大鼠胚胎视网膜中神经干细胞的体外培养与鉴定

目的 培养和鉴定大鼠胚胎视网膜中的神经干细胞.方法 取孕龄16～19 dSD大鼠胚胎鼠的视网膜组织,在干细胞选择性培养基中培养,用免疫组织化学法来检测Nestin和Chx-10的表达.结果 SD大鼠胚胎鼠视网膜中的神经干细胞在体外悬浮生长,形成致密的球形细胞团,传代后能够生成新的细胞团,原代和传代细胞Nestin和Chx-10蛋白均表达阳性.结论 SD大鼠胚胎视网膜内存在神经干细胞,并且可以进行体外培养和扩增.     

兔胚胎视网膜前体细胞体外培养纯化方法探究

目的 探讨新西兰白兔的胚胎视网膜前体细胞的培养、增殖与纯化方法,并对其性质及体外分化进行鉴定。方法 来源于19d、20d及26d不同孕龄的兔胚胎,用内路法取出含视网膜前体细胞的组织,采用胰酶/EDTA消化,利用组织中不同类型细胞对消化液不同的反应,去除混入的间质细胞等成分,达到逐步分离纯化胚胎视网膜前体细胞的目的。对分离所得的细胞,利用倒置相差显微镜观察其生长5情况,同时对相关类型细胞行免疫细胞化学染色,以鉴定视网膜前体细胞。结果 从兔胚胎视网膜神经部分离出的原代视网膜前体细胞具有明显的生物学特性：所培养细胞可形成悬浮生长的细胞团,刚贴壁的细胞成簇状生长,这些细胞用免疫细胞化学染色神经上皮干细胞蛋白（Nestin）表达呈阳性。经传代几代后细胞生长趋同,细胞生长呈长梭形,逐渐有细胞分化为多种视网膜细胞类型,包括视网膜神经节细胞等,同时Nestin表达下调。结论 不同时期、不同培养条件下的视网膜前体细胞均具有相同的形态,这种利用酶消化时间的不同能够分离纯化视网膜前体细胞,为将来研究此类细胞的性质及干细胞的相关研究打下良好的细胞生物学基础。     

人视网膜前体细胞的体外视网膜组织片下移植

目的研究人视网膜前体细胞移植到体外培养的人视网膜组织片下的细胞分化。方法取无眼部发育异常的4～5个月胚胎眼球，进行视网膜前体细胞分离培养。将传代的细胞移植到体外培养的视网膜神经上皮组织片下，通过光学显微镜和免疫组织化学观察细胞分化和组织整合情况。结果人视网膜前体细胞在体外培养时形成神经球样细胞团，传代后形成子代细胞团，表达神经干细胞标志Nestin。体外培养的视网膜组织片在5d、10d均能基本维持视网膜结构。移植到视网膜组织片下的视网膜前体细胞能够与其建立细胞连接。这些视网膜前体细胞分化后能够表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白、微管相关蛋白-2和视紫红质，分别为神经胶质细胞、神经元和光感受器细胞的特异蛋白。结论人视网膜前体细胞具有神经干细胞特征，在体外移植到培养的人视网膜组织片下，能够分化成相应的终末分化细胞。     

大鼠胚胎视网膜干细胞的分离培养

目的分离培养大鼠胚胎视网膜干细胞。方法从胎龄第16d的SD大鼠视网膜神经上皮分离视网膜细胞并进行悬浮培养,观察细胞增殖以及自发分化情况,采用免疫细胞化学方法检测Nestin、β-Tubulin、GFAP和Recoverin的表达。结果原代细胞可形成悬浮生长的神经球,传代后能形成新的细胞球。原代及传代细胞大部分表达神经干细胞标记物Nestin,分化后的细胞部分表达神经元标记物β-Tubulin或神经胶质细胞标记物GFAP,少数细胞表达光感受器细胞标记物Recoverin。结论分离培养的SD胚鼠视网膜神经干细胞可以在体外扩增并具有多分化潜能。     

视网膜神经节细胞无血清上清培养液诱导大鼠视网膜干细胞的分化

目的　探讨视网膜神经节细胞无血清上清培养液对视网膜干细胞分化的影响。方法　分离大鼠视网膜干细胞和视网膜神经节细胞;采用免疫荧光法鉴定体外培养的大鼠视网膜干细胞与视网膜神经节细胞,视网膜干细胞以Nestin抗体进行鉴定,视网膜神经节细胞以Thy-1抗体进行鉴定;以视网膜神经节细胞无血清上清培养液培养视网膜干细胞,以不加入条件培养液培养的视网膜干细胞为对照组,收集分化细胞,采用qPCR法检测Nestin、Pax6、Thy-1及Brn-3的基因表达。结果　培养的视网膜干细胞Nestin抗体染色阳性,视网膜神经节细胞Thy-1抗体染色阳性。培养视网膜干细胞72 h后,与对照组相比,无血清上清培养液组细胞Nestin和PAX6基因相对表达量降低,差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.000 1）;Thy-1和Brn-3基因相对表达量升高,差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。结论　视网膜神经节细胞无血清上清培养液能够诱导视网膜干细胞分化为视网膜神经节样细胞。     

增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因在人胚胎视网膜前体细胞中的表达

目的:研究增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)转染人胚胎视网膜前体细胞的转染效率及瞬时表达情况,建立人胚胎视网膜前体细胞的示踪方法,为视网膜前体细胞移植提供示踪依据。方法:在大肠杆菌中扩增pEGFP-N1质粒,通过磷酸钙介导法转染人胚胎视网膜前体细胞．应用流式细胞仪检测其转染效率,荧光显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜观察其瞬时表达情况。结果:pEGFP-N1在基因转染24 h细胞转染率为28．98％,48 h为32．45％,72 h为30．40％,对照未转染细胞24 h、48 h分别为2．50％和2．04％:体外观察培养细胞转染24 h已有绿荧光表达,48-72 h细胞荧光强度最强,96 h荧光强度减弱。结论:pEGFP-N1质粒能有效转染人胚胎视网膜前体细胞,其转染效率可达到30％,是人胚胎视网膜前体细胞较为理想的瞬时表达载体和细胞示踪报告分子。     

巢蛋白和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白在大鼠视网膜发育中的动态表达

目的 观察巢蛋白(nestin)和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)在大鼠视网膜发育中的动态变化.方法 48只Wistar大鼠,其中24只大鼠分为出生后1 d,1、2、3、4、7、12、20周8组,每组3只.制作眼球矢状位冰冻切片,采用共聚焦激光显微镜观察nestin和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及GFAP和GS免疫荧光染色情况.18只大鼠分为出生后id,1、2、3、4、12周,每组3只.提取大鼠视网膜总RNA,实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测nestin、GFAP和GS mRNA表达.选择6只出生后7～12 d新生鼠,取眼球体外培养Müller细胞,行GS和(或)nestin免疫荧光染色,共聚焦激光显微镜观察荧光染色情况.结果 出生后1 d,nestin免疫阳性细胞贯穿神经视网膜全层,主要定位于视网膜前体细胞放射状排列的细长纤维中,在视网膜内侧出现GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞.出生后1周出现表达GS的Müller细胞,同时表达nestin,但不表达GFAP;GFAP阳性细胞仍然位于视网膜内侧.出生后2～12周,nestin在Mfiller细胞上的表达逐渐减少直至消失,GFAP在星形胶质细胞中的表达强度投有显著变化.体外培养的Müller细胞表达nestin,不表达GFAP.Nestin和GFAP mRNA在视网膜中的表达与免疫荧光染色结果相一致.结论 随大鼠视网膜不断发育,Müller细胞上nestin表达逐渐减少,成年大鼠视网膜Müller细胞不再表达nestin;新生鼠和成年鼠Müller细胞均不表达GFAP.     

体外诱导大鼠视网膜Müller细胞向神经节细胞定向分化的研究

目的 研究鼠视网膜Müller细胞经体外条件培养基诱导后去分化为神经干细胞及进一步定向分化成神经节样细胞的特性.方法 实验研究.体外培养出生后7-10 d的Sprague Dawley大鼠视网膜Müller细胞,应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法及免疫荧光染色法鉴定Müller细胞纯度.取培养的第3或4代Müller细胞,用含有N2、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和表皮生长因子的Delbeccon's modified Eagle's medium(DMEM)-F12干细胞条件培养基培养3～5 d后,再用含5%胎牛血清、脑源性神经营养因子和视黄酸的DMEM培养基诱导分化7～10 d,采用免疫荧光染色法分别鉴定去分化及再诱导分化后的细胞.结果 RT-PCR及免疫荧光染色结果显示,分离培养的视网膜Müller细胞纯度可达(95.17±2.68)%以上.干细胞条件培养基培养3～5 d后,大部分Müller细胞汇集形成细胞球,经免疫荧光染色法鉴定,显示细胞球内(95.26 ±1.35)%以上的细胞Nestin表达阳性,(90.33±4.12)%以上细胞BrdU表达阳性.将这些细胞球进一步诱导分化后,可见细胞球内细胞可向外扩展、铺开,分化出形态各异的细胞,其中约(21.14±1.49)%细胞表达神经节细胞特异性标记物Thy1.1阳性.结论 成年啮齿动物视网膜Müller细胞经体外条件培养基诱导后,可以产生具有增殖能力和分化潜能的神经干细胞,并可进一步定向分化为神经节样细胞,这为干细胞研究和视神经再生治疗等提供了新的方法和手段.     

胎儿视网膜前体细胞的分离培养

目的建立视网膜前体细胞的培养方法。方法分离8~12周流产胎儿的视网膜神经上皮细胞，采用悬浮和贴壁两种方法分别进行培养和传代，取传代细胞用含5%胎牛血清的、无碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）的培养基诱导分化培养14 d，并采用免疫荧光法检测培养细胞诱导分化前后前体细胞和视网膜终末细胞标记物表达的改变。结果悬浮培养的细胞形成神经球并表达神经干细胞的标记物巢蛋白nestin，但无法成功传代扩增；贴壁培养的细胞可连续传代并表达nestin，传代细胞诱导分化后表达视网膜终末细胞的标记物胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、β微管蛋白(β-tubulin)和恢复蛋白recoverin。结论从8～12周的人胚胎视网膜神经上皮分离培养的视网膜前体细胞具有体外扩增和多分化潜能。（中华眼底病杂志，2007，23：98-100）     

CD81在正常大鼠神经视网膜上的表达

目的 观察CD81在正常大鼠神经视网膜上的表达.方法 用抗CD81抗体对正常大鼠视网膜组织进行免疫组织化学染色,并对神经视网膜进行Western blot分析,同时用细胞免疫组织化学染色法检测体外培养视网膜神经胶质细胞的CD81表达.结果 大鼠视网膜神经节细胞层、内丛状层和外丛状层呈阳性网状致密染色;Western blot分析神经视网膜层出现CD81阳性条带;体外培养的大鼠视网膜神经胶质细胞也呈CD81阳性表达.结论 正常大鼠的神经视网膜表达CD81,视网膜神经胶质细胞是表达CD81的一种细胞类型.     

Revisiting nestin expression in retinal progenitor cells in vitro and after transplantation in vivo

The purpose of this study is to characterize the co-expression of nestin--a neuroectodermal stem cell and a reactive glial marker-with various mature retinal cell markers in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) expanded in vitro, followed either by in vitro induction or subretinal transplantation. Rat RPCs derived from embryonic day (E) 17 rat retina were expanded in serum free defined culture, and induced to differentiate by all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Following induction, cells were stained for nestin in combination with retinal neuronal and glial markers. Cultured cells were collected for quantitative RT-PCR gene expression analysis prior to and after induction. In a second series, passage 2 RPCs were transplanted into the subretinal space of S334ter-3 retinal degeneration rats at postnatal day 28. After 1-4 weeks, sections through the transplant were double immunostained for nestin and various retinal specific neuronal markers. The cultured RPCs treated with RA exhibited nestin co-expression with various retinal specific markers, including protein kinase C alpha (PKC), neurofilament 200 (NF200), cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), and rhodopsin. Following RA induction, quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated downregulation of nestin, PAX-6, thy1.1, and PKCalpha, and upregulation of rhodopsin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and CrX. No nestin coexpression was observed with any of the retinal specific neuronal markers in RPC transplants in vivo except for some nestin-immunoreactivity overlapping with GFAP positive cells in the host retina. The role of nestin as a unique neural stem/progenitor cell marker should be reconsidered. Nestin expression during RPC maturation appears to be different in vitro versus in vivo.     

体外培养及诱导胚兔视网膜及脑神经干细胞分化的研究

目的 比较体外不同培养条件对视网膜及脑神经干细胞(NSCs)视紫红质的纯化能力及不同诱导条件对NSCs的诱导分化能力.方法 取胚兔视网膜及大脑皮质制备单细胞悬液,分别在5种不同培养基中进行体外培养并纯化.选取无血清条件下传3代的NSCs,分别在2种培养基中诱导8～10 d.采用免疫荧光法及流式细胞仪检测所获得细胞的神经干细胞和视网膜神经上皮细胞抗原的表达.结果 免疫荧光法显示无血清培养条件下2种组织来源的NSCs均部分表达巢蛋白.流式细胞术显示2种诱导方式均部分细胞表达巢蛋白,较诱导前明显降低,而视紫红质及Thy1.1的表达均较诱导前明显增高.经5%胎牛血清(FBS)诱导的细胞表达视紫红质较联合应用全反式视黄酸(ATRA)时高,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=30.59,6.76;P<0.01).但Thy1.1表达低于后者,差异也有统计学意义(χ2=6.19,22.92;P=0.01).结论 无血清培养基添加N2、EGF、bFGF、LIF 4种因子可以获得最佳纯化效果.2种诱导培养基都能够诱导NSCs的分化,视网膜NSCs分化为视网膜神经上皮细胞的能力高于大脑皮质NSCs.     

人视网膜祖细胞和脑神经干细胞的体外培养和诱导分化研究

目的比较人视网膜祖细胞和脑神经干细胞的体外分化潜能。方法分离8-12周人胎儿神经视网膜和脑皮质、纹状体神经干细胞,进行无血清体外培养;采用光镜和免疫细胞化学或荧光免疫细胞化学染色方法,分别观察在无血清和10％胎牛血清培养条件下,两种来源的神经干细胞分化后的细胞特性。结果两种来源的神经干细胞,均能在体外有或无血清培养条件下增殖并分化。视网膜祖细胞不但表达视网膜祖细胞标志物Pax-6,也可表达神经干细胞标志物．巢蛋白（Nestin）、成熟神经元标志物-微管相关蛋白2（Map2）、星形胶质细胞标志物-胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、节细胞标志物Thy-1和视杆细胞标志物视紫红质（Rhodopsin）;脑神经干细胞也能表达这些特异性细胞标志物。血清诱导分化时,视网膜祖细胞较难贴壁,贴壁细胞球伸出少而短的突起,单个细胞形态不清;而脑神经干细胞球易贴壁并伸出较长突起交织成网,大量细胞从细胞球中沿突起徙出,单个细胞形态清晰。结论人胎儿视网膜祖细胞和脑神经干细胞体外培养均具有向神经元、胶质细胞及视网膜终末细胞分化的能力;两种干细胞在进行血清诱导分化时,细胞的贴壁、迁移能力及分化后的细胞形态均存在差异。（中华腠科杂志,2006,42：901．907）     

Differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into neural-like cells by co-culture with retinal pigmented epithelial cells

AIM: To detect the differentiation effects of retinal cells or extracts on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC). · METHODS: Human fetal BMSC were previously labelled by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and co-cultured with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells which were pre-treated with ultraviolet irradiation at a ratio of 1:1 to induce the differentiation of BMSC for up to 14 days. In some assays, a retinal extract of bovine retinal extract (BRE) was added to detect the potential effects of retinal component on the differentiation of BMSC. In addition, Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), Nestin and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining were performed to determine the characteristics of BMSC. · RESULTS: The results indicated that by co-cultured with RPE cells, fetal BMSC were differentiated into neural-like cells expressing special neuronal markers Nestin, GFAP and NSE. And the expression of these markers was obviously increased by BRE. · CONCLUSION: Retina derived cells and extracts can induce the differentiation of BMSC into neural-like cells.     

视网膜色素上皮细胞诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经样细胞

目的:检测视网膜色素上皮细胞对骨髓间充质干细胞分化的调节作用。方法:体外培养人骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)和视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞。RPE细胞采用紫外线照射处理,而后与CFSE标记的BMSC共培养14d。并在共培养体系中加入牛眼视网膜提取物(BRE)以研究视网膜成分对此分化过程的影响。采用NSE,Nestin和GFAP抗体标记检测BMSC分化前后的表达特征。结果:BMSC在与RPE细胞共培养后,能够分化成为神经样细胞,并表达神经性细胞的特异性标记NSE,Nestin和GFAP。BRE能够显著促进共培养体系中BMSC向神经样细胞的分化。结论:RPE和BRE能够诱导BMSC分化为神经样细胞。     

低氧诱导趋化因子受体表达对视网膜前体细胞迁移能力的影响

背景体外研究表明，趋化性细胞因子受体4（CXCR4）及其配体基质细胞衍生因子-1（SDF．1）在诱导视网膜前体细胞（RPCs）定向迁移的过程中可能起重要作用。RPCs表达CXCR4升高能增强干细胞的趋化活性，从而提高移植细胞的定向迁移能力。目的探讨RPCs在低氧条件下CXCR4受体的表达。方法分离孕龄17d的NIH小鼠的胚胎视网膜细胞并制备成含5×10^6～10×10^6个／L细胞的悬液，将细胞接种到25cm2培养瓶中，用全神经球贴壁培养法进行培养。RPCs在正常O2（体积分数16％O2）和低O2（体积分数10％O2）环境中培养12h和24h后，用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）法检测CXCR4和缺氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）mRNA的表达；流式细胞仪（FACS）检测RPCs中CXCR4阳性细胞的百分比；Boyden小室实验观察30μg／L的SDF-1对RPCs的趋化效应。结果10％O2培养12h和24h后，RPCs中CXCR4mRNA的表达量（CXCR4mRNA／B—actinmRNA）分别为0．28±0．07和0．48±0．17，比正常氧培养组的0．16±0．02升高了1．75倍和3．00倍，10％O2培养12h和24h后RPCs中HIF-1mRNA表达量（HIF—1mRNA／B—actinmRNA）分别为0．18±0．07和0．38±0．13，比正常氧培养组的0．06±0．01升高了3．00倍和6．30倍，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。Boyden小室实验表明，10％O2培养12h和24h后SDF-1对RPCs的趋化效应由正常氧的13．00％分别上升到36．00％和46．00％。FACS检测表明，10％O2诱导12h和24h后，RPCs中CXCR4阳性细胞率由正常氧浓度的9．01％分别上升到26．90％和46．10％，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论RPCs在低氧条件下CXCR4受体表达增加，同时对SDF-1的趋化能力增强。HIF-1的表达增加是CXCR4表达增高的可能机制。     

Immunocytochemical characteristics of Müller cells cultured from adult rabbit retina

The antigenic expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, S-100 protein and neurofilament triplex polypeptide was examined in cultured glial (Müller) cells from adult rabbit retina using immunocytochemical techniques. Most of the cultured cells were labelled with carbonic anhydrase C which has been considered to be the most specific marker of Müller cells. Most of the cultured cells were also positive for GFAP, a result which differs from previous observations on whole retina. Using a double labelling technique, 70-90% of cultured cells showed positive labelling for GFAP and vimentin although the staining intensity was stronger in the case of the latter. Fifty to seventy percent of cultured cells showed positive immunofluorescence to S-100 protein. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that GFAP and vimentin were localised along the intermediate glial filaments. S-100 protein was present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of the majority of cells, but surprisingly in approximately 30% of cells the nucleoplasm was not labelled, a result which again is different from previously reported studies on whole retina. Neurofilament triplex polypeptide was not identified either by immunofluorescence or by immunoelectron microscopy. The results indicate that Müller cells in culture show a different antigenic expression to similar cells in whole retina.     

Stress proteins accumulate in cultured retinal glial cells during herpes simplex viral infection

The production of stress- or heat-shock proteins (SP) which are defined by three monoclonal antibodies (TI56, TG5E and TG7A) were examined in cultured retinal glial cells with and without herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that 80-90% of uninfected cells reacted with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and that 10-20% of uninfected cells were weakly labelled with anti-SP antibodies. By 6 hr after HSV infection, the proportion of GFAP labelled cells decreased to 60-70% whereas cells strongly expressing SP antigens were demonstrated. At 24 hr, GFAP+ cells were markedly reduced in number and immunolabelling with anti-SP antibodies was evident in approximately 50% of cells, directly demonstrating the accumulation of SP in cultured retinal cells after HSV infection. Double labelling with GFAP/TI56 indicated that 30% of GFAP+ cells were labelled with TI56 and 30-50% of TI56+ cells were also GFAP+, despite the abrupt loss of GFAP+ cells during HSV infection. These results indicate that SP normally expressed at low level are significantly upregulated in retinal glial cells following HSV infection.