电视胸腔镜辅助小切口在肺癌手术中的应用研究

目的探讨电视胸腔镜辅助小切口在肺癌根治术中应用疗效。方法对我科于2002年1月至2007年6月在电视胸腔镜辅助小切口施行肺癌手术的临床资料进行回顾分析。本组共施行肺叶切除101例,全肺切除27例,全肺切除 肺动脉成形2例。结果手术时间90～230min,术中出血平均为130ml,术后胸腔引流液平均为150ml,胸腔引流时间2.5d,术后平均住院天数9d。本组所有患者均治愈出院。手术后并发症发生5例,其中胸腔内出血1例,肺部感染2例,肺不张1例及偶发室早1例。随访最长5年,术后复发5例。术后Ⅰ期患者的3年及5年生存率分别为46.2%和92。5%,Ⅱ期3年和5年生存率分别为62%和42%。结论电视胸腔镜辅加小切口行肺癌根治术其具有电视胸腔镜手术优点如创伤小,疼痛轻,术后恢复快,且其费用及五生存率与传统开胸无显著性差异,因此该术式具有推广应用价值。     

胸腔镜辅助小切口解剖肺叶及全肺切除术的临床研究

目的探讨胸腔镜辅助小切口行解剖肺叶及全肺切除的可行性。方法全麻下应用胸腔镜辅助6~8cm的小切口,用胸腔镜器械及常规开胸器械在电视监视下及辅助小切口直视下进行解剖肺叶或全肺切除。治疗肺癌33例,肺良性病变9例。行肺叶切除39例,全肺切除3例。结果手术时间1.5~4.5h,平均2.5h。术中出血量100~500ml,平均200ml。1例因肿瘤与奇静脉弓紧密粘连而延长切口至12cm,1例左上肺癌因术中癌肿与肺动脉粘连较紧,分离时致肺动脉干血管损伤出血而中转传统开胸手术。1例72岁肺癌患者肺叶切除术后第8天并发双肺感染致呼吸衰竭死亡,其余41例无手术并发症。41例随访6~47个月,平均18个月,其中32例肺癌随访8~47个月,3例分别于术后8、11、17个月出现肝脏、双肺转移死亡。结论胸腔镜辅助小切口行解剖肺叶及全肺切除术是可行的。     

胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗肺良性疾病

目的探讨胸腔镜肺叶切除术在肺良性疾病中的应用价值。方法2002年7月-2007年9月,对35例肺良性疾病行胸腔镜肺叶切除手术。12例施行胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除术,23例施行全胸腔镜肺叶切除术。结果1例因出血中转开胸。全组无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症3例（8.6%）：术后肺持续漏气2例,肺部感染1例。平均胸管置管时间3.6 d（2-7 d）,术后住院平均7.7 d（2-14 d）。术后病理：支气管扩张15例,炎性假瘤6例,结核5例,真菌感染5例,肺隔离症2例,肺囊肿2例。35例随访5-80个月,平均36.7月,均恢复良好。35例随访5-80个月,平均36.7月,均恢复良好。结论胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗肺良性疾病在技术上是安全可行的,对于具有手术指征须行肺叶切除的肺良性疾病患者,胸腔镜手术是一种值得推荐的手术方式。     

胸腔镜辅助微创小切口肺叶切除术52例临床观察

目的对比分析胸腔镜辅助微创小切口肺叶切除术与传统开胸手术对肺癌患者的治疗效果。方法将52例肺癌患者随机分为微创组和对照组,各26例。微创组采用胸腔镜辅助微创小切口肺叶切除术并行肺门及纵隔淋巴结清扫。对照组采用传统的开胸手术切除肺叶并行肺门及纵隔淋巴结清扫。对比两组的治疗效果。结果微创组在手术时间、住院时间、术中总出血量、术后止痛药用量上显著低于对照组,两组对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后持续引流量、淋巴结清扫数目上比较差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与传统开胸手术比较,胸腔镜辅助微创小切口肺叶切除术,治疗效果显著,手术时间短,术中出血少,患者恢复快,值得临床推广。     

全胸腔镜与开胸肺叶切除术治疗肺良性疾病的病例对照研究

目的探讨全胸腔镜(VATS)与开胸肺叶切除术治疗肺良性疾病的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析曲靖市第一人民医院2012年1月至2013年9月间肺叶切除治疗的70例肺良性疾病患者的临床资料。按手术方式将患者分为两组:VATS组,35例,男25例、女10例,年龄18~71(41.3±6.4)岁,行全胸腔镜肺叶切除术;开胸组,35例,男26例、女9例,年龄19~72(42.4±5.6)岁,行传统开胸肺叶切除术。比较两组疗效。结果开胸组与全胸腔镜组手术时间和术后生存率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),全胸腔镜组切口长度、术中出血量、术后当日胸腔引流量、镇痛时间、术后拔除引流管时间及住院时间均低于或短于开胸组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗肺良性病变较传统开胸手术创伤小、术中出血量少、疼痛轻、恢复快,适合在基层医院开展应用。     

单孔全胸腔镜下肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌

目的探讨单孔全胸腔镜下肺叶切除术治疗早期非小细胞肺癌的安全性、可行性。方法回顾性分析2015年3月~2016年6月28例早期非小细胞肺癌行单孔全胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的临床资料。患侧第4或第5肋间腋中线与腋前线之间4~5 cm切口,全胸腔镜下完成肺叶切除和肺门、纵隔淋巴结清扫。结果 28例均于全胸腔镜下完成手术,无中转开胸,无围术期死亡。手术时间(154.7±45.3)min,术中出血量(126.3±58.6)ml,清扫淋巴结(12±5)枚。无二次开胸,无严重并发症。术后留置胸腔引流(3.2±1.5)d。术后疼痛轻,仅5例需服用镇痛药。术后住院时间(6.5±4.3)d,均顺利出院。p TNM分期ⅠA期6例,ⅠB期10例,ⅡA期7例,ⅡB期5例。随访时间2~15个月,(6.8±3.6)月,无复发转移。结论单孔全胸腔镜下肺叶切除术治疗早期非小细胞肺癌安全可行,近期效果良好。     

全胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术12例报告

目的 探讨全胸腔镜肺段切除术的可行性、安全性及手术适应证.方法 2011年3月～2013年3月我院行胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术12例,采用标准完全胸腔镜肺叶切除切口,按照解剖学依次用钉高2.5 mm 白色钉仓处理肺段动脉、肺段静脉,用钉高3.5 mm 蓝色钉仓处理支气管,同时进行系统淋巴结清扫.结果 12例均顺利完成胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术,无中转开胸及辅助小切口.手术时间115～260 min,平均182 min;术中出血量100～300 ml,平均230 ml.胸腔引流时间2～6 d,平均3.5 d.术后住院3～11 d,平均7.5 d.无二次手术,无输血,无围手术期死亡.术后病理：腺癌6例,鳞癌2例,转移癌2例,炎性假瘤1例,结核球1例,其中原发非小细胞肺癌均为Ⅰa期.12例随访1～24个月,平均9个月,10例肺癌均无复发、转移.结论 全胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术对于Ⅰa 期非小细胞肺癌及肺功能差或有其他合并症而不适合行肺叶切除者,是一种安全可行的选择.     

胸腔镜辅助小切口手术诊治肺周围型结节

目的探讨胸腔镜辅助小切口手术在诊断和治疗肺周围型结节病变中的临床应用价值。方法胸腔镜辅助小切口手术诊治肺周围型结节55例，其中单发结节54例，多发结节1例。肺楔形切除术23例；肺叶切除联合淋巴结清扫治疗原发性肺癌32例，采用常规开胸手术器械及胸腔镜用器械切除肺叶，自制淋巴结摘除钳完成淋巴结清扫。结果55例均在胸腔镜下完成手术。手术时间35～180min，平均109min，术中出血量50～400ml，平均122min。均未输血，1例术后漏气术后32d出院，1例切口延迟愈合，术后19d出院，余53例术后住院4～11d，平均8．3d。无严重并发症。术后病理：良性病变15例，原发性肺癌38例，非典型性腺瘤样增生1例，转移性肺癌1例。良性病变行肺楔形切除术，32例原发性肺癌行解剖学肺叶切除联合淋巴结清扫，4例肺癌胸膜广泛播散未手术处理，2例肺癌因肺功能差行姑息性肺楔形切除。结论胸腔镜辅助小切口手术有助于明确诊断肺周围型结节病变，治疗临床早期原发性肺癌的长期疗效有待随访观察。     

全胸腔镜肺叶切除术38例报告

目的 探讨全胸腔镜肺叶切除的适应证、手术方法及其短期疗效.方法 选择性地应用全电视胸腔镜进行肺叶切除治疗早期肺癌及肺良性疾病38例.结果 中转开胸率为8.33%,术后恢复均较快,近期随访均获得良好效果.结论 电视胸腔镜是早期肺癌、肺良性疾病等完整切除的安全、有效的方法,手术切口小,术后恢复快,但需严格的术前筛选及要求术者必须具备丰富的开胸肺叶切除经验.     

电视胸腔镜肺叶切除手术体会

目的 探讨电视胸腔镜肺叶切除手术方法的可行性。方法 回顾分析1997年8月～2002年12月，对122例患者施行电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术，其中肺癌切除98例，按1997年UICC标准，Ⅰ期53例，Ⅱ期36例，Ⅲa期9例；支气管扩张10例，炎性假瘤4例，结核瘤3例，多发巨大肺大疱3例。行单肺叶切除105例，右肺双叶切除12例，左全肺切除5例，右全肺切除2例。结果 除2例胸膜广泛粘连和1例肺裂发育不全中转手术外，其余均顺利完成手术。手术时间平均为163min，平均术后住院时间10天，平均胸腔引流时间2．2天，全组无手术死亡及严重并发症，手术效果满意。随访1～64个月，肺良性病变术后康复良好。Ⅰ期，Ⅱ期和Ⅲa期肺癌术后其3年生存率分别为91．9％、48．0％和33．3％。结论 胸腔镜肺叶切除术，只要严格掌握手术适应证，合理使用传统器械与内镜器械互相配合，手术是安全可行的，肺癌切除肺门和纵隔淋巴结清扫也是可行的，同样可以达到与传统开胸手术的效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.