乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的可行性及临床应用价值

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结(sentinel Iymph node,SLN)定位和活检(SLNB)的可行性及其对预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结(axillary lymph node,ALN)转移的准确性。方法 对52例临床查体及B超检测ALN阴性的乳腺癌患者,术中在肿瘤周围注射亚甲蓝进行SLN定位和活检。对常规病理检查阴性的SLN再行免疫组化检测。结果 SLNB的检出成功率为92.3％(48/52),准确率为97.9％,假阴性率为4.8％,敏感度为95.2％,特异度为100％。SLN是惟一被证实有肿瘤转移的淋巴结者占66.7％(14/21)。免疫组化检测使SLN肿瘤转移的阳性率提高了4.1％。结论乳腺癌SLNB技术是可行的,应用亚甲蓝淋巴定位方法进行的SLNB可以准确预测临床及B超检查ALN阴性的乳腺癌患者的ALN转     

不同分子分型1～2枚前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌免行腋窝淋巴结清扫的多因素分析

目的探讨不同分子分型1～2枚前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph nodes,SLNs）阳性乳腺癌免行腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）的临床病理因素,并为临床精准化提供依据。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2018年6月274例就诊于内蒙古医科大学附属医院和内蒙古医科大学附属人民医院经病理证实的乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料,采用单因素及Logistic多因素分析筛选1～2枚SLN阳性但非前哨淋巴结（nonsentinel lymph node,NSLN）转移率较低的患者,同时明确其与不同分子分型的关系。结果274例1～2枚SLN阳性乳腺癌患者中,NSLN转移率为36.9%（101/274）。HER-2阳性（HR阳性）患者NSLN转移率最高, 占55.3%（21/38）;三阴性乳腺癌（triple negative breast cancer,TNBC）患者中NSLN转移率最低,占18.5%（5/27）。Luminal B型（HER-2阴性）乳腺癌患者的NSLN转移率明显高于Luminal A型（P=0.010）和TNBC患者（P=0.011）;HER-2阳性（HR阳性）乳腺癌患者的NSLN转移率明显高于Luminal A型（P=0.002）和TNBC患者（P=0.003）。 Logistic多因素分析显示,SLN转移数目（OR=4.022, 95%CI为2.348～6.889,P<0.001）,SLN检测（OR=3.846, 95%CI为1.541～9.600,P=0.004）,组织学分级（P<0.001）和分子分型（P=0.004）是1～2枚SLN阳性乳腺癌NSLN转移的独立影响因素。结论Luminal B型（HER-2阴性）和HER-2阳性（HR阳性）患者的NSLN阳性率较高,SLN转移数目、SLN检测、组织学分级和分子分型是NSLN转移的独立影响因素。      

染色法乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床应用价值

[目的]探讨染色法乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)活检对腋淋巴结(axillary lymph node,ALN)转移预测的准确性.[方法]采用亚甲蓝染色法对50例乳腺癌行腋窝蓝染淋巴结活检,后行常规腋窝淋巴结清扫,两标本均送病理检查.[结果]全组50例患者检出SLN 48例,2例未找到SLN,检出率为96%(48/50);SLN与ALN病理检查完全符合者47例,准确率为97.9%(47/48);灵敏度为88.9%(8/9);假阴性率为11.1%(1/9).[结论]前哨淋巴结活检能准确预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结状态,亚甲蓝染色法可以成功确定SLN.     

前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者非前哨淋巴结转移的影响因素分析

目的 前哨淋巴结活检术(sentinel lymph nodes biopsy,SLNB)已经广泛应用于乳腺癌外科治疗,临床发现部分转移淋巴结仅局限于前哨淋巴结.本研究分析前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph nodes,SLN)阳性乳腺癌患者非前哨淋巴结(non-sentinel lymph nodes,NSLN)转移的影响因素,从而避免不必要的腋窝淋巴结清除(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND).方法 回顾性分析聊城市人民医院乳腺外科2013-07-1-2015-06-30 SLNB阳性行ALND的77例女性乳腺癌患者临床病理资料,分析NSLN转移的影响因素.结果 在SIN清除个数≥4个的情况下,单因素分析发现阳性SLN≥2个(x2=10.109,P=0.01)以及LuminalB型患者(x2=6.442,P=0.02)发生NSLN转移的风险高.Logistic回归进行多因素分析发现,阳性SLN≥2个是影响NSLN转移的独立危险因素(OR=207.833,95％ CI为1.430～30 201.980,P=0.036).结论 阳性SLN数和分子亚型是影响NSLN转移的危险因素,阳性SLN≥2个是影响NSLN转移的独立危险因素.     

前哨淋巴结阳性早期乳腺癌患者非前哨淋巴结阳性预测因素

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨前哨淋巴结( sentinel lymph node,SLN)阳性早期乳腺癌患者非前哨淋巴结转移的预测因素。［方法］ 回顾性分析2010年7月至2017年8月河南省肿瘤医院578例SLN阳性乳腺癌患者的临床病例资料。通过术中印片及术后连续切片HE染色检测SLN。［结果］ 全组女性非前哨淋巴结阳性率为38.4%。单因素分析显示,阳性SLN数目（χ2=70.114,P=0.001）、阴性SLN数目（χ2=49.095,P<0.001）及Ki67表达水平（χ2=6.924,P=0.009）与非前哨淋巴结转移相关。多因素分析显示,阳性SLN数目(OR=2.076,95％CI：1.686~2.556,P<0.001)、阴性SLN数目(OR=0.673,95％CI：0.586~0.773,P<0.001)和Ki67表达水平(OR=1.807,95％CI：1.150~2.840,P=0.010)是非前哨淋巴结转移的独立预测因素。［结论］ 阳性SLN数目、阴性SLN数目和Ki67表达是乳腺癌非前哨淋巴结转移的独立预测因素。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床探讨

目的:评估乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检(Senital lymph node biopsy SLNB)对预测腋窝淋巴结转移状态的价值及其临床意义.方法:临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期原发女性乳腺癌41例,体检无腋淋巴结肿大或虽有肿大而估计非转移性.术中在原发肿瘤周围注射亚甲蓝示踪定位,行SLNB和腋淋巴结清扫(Axillary lymph node dissection ALND).术后对全部前哨淋巴结(SLN)和腋淋巴结(ALN)行常规病理检查.结果:41例中检出SLN者32例,检出率为78.0%.其中N0组25例准确度为96.0%:阳性预测符合率100%;假阴性0例,阴性预测符合率100%.N1组7例准确度仅57.1%,假阴性2例,阴性预测符合率0.结论:应用亚甲蓝示踪定位SLNB,能准确预测(T1、T2)N0M0乳腺癌患者的转移状态,宜于推广应用.     

1枚前哨淋巴结阳性早期乳腺癌保腋窝的可行性分析

目的探讨1枚前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）阳性的早期乳腺癌患者保腋窝（omitting axillary dissection,OAD）的可行性。方法用美蓝作为示踪剂先行乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）,根据快速冰冻病理结果分为SLN阴性组与1枚SLN阳性组,随后两组均行常规腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）以解剖出非前哨淋巴结（non—sentinellymphnode,NSLN）,比较两组间NSLN的阳性率。结果SLN阴性组30例,1例NSLN阳性,阳性率为3．3％,准确性为96．7％（29／30）;1枚SLN阳性组30例,仅3例NSLN阳性,阳性率为10．0％;两组阳性率差异无统计学意义（X^2=1．071,P=0．612）。全组随访1～48个月,均无区域淋巴结复发。结论1枚SLN阳性的早期乳腺癌患者可考虑OAD。     

临床淋巴结阳性新辅助治疗后腋窝降阶处理的研究进展

在优效系统治疗和精准放疗的时代背景下，乳腺癌新辅助治疗（neoadjuvant treatment,NAT）有助于乳房肿瘤降期实现保乳和腋窝降期，使患者豁免腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）。目前，在临床腋窝淋巴结阳性的患者中，人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)阳性和三阴性乳腺癌（triplenegativebreastcancer,TNBC）亚型接受NAT后可达到较高的腋窝病理学完全缓解率（axillarynodalpathologiccomplete response,apCR），有望实现腋窝局部降阶梯处理，相关指南与专家共识推荐初始临床淋巴结阴性（clinicallymphnode negative,cN0）的患者NAT后前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）阴性可行前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）替代ALND,NAT后SLN存在较低肿瘤残留负荷的患者可考虑放疗替代ALND。初始...     

前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌病人中的应用

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结（sentined lymph node,SLN）定位和活检（SLNB）及其对预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结（axillary lymph node,ALN）转移的准确性。方法 对本院自2004年6月至2006年6月收治的56例乳腺癌病人进行回顾,56例病人临床分期均为TmNoMo,术中在肿瘤周围或活检腔的正常乳腺组织皮下注射美蓝,进行SLN定位和活检。结果 SLNB的检出成功率为91．07％（51／56）,准确性为92．16％（47／51）,灵敏度为94．12％（32／34）,假阴性率为5．88％（2／34）,特异性为89．47％（17／19）。结论 用美蓝作SLN定位进行SLNB能准确预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结（ALN）转移状态。     

美蓝法乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的手术配合

目的：探讨美蓝法乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检技术（Sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNB）的可行性及其与手术的配合。方法：本组32例T1、T2患者均先行乳腺区段切除，送快速冰冻病理活检，回报确诊为乳腺癌后于术中应用美蓝行前哨淋巴结活检，同时进行腋淋巴结清扫（Axillary lymph node dissection．ALND）。术后对全部前哨淋巴结（SLN）和腋淋巴结（ALN）行常规病理检查。结果：32例中检出SLN者29例，检出率为90．63％（29／32），本组准确率为84．38％（27／32）；灵敏度为91．67％（11／12），即预测符合率；假阴性率为16．67％（2／12）；假阳性率为0。结论：应用美蓝示踪定位SLNB，能准确预测T1、T2乳腺癌患者的腋淋巴结转移状况，与手术配合易于控制活检的时间，成功率较高。     

Superficial lymph node infarction

Suerficial lymph node necrosis is an unusual pathologic diagnosis encountered in clinical practice. When seen it is usually indicative of involvement of the affected lymph nodes with either metastatic cancer or lymphoma. Occasionally it has been associated with hypersensitivity phenomena with arteriolar involvement. The underlying etiology in all of these instances is extensive occlusion of the rich vascular supply to the node. Rarely cases are seen where no clear-cut etiology can be found. Ten such cases have been reported in the medical literature including the case published in this report. Its occurrence, however, may be more common than previously recognized. Preoperatively it is usually not possible to distinguish this entity from the other diagnoses for which it is generally mistaken. These other diagnoses most commonly include femoral hernia and mass in the axillary tail of the breast. The patient reported here is unusual in regard to the size of the lesion encountered. In other published reports very few lymph nodes were involved. In this case extensive involvement of a large mass of nodes was noted. Once the diagnosis is made limited work-up as well as further close observation is important since it may herald the occurrence of a lymphoproliferative disorder.     

Lymphoscintigraphic drainage of acral limb skin to interval sentinel lymph nodes in healthy subjects

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the literature, drainage to epitrochlear and popliteal sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) are analyzed for whole or distal extremity (below elbow or knee) melanomas that are not topographically homogeneous with respect to tendency of drainage to interval SLNs. We hypothesize that acral (hand and foot) skin has a uniform frequency of drainage to interval SLNs, which is higher than reported for distal extremity melanomas. METHODS: One hundred healthy subjects were enrolled. Fifty subjects had standard four extremity lymphoscintigraphies by radiocolloid injection into an interdigital web space as in lymphodynamic studies. On another 50 subjects, either targeted upper (n = 25) or lower (n = 25) extremity lymphoscintigraphies were performed utilizing injection sites that likely drain to interval SLNs. Acral skin drainage to interval SLNs was analyzed for interindividual variability and injection site dependence. RESULTS: There was considerable interindividual variability in drainage of each injection site to interval SLNs. Hand skin had a uniform 50% frequency of drainage to epitrochlear-midhumeral SLNs with both injection sites. This frequency was higher than the epitroclear SLN frequencies reported for distal extremity melanomas. Foot skin had 10% and 90% frequencies of drainage to popliteal SLNs from standard and targeted injection sites, respectively. Foot skin largely simulates the tendency of drainage reported for distal extremity melanomas while lateral heel represents a limited zone that almost uniformly drains to popliteal SLNs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite dissimilarities between hand and foot, acral skin drainage to interval SLNs is high enough to obligate a thorough interval SLN exploration in acral primaries.     

The management of clinically suspicious para-aortic lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer: A systematic review

Approximately 1%–2% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) develop para-aortic lymph node (PALN) metastases, which are typically considered markers of systemic disease, and are associated with a poor prognosis. The utility of PALN dissection (PALND) in patients with CRC is of ongoing debate and only small-scale retrospective studies have been published on this topic to date. This systematic review aimed to determine the utility of resecting PALN metastases with the primary outcome measure being the difference in survival outcomes following either surgical resection or non-resection of these metastases. A comprehensive systematic search was undertaken to identify all English-language papers on PALND in the PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases. The search results identified a total of 12 eligible studies for analysis. All studies were either retrospective cohort studies or case series. In this systematic review, PALND was found to be associated with a survival benefit when compared to non-resection. Metachronous PALND was found to be associated with better overall survival as compared to synchronous PALND, and the number of PALN metastases (2 or fewer) and a pre-operative carcinoembryonic antigen level of <5 was found to be associated with a better prognosis. No PALND-specific complications were identified in this review. A large-scale prospective study needs to be conducted to definitively determine the utility of PALND. For the present, PALND should be considered within a multidisciplinary approach for patients with CRC, in conjunction with already established treatment regimens.     

Meta‐analysis of sentinel lymph node positivity in thin melanoma (≤1 mm)

BACKGROUND:

Despite the lack of an established survival benefit of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy, this technique has been increasingly applied in the staging of thin (≤1 mm) melanoma patients, without clear evidence to support this recommendation. The authors performed a meta‐analysis to estimate the risk, potential predictors, and outcome of SLN positivity in this group of patients.

METHODS:

MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for rates of SLN positivity in patients with thin melanoma. The methodologic quality of included studies was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non‐Randomized Studies criteria. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q statistic, and publication bias was examined through funnel plot and the Begg and Mazumdar method. Overall SLN positivity in thin melanoma patients was estimated using the DerSimonial‐Laird random effect method.

RESULTS:

Thirty‐four studies comprising 3651 patients met inclusion criteria. The pooled SLN positivity rate was 5.6%. Significant heterogeneity among studies was detected (P = .005). There was no statistical evidence of publication bias (P = .21). Eighteen studies reported select clinical and histopathologic data limited to SLN‐positive patients (n = 113). Among the tumors from these patients, 6.1% were ulcerated, 31.5% demonstrated regression, and 47.5% were Clark level IV/V. Only 4 melanoma‐related deaths were reported.

CONCLUSIONS:

Relatively few patients with thin melanoma have a positive SLN. To the authors' knowledge, there are no clinical or histopathologic criteria that can reliably identify thin melanoma patients who might benefit from this intervention. Given the increasing diagnosis of thin melanoma, in addition to the cost and potential morbidity of this procedure, alternative strategies to identify patients at risk for lymph node disease are needed. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.     

200 Sentinel lymph node biopsies without axillary lymph node dissection -- no axillary recurrences after a 3-year follow-up

The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of axillary recurrences in sentinel lymph node (SLN)-negative breast cancer patients after sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone without further axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Between May 1999 and February 2002, 333 consecutive patients with primary invasive breast cancer up to 4 cm and clinically negative axillae were entered into this prospective study. Sentinel lymph nodes were identified using the combined method with blue dye (Patent blue V) and technetium 99m-labelled albumin (Nanocoll). Sentinel lymph nodes were examined by frozen sections, standard haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining. In SLN-positive patients, ALND was performed. Sentinel lymph node-negative patients had no further ALND. The SLN identification rate was 98.5% (328 out of 333). In all, 128 out of 328 (39.0%) patients had positive SLNs and complete ALND. A total of 200 out of 328 (61.0%) patients were SLN negative and had no further ALND. The mean tumour size of SLN-negative patients was 16.5 mm. The mean number of SLNs removed was 2.1 per patient. There were no local or axillary recurrences at a median follow-up of 36 months. The absence of axillary recurrences after SLNB without ALND in SLN-negative breast cancer patients supports the hypothesis that SLNB is accurate and safe while providing less surgical morbidity than ALND. Short-term results are very promising that SLNB without ALND in SLN-negative patients is an excellent procedure for axillary staging in a cohort of breast cancer patients with small tumours.     

Early (sentinel lymph node biopsy‐guided) versus delayed lymphadenectomy in melanoma patients with lymph node metastases

BACKGROUND:

It is debated whether patients with melanoma who undergo lymphadenectomy after a positive sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy (SNB) have a better prognosis compared with patients who are treated for clinically evident disease.

METHODS:

The records of 190 patients with cutaneous melanoma who underwent radical lymph node dissection after a positive SNB (completion lymph node dissection [CLND]; n = 100) or who had clinically evident lymph node metastasis (therapeutic lymph node dissection [TLND]; n = 90) were analyzed. Moreover, the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies that investigated the survival impact of SNB‐guided CLND compared with TLND for clinically evident disease. Standard meta‐analysis methods were used to calculate the overall treatment effect across eligible studies.

RESULTS:

In the authors' series, tumor characteristics did not differ significantly between patients who underwent CLND and those who underwent TLND. After a median follow‐up of 52.6 months, the 5‐year overall survival rate did not differ significantly between CLND patients and TLND patients (68.9% vs 50.4%, respectively; log‐rank test; P = .17). In contrast, a meta‐analysis of 6 studies (n = 2633) that addressed this issue (including the authors' own series) indicated that there was a significantly higher risk of death for patients who underwent TLND compared with that for patients who underwent CLND (hazard ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.28‐2.00; P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although no significant survival difference was observed in either series, the pooling of summary data from all the studies that dealt with this issue suggested that SNB‐guided CLND is associated with a significantly better outcome compared with TLND for clinically evident lymph node disease. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

直肠癌行侧方淋巴结清扫52例临床分析

目的探讨中下段直肠癌的侧方淋巴结转移情况。方法对1996年6月至2004年8月间行传统直肠癌根治术加盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫术的52例中下段直肠癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组侧方淋巴结转移率9.62%(5/52)。有侧方淋巴结转移者多为浸润型和溃疡型,肿瘤较大占1/2肠周以上(直径>4 cm),肿瘤浸润全层并有局部外侵,分化差的低分化及黏液腺癌及年龄<50岁。结论应有选择性地对溃疡型或浸润型、肿瘤较大及分化差的中下段直肠癌患者行侧方淋巴结清扫术。     

子宫内膜癌前哨淋巴结的研究进展

子宫内膜癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,分期手术为全子宫切除+双侧输卵管卵巢切除+盆腔和(或)腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除。绝大部分患者诊断时尚处早期,病情仅局限于子宫,淋巴结转移风险小,若行系统性淋巴结切除术,可能未改善患者的生存状况,反而增加了术后并发症。前哨淋巴结活检可检测肿瘤区域的淋巴结转移情况并评估预后,适合子宫内膜癌早期患者,可避免过大的手术范围,提高生存质量。随着淋巴解剖、定位技术、病理评估等不断改善,前哨淋巴结的识别率以及淋巴结转移的检出率不断提高,能够更加精准地指导手术治疗。