AO锁骨钩钢板在治疗肩锁关节脱位中的应用

目的:观察应用锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位的疗效.方法:采用Tossy分类法对肩锁关节脱位分类,对36例Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位采用AO锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗;钢板远端插入肩峰下端,并选择肩关节极度外展时不与肱骨头发生撞击,以减少对肩锁关节正常生理结构的干扰,术后不用外固定,利于早期功能锻炼.结果:平均随访1a,按JOA肩部治疗成绩评分标准评分,90～95分28例,80～90分8例,综合评价:优良.结论:AO锁骨钩钢板是治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位一种可靠、值得推广的方法.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨骨折和肩锁关节脱位

目的：探讨AO锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法：应用锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨外端骨折11例，锁骨中段骨折1例，Ⅱ度肩锁关节脱位5例。结果：15例患得到随访，随访时间2～46个月，平均25个月．骨折全部愈合，肩锁关节无再脱位。按Lazzcano标准，疗效优13例，良2例。结论：AO锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨外端骨折和肩锁关节脱位具有固定牢靠。不损伤关节面，关节功能恢复快等优点。     

肩锁关节套件与锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位的疗效比较

目的比较肩锁关节套件与锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2016-02诊治的46例急性肩锁关节脱位,采用肩锁关节套件内固定治疗16例(套件组),采用锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗30例(钩钢板组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量,术后1年疼痛VAS评分、肩关节外展活动度,末次随访时采用Karlsson评分标准评定疗效。结果套件组与钩钢板组手术时间及术中出血量差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。46例均获得10~24(14.3±1.5)个月随访。术后1年套件组疼痛VAS评分低于钩钢板组,肩关节外展活动度优于钩钢板组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时套件组Karlsson评分优良率高于钩钢板组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位比较,肩锁关节套件内固定术后能更好地改善肩关节功能,并发症少,更符合生物力学原则。     

AO锁骨钩钢板内固定结合喙锁韧带重建治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位的治疗方法。方法临床治疗35例，均采用AO锁骨钩钢板内固定，其中25例直接修复断裂的喙锁韧带，10例喙锁韧带无法直接修复，采用喙肩韧带代替喙锁韧带。结果随访3～20个月，平均9个月。术后x片检查显示肩锁关节间隙复位满意。切口Ⅰ期愈合。术后15～20d，肩关节活动基本正常。患恢复工作和体力劳动时间为术后2～4个月，平均3个月。所有病例无内固定松动、断裂，无明显肌萎缩及再脱位。结论AO锁骨钩钢板内固定结合喙锁韧带、喙肩韧带重建治疗Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位，固定牢靠，可早期活动肩关节，关节功能恢复快，疗效满意。     

两种肩锁钩板的疗效观察

自2000年4月以来，总结采用AO和LINK两种肩锁关节钩钢板(又称肩锁钩板)内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折36例，治疗效果满意。现报告如下。     

上肢

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折；肩锁钩钢板内固定治疗Rockwood Ⅲ～Ⅴ型肩锁关节脱位；部分束支移位治疗臂丛神经根性损伤神经截取限度的实验研究；人工肱骨头置换术中大结节不同固定方式的稳定性研究；改良张力带内固定治疗儿童肱骨近端骨折42例疗效观察     

锁骨钩钢板治疗急性肩锁关节脱位或锁骨远端骨折

目的 探讨AO／ASIF锁骨钩钢板在重度肩锁关节脱位(PostⅢ-Ⅵ型)及锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)治疗中的临床效果。方法 2000年1月～2002年9月，对36例重度肩锁关节脱位和8例锁骨远端骨折，行切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定与喙锁韧带修补术。术后采用Constant Murley法评定肩关节功能。结果 术后2．5～12个月取出钢板。随访时间2～23个月，3例失访。术后无病例发生伤ISI感染、内固定松动或断裂，内固定取出后无病例发生脱位及骨折。内固定术后肩关节评分均值为89分(健侧的95％)，其中外展活动均值为7、9(健侧的88％)；内固定取出术后肩关节评分均值为92分(健侧的98％)，外展活动均值为8．8(健侧的98％)。结论 AO／ASIF锁骨钩钢板是治疗重度肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)的一种较好治疗方法。     

链式钢板改制钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位

目的观察链式钢板改制钩钢板后内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位的效果.方法按改良Rockwood分类,Ⅲ型以上肩锁关节脱位6例,均采用链式钢板改制的钩钢板内固定.结果改制的钩钢板符合锁骨"S"状外形,钩部分插入尖峰下端,对肩袖的影响较小,固定后肩关节极度外展时与肱骨头不发生撞击,对正常生理结构干扰极少,术后不用外固定,利于肩关节的早期功能锻炼.随访9个月～3年,按JOA评分标准,90～95分5例,80～89分1例.综合评价优良.结论链式钢板改制钩钢板取材容易,治疗肩锁关节脱位固定确切,操作简单,疗效可靠.     

经肩峰骨孔置入AO锁骨钩钢板固定治疗Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

[目的]探讨改进AO锁骨钩钢板固定治疗TossyⅢ肩锁关节脱位的临床效果。[方法]对AO锁骨钩钢板的常规应用方法进行了部分改进,即经肩峰骨孔置入AO锁骨钩钢板的钩,固定脱位的肩锁关节。采用此改进方法治疗39例TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位患者。按Lazzcano标准评定肩关节功能。[结果]所有39患者均得到随访,随访9~25个月,平均14.6个月,38例获得良好疗效,无内固定松动或断裂及内固定取出后再次脱位等并发症。[结论]经肩峰骨孔AO锁骨钩钢板固定治疗肩锁关节脱位与传统方法相比具备减少对肩峰下软组织刺激的优点。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位36 例

目的 探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗AllmanⅢ度肩锁关节脱位的疗效.方法 自2003～2008年应用锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位36 例,男24 例,女12 例;年龄19～62 岁,平均29.5 岁.左侧21 例,右侧15 例,应用可吸收线加强后修复断裂的喙锁、肩锁韧带.结果 36 例患者随访9～20个月,平均13个月.按Karlsson疗效评定标准,本组病例优27 例,良9 例,肩关节功能优良率100%.结论 锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位有固定牢靠、不损伤关节面、关节功能恢复快等优点,是一种良好的治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.