中国育龄妇女紧急避孕知晓率及其影响因素分析

目的:探索可能影响紧急避孕知晓率的因素。方法:通过分层整群抽样方法,对全国1 041个点共39 586名育龄妇女进行面对面访问调查,问卷由经过严格培训的调查员填写。通过应用SAS统计软件包对资料进行单因素及二分类多元Logistic回归分析。结果:通过分析,发现育龄妇女年龄、受教育程度、理想子女数、居住地区、采用的避孕方法、丈夫的年龄和民族、是否与妻子讨论避孕方法和是否参加计划生育与生殖健康方面的培训活动、避孕药物的提供、宣传品是否免费以及是否读过和读懂宣传品、宣传品中是否有有关避孕节育和是否看过计划生育录像都是紧急避孕药物知晓率的影响因素。结论:加大宣教力度是提高紧急避孕知晓率最直接和有效的方法,在宣传教育方法的采用上要考虑到当地的经济和文化水平,提高紧急避孕方法的可及性和可利用性。     

社区妇女避孕知识与行为状况调查与分析

目的:了解社区妇女对避孕知识的知晓和行为状况,以便更好地为她们提供计划生育服务和教育,提高避孕节育知情选择的正确率。方法:采用自行设计的调查表,以问卷调查的形式,对385例社区妇女进行问卷调查。结果:各种避孕知识及避孕方法知晓率为86%,行为正确率64%,其中紧急避孕行为正确率偏低。影响避孕知识水平的因素是文化程度的高低和职业。结论:要加大计划生育的宣传、咨询和指导力度,为社区妇女提供多种形式的、有针对性的机会生育优质服务,提高育龄妇女对避孕节育方法,尤其是紧急避孕方法的知晓度,扩大她们对避孕节育方法的选择范围,减少非意愿妊娠的发生。     

流动人口计划生育管理、宣教与服务干预效果分析——外来已婚育龄妇女紧急避孕知识、态度及使用情况

目的 :探讨减少流动人口人工流产率的有效方法。方法 :在上海市闵行区 2个乡镇开展以社区为基础的“以现居地为主”的流动人口计划生育管理、宣教、服务干预对外来已婚育龄妇女紧急避孕知识、态度及使用情况影响的评价。干预前调查实验组 5 18名、对照组336名对象 ;干预后调查实验组 44 0名、对照组 2 63名对象。结果 :干预前实验组和对照组紧急避孕知晓率分别为 9.46%和 7.74% ;干预后实验组和对照组分别为 44 .77%和 12 .93%。干预后实验组愿意采用紧急避孕、认为应该推广紧急避孕的比例也明显高于对照组。多因素 L ogistic回归分析表明 :与干预前对照组相比 ,干预后实验组紧急避孕的知晓率、意愿采用率、意愿推广率均较高 ,OR值分别为 9.788,2 .0 94和 1.871。结论 :开展“以现居地为主”的流动人口管理、宣教、服务干预可以提高外来已婚育龄妇女的紧急避孕知晓率、意愿采用率和意愿推广率 ,并可能因此减少流动人口的非意愿妊娠率和人工流产率     

人工流产妇女避孕知识、避孕方法使用现状及避孕失败原因初探

目的:了解人工流产妇女避孕知识及避孕方法使用现状。方法:对本院519例接受人工流产妇女进行横断面问卷调查。结果:64.9%的妇女本次妊娠是由于未采取避孕措施;35.1%的妇女本次妊娠是由于避孕失败。本次研究中,避孕套(92.7%)和避孕药(90.1%)的知晓率最高,知道避孕套如何正确使用的比率也最高(81.9%)。而避孕膜的知晓率(7.9%)和正确使用率(2.3%)均最低。在168例因避孕失败而导致本次妊娠的育龄女性中,最常用的避孕方法依次是避孕套(41.1%)、避孕药(19.1%)、紧急避孕药(14.3%)、安全期避孕(13.1%)。调查显示:婚姻状况、性伴学历、文化程度、职业、收入因素都对人工流产妇女的避孕知识和既往避孕行为产生不同程度的影响。结论:人工流产妇女对避孕知识的认知程度较低,对很多避孕方法的正确使用也知之甚少,应加强避孕知识的宣传教育,尤其是文化层次较低者和学生中,提高对意外妊娠风险的认识。     

知情选择在避孕节育措施的影响

目的:探讨避孕方法知情选择在已婚育龄妇女避孕节育知识、自愿知情选择避孕方法的影响。方法:对839位育龄妇女采用问卷调查的方法了解其避孕的相关知识,对健康教育后的799人节育措施实施情况进行追踪,并进行相关的统计分析。结果:目标人群有关避孕节育知识的知晓率有不同程度提高;育龄群众能在一定程度上主动选择避孕方法,其避孕方式正朝着多样化方向发展。结论:避孕方法知情选择的健康教育活动,不仅使育龄群众掌握了多种避孕节育知识,同时获取了生殖健康的基本知识,真正实现知情选择,科学避孕。     

塔城市育龄妇女避孕方法知情选择现状调查

目的：了解塔城市育龄妇女避孕方法知情选择情况。方法：采用小组访谈和调查问卷的形式,调查998名塔城市育龄妇女对避孕知情选择的认识和态度情况。结果：避孕知情选择知晓率较低,仅为45．68％。结论：塔城市育龄妇女对避孕方法知情选择的认识有待提高,计划生育人员必须加强宣传教育,以保证育龄妇女的身体健康。     

开展避孕节育优质服务对农村育龄妇女人工流产状况的影响

目的:了解开展避孕节育优质服务后,甘肃省农村已婚育龄妇女人工流产状况的变化。方法:从甘肃省永靖县、临泽县随机选择6个乡镇育龄妇女分为干预组和对照组进行基线调查,于2002年1月起对干预组育龄妇女进行“避孕节育知情选择和计划生育优质服务”系列宣传、教育、培训。终期调查于2004年3月干预措施结束时进行。结果:甘肃省农村已婚育龄妇女在基线和终期调查中,干预组人工流产率分别为4.27%和2.91%,对照组分别为4.04%和3.49%。终期调查干预组不同社会特征育龄妇女人工流产率与对照组比较均无统计学意义,且均低于基线调查时结果。干预组中接受避孕知识宣传材料或培训活动超过3次的育龄妇女,其人工流产率低于对照组。Logistic多元回归结果显示,对紧急避孕知识缺乏了解,文化程度高且理想子女数多者易发生人工流产。结论:开展及加强“避孕节育知情选择”,有利于降低农村已婚育龄妇女的人工流产率,提高生殖健康的水平,维护其身心健康;应进一步加大计划生育优质服务的力度,正确引导农村育龄妇女的避孕行为,降低人工流产率。     

避孕节育咨询与知情选择对农村地区已婚育龄妇女的影响

目的:了解农村地区已婚育龄妇女避孕知识状况并探讨其影响因素。方法:对国家人口和计划生育委员会知情选择项目四个试点县的3 901名 20~49岁已婚育龄妇女的避孕知识状况及其影响因素进行问卷调查,并采用SAS8.2对调查数据进行统计分析。结果:①调查对象的避孕知识综合得分平均为25.44分,50分以上的仅有4.36%。得分最高的避孕方法为宫内节育器(72.17分),最低的为宫颈帽(2.57分)。不同知识类别得分中名称知晓得分和用法得分两者较高,避孕方法原理、优点及缺点得分均较低。②调查对象的避孕知识主要通过培训班、讨论会、咨询(56.17%)的形式从乡镇或村(社区)计生人员处获得(68.21%)。③影响避孕知识得分的因素包括年龄、家庭人均收入、文化程度、对象的咨询状况以及与避孕知情选择有关的知识和态度等。④88.57%的对象认为面对面交流、培训班为获得避孕知识的最佳方式,88.40%的对象认为是乡镇或村(居委会)的计划生育技术人员,是提供避孕知识咨询的最佳人选。结论:农村已婚育龄妇女避孕知识水平较低,亟需通过宣传教育来提高,以期能使知情选择在广大农村育龄妇女中更好地推广。     

宣州市已婚育龄妇女避孕知识状况及其影响因素分析

目的 :了解已婚育龄妇女对避孕知识的掌握程度。方法 :对 70 7例 2 0～ 40岁已婚育龄妇女的避孕知识状况及其影响因素进行了分析。结果 :(1 )大部分对象的避孕知识得分在2 0～ 6 0分之间 ,约占 70 %。得分在 80分以上的对象仅占 1 .6 %。在听说过的各种避孕方法中 ,宫内节育器位居首位 (99.7% ) ,其次是避孕套 (97.2 % )和口服避孕药 (96 .6 % )。(2 )研究对象获得避孕知识的首要途径是书籍和手册 (50 .1 % ) ,其次是咨询医务人员(39.9% )。 (3)影响避孕知识得分的因素包括职业、文化程度、家庭收入、避孕知情选择的知识和态度等     

上海市闵行区已婚流动人口避孕节育知情选择状况分析

目的:了解上海市闵行区已婚流动人口的避孕节育知情选择情况,探讨潜在的影响因素。方法:共招募到1197名流动人口,其中应用避孕措施的对象1032名,采用面对面的结构式问卷调查流动人口的避孕节育知情选择情况,统计分析以χ2检验及Logistic回归分析进行。结果:已婚流动人口对计划生育部门提供的避孕方法以及相关方法的费用知晓情况并不十分理想,虽有超过70%的对象主动听说过宫内节育器和男用避孕套,但对其免费获得的知晓率均只有40%左右。就现用避孕方法的选择,46.12%的流动人口由夫妻双方共同决定,20.83%的对象由本人决定,由计划生育人员决定的比例高达22.67%。CMH检验和Logistic回归分析均显示:流动人口避孕节育知情选择情况受性别、学历及年龄的影响,其中女性、学历越高、年龄越大者更能自主选择避孕方法。CMH检验还显示:不同的流动人口流出地和来到流入地后是否才开始用现用避孕方法对自主选择也存在影响,但多因素分析未显示差异。另外,避孕方法的效果、使用是否方便和获得的容易程度是流动人口选择避孕方法时考虑的主要因素。结论:流动人口的避孕节育知情选择的比例仍较低;对常用避孕方法的知晓率有待提高;避孕节育知情选择工作力度有待进一步加大。     

人工流产妇女紧急避孕知识及其影响因素

目的:了解非意愿妊娠妇女对紧急避孕知识的认知程度。方法:对本院519例接受人工流产妇女进行问卷调查。结果:有效问卷502份,81.9%的妇女有一定的紧急避孕知识,但只有65.5%的妇女曾使用过紧急避孕方法,19.1%的人工流产妇女曾有紧急避孕失败史。多数被调查对象知道的是激素类紧急避孕药(75.6%),但其中只有59.4%的被调查者知道同一周期不能2次及以上使用紧急避孕药;高达46.0%者获取紧急避孕药时未被告知如何使用。妇女的文化程度高、已婚者、曾使用过紧急避孕药及获得紧急避孕药时被告知如何使用者,紧急避孕知识较好。结论:应加强紧急避孕知识的宣教,尤其是未婚、文化程度低者,以减少意外妊娠的发生。     

已婚育龄妇女人工流产史及避孕知识态度和行为现况的相关研究

目的：了解育龄妇女的人工流产史及其原因和有关避孕的知识、态度和行为现状,探讨如何提高避孕知识知晓率和改善相关的态度和行为,以及降低非意愿妊娠率及人工流产率,提高育龄妇女的生殖健康水平。方法：对2012年1月至2013年5月在龙岗区龙城街道计生服务中心行人工流产术的510名已婚已育妇女进行有关人工流产和避孕知识、态度和行为的问卷调查,数据应用SPSS／PC10．0软件进行统计分析。结果：53．5％的妇女有人工流产史,其中人工流产3次及以上者达13．7％;未避孕者占32．6％,避孕失败者占46．8％,其中安全期避孕居首位,占避孕失败者的38．5％,其次放置IUD,占避孕失败者的48．2％。54．8％的人不知道任何一种避孕方法的避孕原理：有49．7％的妇女不知道人工流产手术对身体健康有不良影响;83．5％的人不知道有紧急避孕法。结论：迫切需要加强有关避孕知识的健康教育,并将其作为提供优质生殖健康服务的内容,促进合理有效避孕措施的安全使用,减少非意愿妊娠的发生,避免反复流产给育龄妇女身心带来的损害。     

Women's reproductive autonomy and barriers to contraceptive use in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine through the log-linear model analysis technique the impact of women's reproductive autonomy, spouses' educational background and other factors on the use of contraception in Pakistan. METHODS: Data from the Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey 2000 were used. In this survey a national sample of married women aged 15-49 years (n = 6579) were interviewed. A number of socio-economic, socio-demographic and women's reproductive autonomy variables were taken for the log-linear model fitting and analysis, in order to examine the impact of women's reproductive autonomy on contraceptive use and the factors affecting this latter. RESULTS: On the basis of partial and marginal association tests, two hierarchical log-linear models were selected. The first one concerned women's reproductive autonomy and contraceptive use, the second one analysed factors affecting contraceptive use. Standardized values of the model's parameter estimates showed that women's reproductive autonomy was significantly associated with husband-wife education attainment when they were using contraception. In the second model, contraceptive use was strongly associated with women's education, husband's desire for more children, sex preference for the next child and number of living children. CONCLUSION: An improved husband-wife educational level results in greater reproductive autonomy of the women and an increased use of contraception. The husband's desire for more children, a preference for the sex of the next child, and the woman's poor education attainment level are the main barriers to contraceptive use.     

Knowledge and practices of emergency contraception among Ghanaian women

The use of emergency contraceptives (EC) to prevent unwanted pregnancies when effective contraception has not been used is universally acknowledged. A study looked at the knowledge and practices of emergency contraception in 476 women in the reproductive age in Ghana. Knowledge and usage of EC applied to 57% and 41% of participants, respectively. Knowledge was independent of age (p = 0.26), marital status (p = 0.14) and level of education (p = 0.21). Drugs (85.6%), herbal preparations (14.4%) and douching (43%) were used for emergency contraception. Drugs used included the combined Pill-24.0%, Postinor-28.5% and Norethisterone-43%. Only 44% correctly used drugs as EC. There is a high level of knowledge about EC as well as usage in the country. There is general misuse ofnorethisterone as EC. There is no knowledge in this study population that intrauterine device can be used as EC.     

无痛人工流产者避孕知识与行为的调查

目的:了解无痛人工流产者对避孕知识的知晓程度与实际使用情况及影响因素。方法:采用横断面调查的方法,对因非意愿妊娠而自愿要求无痛人工流产者进行面对面的问卷调查,探究她们对于避孕方法的知与行的异同及其原因,并采用单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归法分析每种避孕方法使用情况的影响因素。结果:在609名无痛人工流产者中,平均年龄为28.3±5.2岁,重复人工流产率为50.1%,首次性生活年龄为22.0±2.8岁。知道≥3种避孕方法者占95%以上。对某种避孕方法,使用者与知晓者的比例总体上从高到低顺序为避孕套(91.0%)、紧急避孕药(71.2%)、安全期(63.3%)、体外排精(58.8%)、杀精剂(21.1%)、口服避孕药(OC)(19.2%)、宫内节育器(IUD)(8.9%);目前使用者与曾经使用者的比例总体上从高到低顺序为安全期(83.4%)、避孕套(79.0%)、体外排精(71.2%)、杀精剂(50.0%)、紧急避孕药(36.1%)、IUD(11.4%)、OC(10.0%)。IUD和OC的停用和不愿使用的比例较高,主要原因是顾虑其副作用。未婚无分娩史者对安全期、体外排精、IUD和OC的知晓率较低,有分娩史者使用安全期、避孕套和IUD的比例最高,使用OC的比例最低;年龄、收入、流产次数对未婚无分娩史者选用避孕方法的影响比较大。结论:妇女对避孕方法的知晓度较高,但多未使用高效的避孕方法,避孕失误多,应加强流产后服务及避孕知情选择工作,指导妇女正确地选择和使用避孕方法,提高避孕效率。     

The profile of emergency contraception users in a chlamydia prevalence study in primary care in Belgium.

INTRODUCTION: We describe the use of emergency contraception (EC) and its association with sociodemographic, contraceptive and behavioural characteristics in a sample of family practice attendants in Belgium. METHODS: The study was part of a large Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) prevalence study in general practice. Sexually active women under 40 who consulted their general practitioner for routine gynaecological care were enrolled in the study. Participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables, urogenital symptoms, sexual history and sexual behaviour, and delivered a sample for CT testing. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify determinants of a history of EC use in women in this sample. RESULTS: Of 815 questioned women, 23.5% had ever used EC. EC users were a heterogeneous group with respect to educational level, age and ethnicity. The use of emergency contraception was associated with the level of urbanisation, condom use, not having children yet, young age of first sexual intercourse, having had multiple partners in the past year, a history of unintended pregnancy, and current or previous STI. DISCUSSION: Information on availability and correct use of EC, and on the need for additional testing for STI, are necessary to help primary care attendees to preserve their future reproductive health.     

Knowledge and Awareness of Emergency Contraception in Adolescents

Study ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to (1) describe the awareness of emergency contraception among adolescent females, (2) identify factors that are associated with accurate knowledge of emergency contraception and (3) describe prior use of emergency contraception among adolescent females.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe study procedures were carried out at Kapiolani Medical Center's Teen Clinic in Honolulu, Hawaii, which is comprised of an ambulatory university-based resident clinic.ParticipantsEnglish-speaking females who were between the ages of 14 and 19 were invited to participate.InterventionsThis study utilized a self-administered, anonymous survey that contained questions regarding emergency contraception as well as questions on reproductive and sexual health.Main Outcome MeasureThe primary outcome was percentage of adolescent women who were aware of emergency contraceptives.ResultsA total of 100 surveys were distributed and collected. Fifty-six percent of respondents had an awareness of emergency contraception and 69.6% of these adolescents were able to correctly list an emergency contraceptive method. Older teens were more likely to have an awareness of emergency contraception but we did not find any other factors that were associated with accurate knowledge of emergency contraception. Adolescents who had used emergency contraception in the past found it to be acceptable.ConclusionsDespite being at high risk for unintended pregnancy, adolescents in this population had lower rates of emergency contraceptive awareness in than has been reported in adults.     

Advance supply of emergency contraception. effect on use and usual contraception--a randomized trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether advance provision of emergency contraception increases its use and/or adversely affects usual contraceptive practices. METHODS: We performed a randomized controlled trial comparing advance provision of emergency contraception with usual care in 370 postpartum women from an inner-city public hospital. Participants were followed for 1 year; 85% were available for at least one follow-up session. All participants received routine contraceptive education. The intervention group received a supply of emergency contraception (eight oral contraceptive pills containing 0.15 mg of levonorgestrel and 30 microg of ethinyl estradiol) and a 5-minute educational session. We compared use of emergency contraception and changes in contraceptive behaviors between groups. RESULTS: Women provided with pills were four times as likely to have used emergency contraception as women in the control group over the course of the year (17% versus 4%; relative risk [RR] 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8, 9.0). Women were no more likely to have changed to a less effective method of birth control (30% versus 33%; RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.63, 1.3), or to be using contraception less consistently (18% versus 25%; RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.45, 1.2). About half of each group reported at least one episode of unprotected intercourse during follow-up, but women who received emergency contraception were six times as likely to have used it (25% versus 4%; RR 5.8; 95% CI 2.1, 16.4). CONCLUSION: Advance provision of emergency contraception significantly increased use without adversely affecting use of routine contraception. It is safe and appropriate to provide emergency contraception to all postpartum women before discharge from the hospital.     

Awareness of hormonal emergency contraception among married women in a Kuwaiti family social network

OBJECTIVE: Awareness and use of hormonal emergency contraception are not known in the Arab world. This study investigated awareness and perceptions of hormonal emergency contraception among women within a Kuwaiti extended family and their social contacts. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire which was distributed to 66 married women within a Kuwaiti family's social network. The questionnaire provided a short explanation of hormonal emergency contraception and then elicited the respondent's prior awareness, concerns and perception on future availability. RESULTS: The mean (S.D.) age of the respondents was 35.1 (6.3) years. Over 30% were currently using oral contraceptives; 28% were using no contraceptive method. Four women (6.1%) had heard of hormonal emergency contraception before, one had used it. Most respondents (65.2%) would not use or inform a friend about hormonal emergency contraception. Main concerns were risks to the health of the woman (83.3%) or the baby (54.5%) or that it was abortifacient (21.2%). However, 90.9% of respondents wanted hormonal emergency contraception to be available. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of hormonal emergency contraception is low among Kuwaiti women. Despite some concerns, they feel it should be made available. Health care providers and policymakers should address this situation.     

Women's reproductive autonomy and barriers to contraceptive use in Pakistan

Objective To determine through the log-linear model analysis technique the impact of women's reproductive autonomy, spouses' educational background and other factors on the use of contraception in Pakistan.

Methods Data from the Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey 2000 were used. In this survey a national sample of married women aged 15–49 years (n = 6579) were interviewed. A number of socio-economic, socio-demographic and women's reproductive autonomy variables were taken for the log-linear model fitting and analysis, in order to examine the impact of women's reproductive autonomy on contraceptive use and the factors affecting this latter.

Results On the basis of partial and marginal association tests, two hierarchical log-linear models were selected. The first one concerned women's reproductive autonomy and contraceptive use, the second one analysed factors affecting contraceptive use. Standardized values of the model's parameter estimates showed that women's reproductive autonomy was significantly associated with husband-wife education attainment when they were using contraception. In the second model, contraceptive use was strongly associated with women's education, husband's desire for more children, sex preference for the next child and number of living children.

Conclusion An improved husband-wife educational level results in greater reproductive autonomy of the women and an increased use of contraception. The husband's desire for more children, a preference for the sex of the next child, and the woman's poor education attainment level are the main barriers to contraceptive use.