海带多糖在高脂血症大鼠中的降血脂和抗氧化作用

目的 探讨海带多糖对高脂血症大鼠血脂的调节作用机制. 方法 健康雌性Wistar大鼠32只,应用高脂饲料喂养方法建立高脂血症动物模型,海带多糖干预治疗.血生化法检测大鼠血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平,硝酸还原酶法检测血清和肝组织一氧化氮(NO)含量,黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定血清和肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,酶联免疫吸附法检测血清和肝组织中氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)水平,免疫组织化学技术检测肝细胞SOD和诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达. 结果 海带多糖治疗后,大鼠血清TG、TC和LDL水平较模型组显著下降,而HDL显著升高(P<0.05).肝组织匀浆ox-LDL和NO水平较模型组显著降低,而SOD活性显著升高.肝细胞iNOS表达较模型组显著降低,SOD表达显著增强(P<0.05). 结论 海带多糖可通过抗氧化机制而发挥调节血脂水平的作用.     

固本降脂汤治疗高脂血症的临床观察

目的评价固体降脂汤对高脂血症的疗效.方法以TC、TG、LDL、HDL为观察指标,比较54例患者用药前后血脂水平的变化.结果治疗后TC、TG、LDL明显降低而HDL显著升高.对载脂蛋白水平测定结果表明apoA1/apoB升高.结论固体降脂汤有较好的调节脂蛋白代谢的作用.     

桃仁红花煎治疗无症状性高脂血症的作用研究

目的:探讨活血化淤理气通络经典方剂“桃仁红花煎”对无症状性高脂血症的治疗作用。方法:使用ShimadiuCL-7200型自动生化分析仪检测各组治疗前后患者血浆总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、载脂蛋白A(APoA)、载脂蛋白B(APoB)水平,使用Griess法检测治疗前后患者血浆一氧化氮(NO)水平,使用邻苯三酚法检测血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,使用巴比妥法检测血清丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:治疗后,治疗组患者血浆TC、TG、LDL、MDA水平明显降低(P<0.05),而ApoA、HDL、NO水平,及SOD活性明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),APoB治疗前后无明显变化(P>0.05);对照组给予洛伐它丁治疗后,TC、TG、LDL水平明显降低(P<0.05),ApoA、HDL水平明显升高(P<0.05),而MDA、NO、ApoB含量及SOD活性无明显变化。结论:活血化淤理气通络中药可以降低血脂,并有可能防治高脂血症对血管造成损害.     

兔高脂血症与血管内皮功能的关系

目的 观察一氧化氮(NO)和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)在高脂血症及动脉粥样硬化(AS)动物模型中的表达,探讨高脂血症及AS与血管内皮功能和ICAM-1的关系.方法 采用高脂饮食饲养家兔建立高脂血症和AS动物模型,正常饮食组为对照组;两组动物于0、8和16周分别取静脉血,检测血清中胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、NO和ICAM-1水平,并观察TC和LDL与NO和ICAM-1的相关性;16周后处死动物,免疫组化法和RT-PCR检测ICAM-1在主动脉粥样硬化斑块中的表达.结果 饲养8周时,高脂饮食组血清TC和LDL明显增加(P＜0.01),NO和ICAM-1无明显变化;饲养16周时,NO水平明显下降(P＜0.01),ICAM-1水平明显增高(P＜0.01).TC和LDL与NO呈负相关,与ICAM-1呈正相关.结论 高脂血症及AS造成血管内皮功能失调,导致NO和ICAM-1的异常表达;NO和ICAM-1参与了AS的形成.     

HMGB1/NF-κB通路通过Lp-PLA2介导子痫前期产妇脂质代谢紊乱

目的 探讨HMGB1/NF-κB通路与Lp-PLA2在子痫前期产妇脂质代谢紊乱中的关系及在子痫前期发病中的作用机制.方法 选取妊娠期高血压疾病患者99例、轻度子痫前期孕妇83例、重度子痫前期孕妇112例为病例组.检查各组总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterin,LDL-C)水平;ELISA检测血清中脂蛋白磷脂酶A(Lipoprotein phospholipase A,Lp-PLA2)水平;Western blot检测各组孕妇胎盘中HMGB1、NF-κB蛋白的表达.结果 子痫前期孕妇TG、TC、LDL水平升高,而HDL水平降低,且血清TG、LDL以及LDL/HDL比值与子痫前期严重程度呈正相关,HDL与子痫前期严重程度呈负相关;子痫前期孕妇血清中Lp-PLA2水平升高,并且与子痫前期严重程度呈正相关,Lp-PLA2水平与TC、TG、LDL呈正相关,与HDL呈负相关;子痫前期孕妇胎盘组织中HMGB1、NF-κB蛋白水平升高,且与Lp-PLA2、TC、TG、LDL呈正相关,与HDL水平呈负相关.结论 HMGB1/NF-B通路的激活增加Lp-PLA2释放,进而调控脂质代谢,促进子痫前期的发生发展.     

仙荷降脂液对实验性家兔血脂和血流变的影响

目的观察仙荷降脂液对饲料所致高脂血症家兔血脂及血液流变性的影响。方法健康家兔随机分为对照组 (A组 ) ,高脂血症对照组 (B组 )和高脂血症治疗组 (C组 )。A组给予普通饲料 ,B组和C组均给予高脂饲料喂养 ,C组高脂喂养3周后每天加喂仙荷降脂液 ,于实验第0、21、42d分别测定血脂、血液流变学指标。结果C组用药后血清总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三脂 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL -C)均显著低于B组 (P<0.01) ;全血粘度 (10s-1)、血浆粘度、红细胞刚性指数 (REI)、血小板粘附率均明显降低(P<0.01 ,和P<0.05)。结论仙荷降脂液能降低高脂血症家兔血清TC、TG、HDL -C和改善血液流变性。     

家兔和大鼠实验性动脉粥样硬化的比较研究

目的　研究在高脂血症的情况下影响动脉粥样硬化形成的有关因素。方法　用 10 %胆固醇脂肪乳剂复制大鼠和家兔的高脂血症模型 ,用生物化学、免疫组织化学和ELISA等技术检测血清中的脂蛋白、总胆固醇、TGF β1、2、3及其受体的表达 ;比较观察两种动物动脉粥样硬化形成的情况。结果　实验组家兔 10 0 %形成动脉粥样斑 (AS) ,血清高密度脂蛋白 (HDL)在正常范围 ;实验组大鼠未见动脉粥样斑形成 ,但其血高密度脂蛋白和TGF β随实验时间 (鼠龄 )的延长而升高。 结论　HDL有保护血管内皮细胞不被高脂血症损伤的作用 :TGF β仅在动脉内膜被高脂血症损伤后的炎症性增生反应过程中起作用。     

多囊卵巢综合征的代谢紊乱

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者的代谢改变.方法 17例诊断为PCOS患者作为研究组和17例正常月经周期有排卵妇女为对照组.分别行葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)和胰岛素释放试验(IRT),及测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL).结果研究组葡萄糖代谢明显减低,血糖曲线下面积明显高于对照组,研究组服糖后1小时血清胰岛素水平、胰岛素曲线下面积高于对照组,研究组TC、TG、LDL均高于对照组,而HDL低于比对照组.结论多囊卵巢综合征患者存在明显的糖代谢及脂质代谢紊乱,是动脉硬化症和冠心病的高危人群.     

血清甘油三酯含量与HDL亚类组成的关系

目的：探讨血TG含量对HDL亚类组成及含量的影响。 方法： 采用双向电泳－免疫印迹检测法按血清TG含量分层，分析了106例TC正常及147例高TC受试者血清HDL亚类组成及含量。 结果： 无论TC正常或高TC人群，血清小颗粒的per-β1-HDL含量在TG边缘性高（TC正常人群除外）、高TG以及TG极高亚组显著高于相应TG正常组 (P＜0.05及P＜0.01），而且颗粒较小的HDL3b及HDL3a含量也有相似的变化，其中高TG人群HDL3b在TG极高组，HDL3a在TG升高的各亚组均显著高于TG正常亚组(P＜0.05及P＜0.01）；与此相反，大颗粒的HDL2b在高TG组和TG极高组显著少于相应的TG正常亚组（p＜0.05），HDL2a也在高TC人群的TG极高组显著少于TG正常亚组（P＜0.05）。此外，与TC正常的相应亚组比较，高TC人群的per-β1-HDL（TG边缘性高亚组）及HDL3b（TG极高亚组）显著高于TC正常人群的相应亚组（P＜0.05及P＜0.01）。 结论： 随着TG、TC水平的升高，血清HDL颗粒呈变小趋势；TG、TC含量变化是影响HDL亚类组成的重要因素。     

中成药清脂降黏颗粒对家兔高血脂和血液流变性指标的影响

目的观察自制复方中成药清脂降黏颗粒(QZJLp)降低高血脂、改善血液流变性的作用.方法采用高脂高胆固醇饲料喂养家兔法复制高脂高黏模型,观察两种剂量(0.5 g,3次/日和1.0 g,3次/日)QZJLp治疗14 d和35 d后甘油三脂(TG)、胆固醇(Tch)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]和血液表观黏度(ηa)、血浆黏度(ηp)、红细胞电泳时间(EEt)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)和红细胞比容(Hct)等的变化.结果QZJLp治疗35 d能显著降低TG、LDL、Lp(a)、Fib、ηa、ηp,升高HDL,缩短EEt.结论QZJLp能同步地、有效地改善实验性高脂血症和高黏血症.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.