低剂量照射对K562细胞凋亡、MMP及Caspase-3活性影响的实验研究

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨低剂量照射及低剂量联合大剂量照射对人红白血病细胞系K562凋亡、线粒体膜电位（MMP）变化及Caspase-3活性的影响及其可能机制。［方法］ 实验分成4组：对照组(0Gy)、低剂量照射组(0.08Gy、0.2Gy、0.5Gy、0.8Gy,LDR组)、大剂量照射组(6Gy,HDR组)及低剂量联合大剂量照射组(0.08Gy/6Gy、0.2Gy/6Gy、0.5Gy/6Gy、0.8Gy/6Gy,LDR/HDR组),体外培养K562,取对数生长期细胞分瓶分组分别给予不同剂量的6MV-X射线照射;照射后按不同时间点收集细胞,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡及照射后24h细胞MMP(△Ψm)的变化,酶标仪检测照射后24h Caspase-3活性(A405nmOD值)变化。［结果］ LDR后48h凋亡增加(P＜0.05),96h达峰值(P＜0.01),且随照射剂量增大而增加,0.5Gy及0.8Gy剂量组最高(P＜0.01);LDR/HDR后24h凋亡增加(P＜0.05),持续至96~120h达峰值(P＜0.01),以0.5Gy/6Gy及0.8Gy/6Gy组凋亡最高,较对照组及HDR组比较差异均有统计学意义。LDR 24h后K562的△Ψm下降,LDR/HDR组△Ψm亦明显下降,以0.5Gy、0.8Gy、0.5Gy/6Gy及0.8Gy/6Gy组下降更明显(P<0.05)。LDR 24h后Caspase-3活性增强(P＜0.05);LDR/HDR 24h后,Caspase-3活性进一步增强(P＜0.05)。［结论］ LDR能诱导K562凋亡,LDR有增强HDR对K562的凋亡作用;LDR后24h MMP下降及Caspase-3活性增强,且早于凋亡的增加,其可能机制为LDR增加K562细胞线粒体膜通透性,使MMP下降,Caspase-3活性增强,激活Caspase-3级联反应而启动线粒体凋亡途径。     

6MV-X射线对肝癌细胞凋亡及周期分布的影响

目的:研究人肝癌细胞接受不同剂量或时间的6MV-X线照射后,对细胞凋亡和周期进程的影响。方法:用流式细胞术检测6MV-X线照射4Gy后不同时间以及不同剂量6MV-X线照射后24h HepG2和PLC/PRF/5两种细胞的细胞凋亡和周期分布状况。结果:4Gy 6MV-X线照射后24h,HepG2细胞凋亡率高于PLC/PRF/5细胞,分别为(7.61±0.77)%和(5.63±0.87)%(P<0.05),且随时间和剂量增加,差异越显著;HepG2细胞受4Gy照射后12h,G0/G1期比例下降,为(40.56±1.59)%,后逐渐上升,G2/M期比例增高,为(13.28±1.02)%,随后逐渐下降;2-6Gy照射24h后,G0/G1期比例逐渐上升,G2/M期比例逐渐下降;PLC/PRF/5细胞G2/M期比例在照射后24h阻滞最明显(22.11±1.48)%,后逐渐降低,随照射剂量增加而增大。结论:2-6Gy 6MV-X线照射可诱导HepG2与PLC/PRF/5细胞凋亡,并改变周期进程,HepG2细胞发生G1和G2期阻滞,PLC/PRF/5发生G2期阻滞。     

表皮生长因子受体单克隆抗体C225对肺鳞癌细胞系放射增敏作用研究

目的 观察表皮生长因子受体单克隆抗体C225与60Co γ线对人肺鳞癌细胞系(H-520)的杀伤作用,探讨C225联合照射治疗非小细胞肺癌的可行性.方法 细胞成克隆实验中单纯照射(对照组)和照射+100 nmol/L C225组(实验组)给予0、1…2 4 6、8、10 Gy照射,培养10 d后计数≥50个细胞克隆.采用多靶单击模型进行数据处理,拟合细胞存活曲线,计算增敏比(D.值比).细胞凋亡实验均照射0、2、4、8 Gy后继续培养72 h,收集细胞,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡.细胞周期检测设对照组(不处理)、C225组(100 nmol/L)、照射组(8 Gy照射)和C225联合照射组(100 nmol/LC225+8 Gy),照后48 h收集细胞,流式细胞仪检测周期分布.结果 细胞克隆存活实验结果表明,扣除C225毒性影响后实验组存活分数比对照组低(F=6.36,P＜0.05),增敏比为1. 35.细胞凋亡实验结果显示,C225组4个剂量点凋亡百分率分别为13.75%±0.83%、25.12%±1.60%、46.12%.4-2.60%、50.51%±4.06%,对照组的分别为5.56%±0.62%、13.86%±0.80%、25.36%±1.02%、29.89%±2.09%(F=4.72,P＜0.05).细胞周期分布显示100 nmo//L C225可使细胞阻滞于G0+G1期,单纯照射阻滞于G2+M期,两者联合后同时出现G0+G1、G2+M期阻滞,三者均使S期细胞比例下降.结论 C225对H-520细胞具有放射增敏作用,其机制可能与细胞G0+G1期阻滞和诱发凋亡有关;结果 为临床上二者联合治疗非小细胞肺癌提供了理论基础.     

人鼻咽癌顺铂耐药细胞系建立及其与凋亡关系的研究

目的:建立耐顺铂(DDP)人鼻咽鳞癌耐药细胞系HNE1/DDP,探讨其与凋亡的关系.方法:以DDP为诱导刺,采用浓度递增法诱导建立人鼻咽癌耐药细胞系HNE1/DDP,测定药物敏感性,绘制细胞生长曲线和分析细胞周期分布,TUNEL法测定凋亡指数,免疫细胞化学法检测凋亡相关蛋白p53、Bc1-2和Bax的表达.结果:成功建立DDP耐药细胞系HNE1/DDP,耐药指数为5.57;细胞增殖减慢,倍增时间较亲代延长(41.85h vs 37.44h),P=0.035;细胞周期分布改变,G0/G1期细胞增多,S期、G2/M期细胞减少;TUNEL法显示,耐药细胞较亲本细胞凋亡减少,凋亡细胞指数分别为3.80±0.26和21.43±0.11,x2=13.211,P=0.001;免疫细胞化学法显示,其Bax表达减少,阳性细胞指数分别为1.52±0.16和16.05±5.11,x2=11.966,P=0.001.结论:建立了稳定的人鼻咽癌耐药细胞系HNE1/DDP,其耐药机制与凋亡减少有关.     

人鼻咽癌放射抗拒细胞株建立及其细胞周期的观察

-2R的存活率大于CNE-2(89.0% vs 71.7%),P=0.001;细胞分布周期改变,CNE-2R的S期比例增高,G0/G1和G2/M期细胞减少,χ2=7.312,P=0.034; CNE-2R在照射后12～36 h出现明显的G2/M期阻滞,亲本CNE-2仅在照射后12～24 h G2/M期略有增加.结论:人鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2经间歇性大剂量γ射线多次照射后得到的CNE-2R具有稳定放射抗拒性,并且显示出与亲代不同的细胞周期特征.     

c-erbB-2-siRNA对结肠癌HT-29细胞放射敏感性影响的研究

目的:观察单纯放射及放射联合应用siRNA对细胞增殖、细胞周期、凋亡和放射增敏性的影响.方法:分别用X射线单纯放射和放射合并转染c-erbB-2-siRNA质粒的结肠癌细胞(分别分为3组pGenesil-erbB-2实验组、阴性质粒对照组和转染试剂对照组),MTT法、平板克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖和放射敏感性,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和凋亡.结果:6、8GyX射线照射组较0、2和4 Gy组的吸光度A值分别为0.314±0.035、0.117±0.009和0.721±0.044、0.608±0.018、0.584±0.041,6、8 Gy组显著低于0、2和4 Gy组,P=0.000 1;放射合并c-erbB-2-siRNA组在0、2、4、6和8 Gy照射组的吸光度A值分别为0.741±0.024、0.611±0.071、0.538±0.041、0.245±0.029和0.117±0.011,均显著低于其他两组,P=0.000 1.4、6、8组和0、2 Gy组G2/M期细胞数分别为12.19±0.41、15.02±0.38、18.56±0.94及6.50±0.43、5.26±0.71,前者显著高于后者,P=0.000 1;4 Gy X射线照射合并c-erbB-2-siRNA组、转染试剂对照组及阴性质粒对照组G0/G1期细胞数分别为79.93±0.79、69.34±1.17和69.40±0.84,实验组显著高于其他两组,P=0.000 1.0、2、4、6和8 GyX射线照射诱导HT-29细胞发生凋亡的无明显差别,P=0.065;4 Gy X射线照射合并c-erbB-2-siRNA组、阴性质粒对照组和转染试剂对照组的细胞凋亡率分别为19.21±3.54、6.82±0.74和7.56±0.35,实验组显著高于其他两组,P=0.000 1.放射合并c-erbB-2-siRNA组的放射增敏比为1.283和1.242,均＞1.结论:放射联合应用c-erbB-2-siRNA对结肠癌HT-29细胞具有抑制细胞增殖、诱导凋亡和放射增敏作用.     

去氢木香内酯对慢性粒细胞白血病K562细胞增殖的影响及其机制

目的探讨去氢木香内酯对慢性粒细胞白血病细胞株K562细胞增殖的影响及其机制。方法用不同浓度去氢木香内酯作用于对数生长期的K562细胞,采用瑞特-吉姆萨染色观察细胞形态,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞周期、凋亡情况及细胞表面分化抗原CD14和CD11b表达,蛋白质印迹法检测JAK-STAT通路、细胞凋亡及细胞周期相关蛋白表达。结果不同浓度(4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0、12.0μmol/L)去氢木香内酯作用24h均能抑制K562细胞增殖,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(F=109.510,P<0.05)。5.0、10.0μmol/L去氢木香内酯作用24h后,K562细胞凋亡率分别为(16.1±3.8)%、(29.6±4.3)%,较对照组的(3.1±0.5)%升高(F=83.255,P<0.05)。5.0、10.0μmol/L去氢木香内酯作用24h后,K562细胞的G2/M期细胞比例分别为(17.0±3.2)%、(28.8±3.9)%,较对照组的(9.1±2.3)%升高(F=161.598,P<0.05);S期细胞比例分别为(48.1±3.9)%、(61.0±5.4)%,较对照组的(39.6±3.6)%升高(F=192.356,P<0.05)。2.5、5.0μmol/L去氢木香内酯作用72h后,K562细胞的CD14表达率分别为(28.6±3.9)%、(41.1±4.4)%,较对照组的(3.1±0.5)%升高(F=132.811,P<0.05);K562细胞的CD11b表达率分别为(42.4±5.0)%、(61.2±5.7)%,较对照组的(4.2±1.1)%升高(F=179.553,P<0.05)。去氢木香内酯能够降低JAK2、STAT5、cyclinE、CDK2、cyclinA、CDC25C、cyclinB1、CDK1及bcl-2蛋白表达,上调p21及bax蛋白的表达。结论去氢木香内酯能够抑制慢性粒细胞白血病K562细胞增殖,可能是通过细胞周期阻滞、诱导凋亡及分化而实现的。     

电离辐射对食管癌细胞周期及MDC1、53BP1蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察60Co γ射线照射后食管癌细胞周期、细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白表达的变化,为食管癌放射治疗、靶向治疗提供理论依据。方法 食管癌细胞株TE 13进行不同剂量（0、1、2、5、10、15Gy）照射后,应用流式细胞术分别检测照射后1、2、12、24和48h细胞周期和凋亡指数的变化;同时采用Western blot方法检测MDC1和53BP1蛋白表达情况。结果 TE 13细胞照射后12、24、48h,TE 13细胞的G0/G1期、G2/M期和S期的变化呈现明显剂量依赖性,1Gy和2Gy照射后12h,细胞G2/M期阻滞开始出现;5、10、15Gy照射后24h,细胞G2/M期阻滞最为明显,与对照组（0Gy组）相比,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;15Gy照射后12h、24、48h,TE 13细胞的凋亡增加非常显著（P<0.01）;不同剂量照射后1、2、24h,TE 13细胞MDC1和53BP1蛋白表达未见明显变化（P>0.05）。结论 TE 13细胞经不同剂量放射线照射后,细胞周期出现明显的G2/M期阻滞,细胞凋亡指数明显增加,但对MDC1和53BP1蛋白表达未见明显影响。     

塞来昔布对人鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞生长抑制及放射增敏研究

目的 研究塞来昔布对人鼻咽癌细胞系CNE-2细胞生长影响及有无放射增敏作用.方法 (1)细胞生长抑制研究:用MTT法检测细胞生长抑制,流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布及凋亡,透射电子显微镜观察细胞凋亡形态,SP法检测细胞COX-2表达.(2)放射增敏研究:随机设置照射对照、药物对照、单纯照射、药物+照射组,其中成克隆实验单次照射2、4、6、8、10 Gy,细胞周期分布和凋亡实验单次照射6 Gy.结果 塞来昔布显著抑制CNE-2细胞生长并呈浓度和时间依赖性,IC50为80 μmol/L.细胞周期分布显示G0+G1期细胞显著升高(47.03±2.76:56.17±1.95,t=4.68,P=0.010),而S、G2+M期细胞明显下降(33.07±1.86:24.87±1.76,t=5.54,P=0.010;19.30±0.53:17.73±0.83.t=2.75,P=0.050)并呈浓度依赖性.凋亡率显著增高(1.57±0.47:10.47±0.31,t=27.39,P=0.000)并呈浓度依赖性.电镜观察到细胞皱缩、核质浓缩、核碎裂等凋亡形态学改变.SP法检测塞来昔布显著下调CNE-2中COX-2表达[17.48±0.34、12.82±0.51(t=13.20,P=0.00)].塞来昔布的放射增敏比(D0值比为1.74:1.52)为1.15.4个组别细胞周期分布结果 显示单纯照射、药物+照射组的G2+M期细胞明显高于照射对照、药物对照组(68.00±1.65、54.27±5.74、17.60±0.80、14.86±1.23,t=47.70,P=0.000;t=11.63,P=0.000),且单纯照射与药物+照射组间也不同(t=3.99,P=0.020);单纯照射、药物+照射组的细胞凋亡率也明显高于照射对照、药物对照组(4.83±0.97、9.50±1.35、1.33±0.36、2.28±0.42,t=4.67,P=0.01;t=8.81,P=0.000),且单纯照射与药物+照射组也不同(t=4.85,P=0.010).结论 塞来昔布能抑制人鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞生长和诱导凋亡,其机制可能涉及COX-2依赖途径.塞来昔布还能增强CNE-2细胞放射敏感性,可能机制与抑制放射后亚致死损伤修复、直接抑制细胞增殖和增强细胞对放射诱导凋亡率有关.     

以microRNA-17为靶点的反义核酸对白血病细胞K562的作用

目的 研究以microRNA-17(miR-17)为靶点的反义核酸对人类白血病K562细胞的生长抑制作用.方法 人工合成miR-17的反义核酸,硫代修饰,用Lipofectamine 2000转入K562细胞.四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测转染反义核酸后K562细胞的增殖活性,流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞的凋亡水平,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测反义核酸作用后K562细胞内miR-17的相对表达水平.结果 MTT结果显示,转染反义核酸后的24、48、72 h,K562细胞的增殖活性分别为0.872±0.001、0.710±0.002、0.551±0.001,与随机核酸序列组(随机对照组)(增殖活性分别为1.001±0.002、1.009±0.003、1.211±0.003;t值分别为182.58、269.77、660.40)、空白对照组(增殖活性分别为1.113±0.001、1.114±0.001、1.101±0.001;t值分别为537.98、571.20、1230.51)相比较差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);FCM检测结果表明,在转染反义核酸48 h后细胞的凋亡率为(20.14±0.01)％,与随机对照组的(3.54±0.02)％及空白对照组的(1.98±0.01)％比较差异有统计学意义(t分别为2347.6、2568.2,均P＜ 0.01);实时荧光定量PCR结果证实,在反义核酸作用后,K562细胞内miR-17的相对表达水平(0.07)明显下降,与随机组(1.00)、空白组(1.01)相比较差异有统计学意义(t值分别为148.63、147.04,均P＜0.05).结论 以miR-17为靶点的反义核酸可抑制K562细胞的增殖活性,并显著促进细胞的凋亡.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Increased apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by ceramides in transferrin-modified liposomes

Lysosomes are a promising therapeutic target for induction apoptosis in cancer cells due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) leading to leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, especially the cathepsins, into the cytoplasm. We hypothesized that with the modification of the ceramide-loaded liposomes with transferrin (Tf), we would achieve both tumor targeting and increased delivery of lysosome-destabilizing agents, such as ceramides to lysosomes, to initiate LMP-induced apoptosis. We prepared Tf-modified (TL) and plain (PL) liposomes and loaded with short (C6)- or long (C16) N-acyl chain ceramides. Uptake, intracellular localization of liposomes, stability of the lysosomal membrane and release of cathepsin D were investigated on Hela cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by binding of fluorescently-labeled Annexin V. Antitumor and pro-apoptotic effects of C6Cer-loaded Tf-liposomes were demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. TL were internalized specifically via the TfR-dependent endocytic pathway and localized within the endosome-lysosomal compartment. Ceramide-loaded Tf-liposomes significantly increased apoptosis compared with ceramide-free and ceramide-loaded non-modified liposomes. The treatment of cancer cells with TL led to increased LMP and cytoplasmic relocation of the intralysosomal cathepsin D. A strong antitumor and pro-apoptotic effect of C6Cer-loaded TL was also demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. The lysosomal accumulation of ceramides delivered by Tf-liposomes initiates the permeabilization of the lysosomal membranes required for the release of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytoplasm and initiation of the cancer cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Survey of changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China and to determine the need for encouraging the adherence to a sensible diet among such patients.Methods A total of 468 cancer patients were interviewed using a self-designed questionnaire focusing on changes in the intake of specific foods. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results Most patients completely avoided roosters and carp(73.1%), condiments(51.9%), and meat of aquatic species(40.4%). All other types of the specific foods were completely avoided by different subpopulations of the patients.Conclusion In addition to focusing on disease treatment, medical professionals need to help cancer patients overcome barriers associated with the customs of avoiding specific foods encompassed by the term ”fawu” and provide them with dietary guidance in order to prevent negative nutritional effects.     

Socioeconomic factors in cancer in Sweden

It is well known that certain cancers have shown clustering in socioeconomic groups, but limited data are available on recent results and time trends in such clustering. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancer, adjusted for age, period, region, parity and age at first childbirth among men and women in 6 socioeconomic groups based on the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Persons had to be identified with the same socioeconomic status in the census of years 1960 and 1970, or of years 1960, 1970 and 1980; the comparison group was all people according to the same censuses. Cancers were followed from years 1970 to 1998 or from 1980 to 1998. Both increased and decreased SIRs were found, and a consistent pattern emerged, although the overall SIRs for cancer did not differ much, the lowest being for farmers (0.85) and the highest for professional men (1.07) and women (1.11). At individual sites, manual workers were at risk of tobacco-, alcohol- and occupation- and human papilloma virus-related cancers and at a decreased risk at most other cancers. Manual workers and farmers showed an excess of stomach cancer; professionals had an excess of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. Male and female SIRs correlated highly for manual and blue-collar workers and for professionals. The overall population-attributable fraction for selected sites was 16.7% for men and 10.9% for women and it was highest, over 50%, for lung cancer in both genders.     

Advances in cancer epidemiology in Japan

Epidemiologists in Japan have been performing calculations to estimate nationwide cancer incidence rates as well as 5‐year survival rates using population‐based cancer registry data. There have been remarkable changes in cancer incidence and/or mortality in cancers of the lung, liver and stomach, which were thought to be attributed to the changing impact of exposure to cigarette smoking, chronic hepatitis C virus infection and Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. In systematic reviews providing evidence in risk/protective factors for cancer sites using case–control and cohort studies of the Japanese population, there were associations between cancer sites (esophagus, stomach, colo‐rectum, liver, pancreas, lung and breast) and various lifestyle factors. In the past 10 years, a hospital‐based case–control study at Aichi Cancer Center provided valuable evidence of gene‐environment interaction on the development of cancer [i.e., the effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer, ALDH2 polymorphism and smoking on lung cancer, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on pancreatic cancer]. The database with stored DNA was also used and identified seven loci containing significant but low‐penetrance polymorphisms associated with the development of breast cancer. These findings together with established risk factors are likely to be useful to predict personalized breast cancer risk in East Asian women. In 2005, the Japan Multi‐Institution Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) study was launched to elucidate gene‐environment interactions as well as to confirm preclinical diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. J‐MICC, which has recruited 92,000 healthy individuals by the end of 2012, will follow the individuals until 2025.     

整合素在急性白血病中的研究进展

急性白血病是一种早期造血干/祖细咆的恶性克隆性疾病.微小残留病和耐药被认为是其复发和难治的根源.近来,越来越多的证据显示白血病细胞通过与骨髓微环境中的基质细胞或细胞外基质相互作用促进其存活,并增强其对常规化疗药物的耐药.整合素是介导细胞与细胞外基质（细胞与非细胞成分）粘连的最主要黏附分子,在细胞增殖、存活等生物学过程中发挥关键作用,但作用机制尚不完全清楚.现就目前揭示的整合素及肿瘤微环境在急性白血病发生、发展中的作用进行综述.     

Foreign bodies in ENT in a teaching hospital in Eastern India

Objective

To evaluate the nature, common sites, modes of presentation of various foreign bodies (FB) in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT).

Materials and methods

Observational retrospective study carried out at Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan. The study period was between Jan 2006 to Jan 2007. The information obtained from the hospital record books.

Results

Four hundred and eighty-two patients presented in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, in the study period with FB in their ENT. Out of 482 pts, the commonest location of FB was to be in throat with 302 pts (62%) followed by ear with 119 pts (25%) and nose 61 pts (13%). Amongst the FB in throat the commonest was fish bone and the commonest site being tonsils. Artificial denture accounted for a significant number of 13 (4.3%). External auditory canal was the commonest site of FB lodgment in ear found in 118 patients (99.16%). Nasal FB were found in 61 patients; more common in pediatric age group (98.36%).

Conclusion

From this study we have found that FB lodgement is a very common complaint with which patients come to otolaryngologist. The commonest site of FB lodgement is in the throat. Most of the FB could be removed in emergency room (ER) with or without Local Anesthesia.