右房房性心动过速电生理学特征及射频消融结果

目的 探讨右房房性心动过速(房速)的电生理学特征、靶点标测和射频消融治疗结果。方法 40例右房房速病人行心内电生理检查和射频消融,房速靶点标测采用激动标测方法,用两根大头消融导管在右房内交替移动标测寻找靶点,采用预设60～65℃温控放电消融。结果 经电生理检查证实40例房速中10例为自律性房速,30例为非自律房速。36例(90％)射频消融即刻成功,36例有39个房速病灶位,其分布:房间隔21个,右房侧壁15个,希氏束旁(Koch三角尖)2个。4例合并房室结折返性心动过速改良房室结成功,3例合并心房扑动划线消融成功。有1例希氏束旁房速术后出现Ⅲ°AVB。结论 右房房速射频消融成功率较高,其病灶部位以房间隔或右房侧壁为多见,希氏束旁房速消融应注意防止出现AVB并发症。     

无器质性心脏病儿童房性心动过速的射频消融治疗

目的探讨无器质性心脏病儿童房性心动过速（房速）的电生理学机制、靶点标测和射频消融疗效。方法46例房速患儿行心内电生理检查和射频消融术,房速靶点标测采用激动标测方法,4例患儿采用三维电解剖学标测系统（CARTO系统）标测和指导消融。消融采用预设温度50～60℃。结果46例患儿均经电生理检查证实为局灶性房速,分别表现为短阵自限性、阵发持续性和持续无休止性心动过速,其中1例合并房室结折返性心动过速。射频消融成功41例,其中单一源性房速39例（右房27例,左房12例）,多源房速2例,成功率为89%。结论无器质性心脏病儿童房速的射频消融成功率较高,是一种安全有效的方法。     

房性心动过速电生理鉴别诊断和射频消融治疗

房性心动过速（房速）临床上容易与其它室上性心动过速相混淆，且药物和外科治疗效果差。１０例房速病人行射频消融术，男６例女４例，年龄２４～６１岁。方法是心内电生理检查确诊房速后，用１～２根消融导管标测心房，在房速时寻找最早Ａ波作为消融靶点放电。结果：１０例均为右房房速，７例为房内折返性心动过速，３例为自律性房速。靶点处ＰＡ为一２５～－５０ｍｓ，消融试放电４～１２次，９例消融成功。９例成功病人随访１６～３８个月，有１例复发。本文就房速的电生理鉴别和射频消融方法进行了讨论。     

局灶性房性心动过速与射频消融的临床分析

目的探讨局灶性房性心动过速（简称房速）的临床和电生理、靶点标测及导管射频消融（RFCA）的结果。方法16例房速行心内电生理检查和RFCA,房速靶点标测采用激动标测方法,射频消融功率设置20—30W,或预设温度50-60℃放电消融。结果经电生理确诊为房速16例,RFCA即刻成功15例（93．75％）,15例房速共有17个起源病灶,分布在右房侧壁5个,房间隔5个,希氏束（HIS）旁2个,上腔静脉（SVC）1个,左上肺静脉（LSPV）2个,右上肺静脉（RSPV）2个。合并左前侧壁旁道（AVRT）1例,消融旁道后诱发不出房速,合并房室结折返心动过速（AVNRT）1例,房速的起源灶就在间隔中下部,消融靶点相当于HIS与冠状动脉窦（CS）口间中下1／3处,消融效果如改良房室结,结果房速及AVNRT均不能再诱发。1例LSPV房速,2个月后复发,并诱发出AF及Af,做LSPV电隔离消融获得成功。有1例HIS旁房速,术中出现三度房室传导阻滞（AVB）。结论局灶性房速RFCA成功率高,病灶起源部位以右心房侧壁及房间隔多见,HIS旁房速作消融要谨慎,应尽量避免出现三度AVB并发症。     

25例房性心动过速的电生理检查和射频消融结果

目的探讨房性心动过速（房速）的发生机制和射频消融结果。方法对２５例房速患者进行心内电生理检查、药物试验和射频消融治疗。结果（１）２４例阵发性房速为折返机制，并且静脉注射三磷酸腺苷的终止率达８７％；而另１例慢性房速则是异常自律性增加。（２）２４例（９６％）房速消融成功。成功靶点的Ａ波较体表心电图Ｐ′波（Ａ－Ｐ′间期）提前３８±１１ｍｓ，明显长于非成功靶点（２６±７ｍｓ，Ｐ＜０．０５）。消融成功部位主要位于房内特殊的解剖区域。结论成年人阵发性房速的主要发病机制是折返性，并对三磷酸腺苷敏感。射频消融术是治愈房速的有效方法     

射频导管消融术治疗房性心动过速23例分析

目的：分析房性心动过速（房速）的电生理特点,探讨射频导管消融术在房速治疗中的价值。 方法：对２３例房速患者进行心电生理检查和射频导管消融治疗。 结果：２３例患者中,２０例为折返性房速,３例为自律性增高性房速。２３例患者,２１例消融成功,其中１９例成功靶点位于右心房,２例位于左心房。成功靶点 ＰＡ为－６０～－２５ ｍｓ,平均－３６ ｍｓ。 结论：射频导管消融术是治疗房速的安全有效的方法。     

心房耳尖部持续性房性心动过速的临床特点和射频消融

目的：报道心房耳尖部房性心动过速（房速）的临床特点和射频消融结果。方法：对7例[男性2例，女性5例，平均年龄（24．8±7．9）岁]房速患者进行体表心电图和动态心电图检查。采用三维电解剖（Carto）标测系统，确定房速病灶的起源部位和指导经导管射频消融。结果：7例房速均为持续性发作（5～432个月，中位数96个月），未发现器质性心脏病。房速起源于右心房耳尖部（1例）和左心房耳尖部（6例），呈局灶性和异常自律性增高机制。7例房速均消融成功，无并发症。随访7～28个月（中位数15个月），无一例房速复发。结论：心房耳尖部房速表现为持续性发作和异常自律性增高机制。采用三维电解剖标测系统和盐水灌注消融导管，可提高病灶定位的准确性和消融的成功率。     

起源于主动脉窦内的房性心动过速、频发室性早搏的射频消融治疗

目的报道4例局灶性房性心动过速（房速）,3例频发室性早搏（室早）经主动脉途径在左冠窦和无冠窦内标测和射频消融的结果。方法对4例房速、3例频发室早进行常规心电图、心内电生理检查和射频消融治疗。结果4例阵发性房速患者的标测靶点位于主动脉窦内,在无冠窦成功消融;3例频发室早在左冠窦内标测及消融成功。术中无并发症,随访3～31个月,无1例复发。结论在主动脉无冠窦、左冠窦内射频消融是可行的且能达到安全、有效的治疗目的。尤其适用于在常规、经典部位消融失败的患者。     

三维标测下主动脉无冠窦起源局灶性房性心动过速的射频消融效果

目的:分析主动脉无冠窦起源房性心动过速(房速)的心内电生理标测特点及射频消融疗效。方法:对11例主动脉无冠窦起源房速在三维标测系统引导下行心内电生理标测及射频消融治疗。术中构建右心房、希氏束及主动脉根部电解剖模型,测量最早激动点与希氏束的距离,在房速最早激动部位行射频消融治疗。结果:心内电生理检查11例房速皆为局灶起源,右心房激动标测最早激动部位均在希氏束左侧或左后上方,领先冠状窦近端参照A波(21.0±7.9)ms,距希氏束(6.9±3.4)mm。主动脉根部标测房速最早激动部位皆位于无冠窦内,领先冠状窦近端参照A波(35.0±8.6)ms,距希氏束(7.3±4.6)mm;消融终止房速,巩固消融后重复术前诱发条件刺激不能诱发出房速。术中及术后无房室阻滞发生。术后随访6个月,房速无复发。结论:无冠窦起源房速消融安全性和成功率高,标测要点为右心房房速最早激动位于希氏束左侧或左后上方时应常规于主动脉根部标测明确是否无冠窦激动最为领先。     

Carto标测指导下射频导管消融左心耳房性心动过速

目的探讨三维电解剖Carto指导下标测消融源于左心耳部位房性心动过速(房速)的方法和可行性。方法结合电生理和空间信息,首先利用Carto系统建立左心房三维解剖结构。对3例起源于左心耳的房速进行Carto标测,根据Carto标测来确定最早激动点,并以此为靶点进行射频消融。同时分析心动过速时体表心电图的P波特点。结果电解剖标测证实3例房速均为局灶性房速,其最早激动点起源于左心耳,并向左心房前壁、房间隔和后下壁激动。左心耳放电成功消融3例房速。体表心电图分析显示房速时Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF和V1导联P波为正向,I、aVL导联为完全负向。结论三维电解剖标测可以清楚显示左心耳解剖结构以及源于其中的房速的激动顺序并有利于经导管进行射频消融。     

表观扩散系数值与肝细胞癌分级的相关性以及相关性与肿瘤大小关系的分析

[摘要]　目的　探讨表观扩散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC）值与肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC）组织学分级的相关性以及不同直径肿瘤的ADC值与HCC的相关性。方法?回顾性分析2017年—2020年180例病理证实为HCC的病例资料,按肿瘤直径大小分为＜2 cm、≥2 cm且＜3 cm、≥3 cm且＜5 cm、≥5 cm 4组,标为I、II、III、IV组。分析ADC值与HCC组织学分级的相关性,并分析在不同直径肿瘤ADC值与HCC的相关性。结果?高、中和低分化HCC的ADC值分别为（1.159±0.302）×10-3、（0.951±0.213）×10-3和（0.811±0.239）×10-3 mm2/s,逐级降低（P＜0.05）。ADC值与总体HCC的组织学分级呈负相关（r=-0.474）,与I～III组HCC的组织学分级均呈负相关（r值分别为-0.663、-0.527、-0.364）,而与IV组HCC的组织学分级无相关性。结论?ADC值可以作为非侵入性预测HCC组织学分级的指标,预测结果受肿瘤大小影响,更适用于小肝细胞癌。     

Research and Evaluation of the Influence of the Construction of the Gate and the Influence of the Piston Velocity on the Distribution of Gases into the Volume of the Casting

Distribution of gasses to the cast volume and volume of pores can be maintained within the acceptable limits by means of correct setting of technological parameters of casting and by selection of suitable structure and gating system arrangement. The main idea of this paper solves the issue of suitability of die casting adjustment—i.e., change of technological parameters or change of structural solution of the gating system—with regards to inner soundness of casts produced in die casting process. Parameters which were compared included height of a gate and velocity of a piston. The melt velocity in the gate was used as a correlating factor between the gate height and piston velocity. The evaluated parameter was gas entrapment in the cast at the end of the filling phase of die casting cycle and at the same time percentage of porosity in the samples taken from the main runner. On the basis of the performed experiments it was proved that the change of technological parameters, particularly of pressing velocity of the piston, directly influences distribution of gasses to the cast volume.     

缺锌对孕鼠生长发育及其肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为观察喂养缺锌饲料对孕鼠生长发育及其肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。将16只受孕Wistar鼠随机分为缺锌组(ZD组)、加锌组(ZS组)和正常对照组(ZC组),分别喂饲缺锌饲料、加锌饲料和基础饲料,记录每只孕鼠每日体重变化。于妊娠21日将孕鼠处死,取其肝脏、胎盘作GSH-PX和CAT活性测定。结果为ZD组孕鼠体重未见增加,SC组和ZS组孕鼠体重增加明显;与ZC组和ZS组相比,ZD组孕鼠肝脏和胎盘中GSH-PX活性显著降低(P<0.05),孕鼠肝脏和胎盘中CAT活性显著升高(P<0.05)。故认为缺锌可影响孕鼠肝脏、胎盘中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性,并影响其生长发育。     

Ligaments of the larynx and the adjacent pharynx and esophagus

Two ligament systems of the larynx are demonstrated by dissection. The suspensory ligament of the esophagus is attached to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and is also a part of the fascial sheath which is common to the hyoid, thyroid, and cricoid. The ligaments at the inner margins of the vocal, ventricular, and aryepiglottic folds are distinctive in site and, inferentially, in function. The aryepiglottic ligaments join at the incisura between the arytenoid cartilages and are continued as the corniculopharyngeal ligament which splays into the flexible tissues in the anterior wall of the hypopharynx, posterior to the suspensory ligament of the esophagus. These ligament systems are involved in two different actions in swallow. The gross superior and anterior motions of the larynx are transmitted to the esophagus by the suspensory ligament, so that the esophagus is elevated in relation to the bolus and is also opened. These esophageal displacements resemble, in effect, the swallow displacements of the pharyngoesophageal segment and of the constrictor wall of the hypopharynx. The marginal ligaments of the laryngeal folds help to implement the constriction and closure of the larynx during swallow. By anatomical inference, the corniculopharyngeal ligament effects vertical traction within the flexible tissues of the anterior wall of the hypopharynx.     

Humanism and the suffering of the people

Abstract
Humanism includes, among its many contexts, the ideal of the universal perfection of health. Procedures for alleviation of disease existed through all epochs of human history, but efficacy was mostly lacking. The prototypic humanism of the Renaissance ( ad  1300−1600) scarcely involved the medical ­sciences other than human anatomy. The Enlightenment of the seventeenth century included discovery of the circulation of the blood, and applications of microscopy. Discoveries relevant to medical practice began in the nineteenth century, ushered in by vaccination and the germ theory of disease. This 200-year period saw a transformation of human health according to the surrogate marker of increased life-­expectancy. This has been variously attributed to: (i) increased prosperity following the industrial revolution, (ii) efforts of humanistic social and public health reformers and, more recently, (iii) advances in medical science. Yet the beneficiaries remain a minority of the world's population. The nexus between poverty, illness and low life-expectancy between and within nations is the major challenge for the future. Contemporary science is providing ever-expanding knowledge on means to achieve the goal of perfection of human health, but the need for humanism is as great as at any previous age. Fortunately, however, the targets are more clearly visible than during the periods of poverty, plagues and pestilence of the past. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 195−202)