node involvement was identified as an independent risk factor of tumor recurrence (multivariate analysis, p?=?0.01). Metastatic lymph node(s) were found in prophylactic CND specimens in 31% of the patients. CND increased the risk of postoperative hypocalcemia (p?=?0.008) and of permanent hypoparathyroidism (p?=?0.002). In conclusion, cervical lymph node metastatic involvement at the time of initial surgery is an independent risk factor of tumor recurrence. CND provided an up-staging of more than 30% of patients with a clinically N0 neck, but was associated with significant morbidity regarding parathyroid function.     

甲状腺良性病变手术与喉返神经损伤

目的 探讨甲状腺良性病变的手术致喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN)损伤的主要相关因素。方法回顾分析586例甲状腺良性病变的手术资料,探讨RLN损伤与手术方式、RLN在手术中是否预先分离保护的关系。结果586例手术病人发生RLN损伤者为34例,占5.80％,其中以甲状腺次全切除术RLN受损率最高,占88.24％(30/34);术中明确预先解剖出RLN并予以保护者,术后暂时声带麻痹的发生率为0.91％,无永久性声带麻痹。结论 甲状腺次全切除术RLN损伤率最高,可能与缝合殁体时RLN被误伤有关。术中先行游离RLN并予以保护,缝合甲状腺残体时,应尽量在食管沟平面以上注意保留后包膜的完整是减少医源性RLN损伤的重要措施。     

Long-term outcomes of central neck dissection for cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma

Objective.The risk-benefit ratio of central neck dissection (CND) in patients affected by papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) without clinical or ultrasonographic (US) evidence of neck lymph node metastasis (cN0) is currently debated. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term outcome of CND on locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, survival, and postoperative complications in a large series of patients with cN0-PTC.Study Design.Observational retrospective controlled study.

改良Miccoli术中喉返神经的显露及损伤预防

目的：探讨甲状腺改良Miccoli术中解剖显露喉返神经的方法及预防喉返神经损伤的临床意义。方法：回顾性分析218例行甲状腺改良Miccoli术患者的资料，均在内镜直视下寻找喉返神经并进一步显露直至人喉处，行甲状腺次全切或腺叶全切除。结果：218例患者手术均获成功，无中转开放手术。术中均成功显露颈段喉返神经并保护之。术中、术后病理证实结节性甲状腺肿185例，甲状腺腺瘤8例，甲状腺乳头状微小癌25例。2例甲状腺乳头状微小癌及1例有鼻咽癌放疗史的患者，术后出现暂时性声嘶，3个月内声带活动恢复正常。结论：甲状腺改良Miccoli术中解剖显露喉返神经是该手术顺利进行的关键，是预防喉返神经损伤的有效方法。