超声引导前列腺12针系统穿刺活检术

目的　探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺12针系统穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。　方法　对220例行经直肠B超引导下前列腺12针(在传统6针基础上增加前列腺两侧外周带外侧底、中、尖部各1针)系统穿刺活检术的患者资料进行回顾性分析。　结果　前列腺癌患者73例(33. 2% ),临床分期T1 4例、T2 21例、T3 15例、T4 33例,如按传统6针穿刺方法穿刺,检出率为31. 4%,将有4例早期癌(T1 3例、T2 1例,体积均<0. 5ml)患者漏诊, 6针较12针穿刺漏诊早期癌16% (4 /25)。220例患者均未出现严重并发症。　结论　12针较6针系统穿刺活检可以增加早期癌和小体积癌( <0. 5ml)的检出,应重视对前列腺外周带外侧6点的穿刺。     

超声引导下前列腺12针系统穿刺活检增加前列腺癌检出率的研究

目的:探讨不同年龄及前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)分组对12针穿刺活检前列腺癌检出率及肿瘤特征的影响。方法:临床表现怀疑前列腺癌患者210例,按照患者的年龄分为≤59岁组、60～69岁组、70～79岁组、≥80岁组,按照PSA水平分为0～4μg/L组、4.1～10μg/L组、10.1～20μg/L组、20.1～50μg/L组、>50μg/L组,记录患者临床资料及活检结果。提出不同的穿刺方案并计算其检出率。结果:210例怀疑为前列腺癌患者,检出前列腺癌91例,总的前列腺癌检出率为43.3%,随着年龄的增长,PSA水平的提高,检出率逐渐提高。年龄的增长、PSA水平的提高与体积较大、分级较高的肿瘤密切相关。外周带穿刺与旁正中矢状尖部穿刺有较高的前列腺癌检出率。当患者年龄<60岁,PSA水平<20μg/L时,12针穿刺活检为较佳方案。结论:12针穿刺活检可以弥补6针穿刺活检的缺陷,随着患者年龄的增长,PSA水平的提高,肿瘤的体积增大、病理分级较差。传统6针穿刺法与12针相比,受患者年龄、PSA水平的影响较大。     

Improving prostate cancer detection with an extended-core transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy protocol

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether taking two transition zone (TZ) and four lateral peripheral zone (PZ) biopsies in addition to routine parasaggital sextant biopsies would improve detection rates in men with suspected prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 493 consecutive men (mean age 68.7 years, sd 8.2) with elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and/or abnormal findings on a digital rectal examination who underwent transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy. In addition to sextant biopsies, six further biopsies were obtained, two from the TZ (mid-gland) and four from the lateral PZ (base and mid-gland). Pathological findings for the additional biopsies were compared with those of the sextant regions. RESULTS: Prostatic adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 164 of the 493 (33%) men biopsied. Men with cancer were older, had smaller prostates and higher median PSA levels than men with negative biopsies. Sextant biopsies were positive for cancer in 133 of 164 (81%) men. All three sets of biopsies were positive in 53 (32%) cases. In 50 (30%) men both the sextant and lateral PZ biopsies were positive, while in six (4%) men, both sextant and TZ biopsies were positive. Thirty-one (19%) tumours were not detected by sextant biopsies, 10 (6%) where the lateral PZ biopsies alone were positive, 17 (10%) where the TZ biopsies alone were positive and four (3%) where both the TZ and lateral PZ together were positive. There were no differences in median PSA concentration, total prostate volume or TZ volume between men with an isolated TZ cancer and men with cancer elsewhere in the prostate. However, 77% of men with TZ cancer had a PSA of > 10 ng/mL, compared with 60% of men with cancer at other sites within the prostate (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: An extended-core biopsy protocol significantly improves the detection rate for prostate cancer when compared with the standard sextant biopsy protocol alone. Routine TZ biopsies should be considered for men with serum PSA levels of >10 ng/mL.     

Extensive biopsy protocol improves the detection rate of prostate cancer

PURPOSE: We evaluated improvement in the rate of prostate cancer detection when using an extensive biopsy protocol involving peripheral cores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 303 consecutive men who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy due to elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. Ten biopsies were performed, including at least 5 at the base and middle of each lobe. In addition to standard biopsy at a 45-degree angle, a more peripheral 30-degree angle biopsy was obtained. At the apex only 1 standard biopsy was done. However, when prostate volume was greater than 50 cm.3, an additional peripheral biopsy was obtained at the apex. RESULTS: The complication rate in this biopsy protocol was 1% (3 patients). Prostate cancer was detected in 118 of the 303 men (38. 9%). Overall this extensive protocol resulted in 6.6% improvement in the detection rate. Improvement was 6.5% in men with PSA 10 ng./ml. or less and 7% in those with PSA greater than 10 (not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the number of biopsy cores and improving prostate peripheral zone sampling resulted in a significant improvement in the detection of prostate cancer.     

Improved detection rate of prostate cancer using the 10-core biopsy strategy in Singapore

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if changing the biopsy regime to 10 cores might improve the positive predictive value (PPV) of elevated prostate-specific antigen [PSA, elevated range, 4 to 20 ng per ml, normal range, < 4 ng per ml] for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. METHODS: From February 2000 to April 2001, 191 patients, mean age 64 years [range, 38 to 85 yr], underwent transrectal ultrasound [TRUS] for either elevated PSA [elevated range, 4 to 20 ng per ml] and/or abnormal digital rectal examination [DRE]. A 10-core TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate was performed. This included the standard sextant biopsy and two additional cores for each far lateral zone. RESULTS: Using this technique, 47 out of 191 patients [24.6%] had prostate cancer. The PPV for PSA levels of 4.1 to 10.0 ng per ml and 10.1 to 20.0 ng per ml were 19.3% and 35.4%, respectively. The lateral cores contributed 21.3% of the cancer cases, which would have been missed if only sextant biopsies were performed. CONCLUSIONS: With the 10-core biopsy method, the PPV for prostate cancer for patients with a PSA in the range of 4 to 20 ng per ml was in the range of 25%. This is significantly different from previous reports. The reason for this may be due to the adoption of a better, more uniform and systematic biopsy strategy for patients with elevated PSA, or it may be a true reflection of the current population incidence. Hence, this biopsy strategy is highly recommended.     

Efficacy of periprostatic nerve blockade during ultrasound-guided transrectal 10-core biopsy of the prostate

PURPOSE: We examined the efficacy and safety of periprostatic nerve blockade during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transrectal ultrasound guided 10 core biopsy of the prostate was performed in 116 consecutive men. From March 2002 to July 2003, 58 men underwent biopsy of the prostate without local anesthesia (control group). From August 2003 to March 2004, 58 men received periprostatic nerve blockade before prostate biopsies (anesthesia group). A 4-ml dose of 1% lidocaine was injected at 2 or 3 locations on each side of the prostate via a 23 gauge needle. Pain during biopsy was questioned using a 5-point Face scale and complications were also recorded. RESULTS: The average pain score during biopsy was 1.9 in the anesthesia group versus 3.1 in the control group (p<0.001). In the anesthesia group 20.7% of patients had a pain score 3 or greater than 3 versus 69% in the control group. The complication rate showed no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Periprostatic nerve blockade is a safe and effective method of anesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy.     

Direct comparison between transrectal and transperineal extended prostate biopsy for the detection of cancer

AIM: To establish whether extended transrectal (TR) and extended transperineal (TP) biopsies are equivalent in detecting prostate cancer. METHODS: Due to an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) greater than 2.5 ng/mL or abnormal digital rectal examination findings, 783 men underwent a transrectal ultrasound-guided three-dimensional 26-core biopsy, a combination of TR 12-core and TP 14-core biopsies. Using recursive partitioning, the best combination of sampling sites that gave the highest cancer detection rate at a given number of biopsy cores was selected either with a TR or a TP approach. The cancer detection rate and characteristics of detected cancers were compared between the TP 14-core and the TR 12-core biopsies and between selected subset biopsy schemes. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was detected in 283 of the 783 men (36%). There was no statistical difference in cancer detection rate or in the characteristics of detected cancers between TP 14-core and TR 12-core biopsies. As far as the best combination of sampling sites was selected, there was no statistical difference in cancer detection rates or in the characteristics of detected cancers between the TP and the TR subset biopsy schemes up to 12 cores. TP and TR biopsies performed equally, regardless of a history of negative biopsy, a digital rectal examination finding, the PSA level or the prostate volume. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated for the first time that extended TP biopsy is as effective as its TR counterpart in detecting cancer and the characteristics of detected cancers, as far as sampling sites are selected to maximize the cancer detection rate.     

超声引导下经会阴与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 对比分析B超引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检(TPBx)与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检(TRBx)在前列腺癌诊断中的应用效果,从而为临床选择合适前列腺穿刺方法提供依据.方法 选择本院2012年11月至2015年12月临床疑似前列腺癌患者171例作为研究对象,根据患者的穿刺方式分为经会阴组(TPBx) 89例和经直肠组(TRBx) 82例,分析肿瘤检出率、并发症发生率、疼痛评分、手术时间.结果 TPBx组和TRBx组在肿瘤检出率、总体并发症发生率方面没有差异,直肠出血TRBX组发生率更高,而TPBx组疼痛发生率高,手术时间长于TRBX组.结论 TPBx和TRBx都能有效地检出前列腺癌,TRBx发生直肠出血较多,而TPBx需要更长的操作时间和增加疼痛.     

Efficacy and morbidity of transrectal ultrasound-guided 12-core biopsy for detection of prostate cancer in Japanese men

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the present study were to determine whether an extensive biopsy scheme contributes to enhanced detection of prostate cancer in Japanese men and to assess the associated pain and morbidity. METHODS: A total of 147 patients were included in this analysis, with 12 biopsy cores being obtained from each patient. Standard systematic sextant biopsy at the apex, mid-prostate and base of the prostate gland was carried out under local anesthesia and this was followed by the acquisition of additional sextant cores at the same levels from the far lateral peripheral zone. Each patient answered a self-administered questionnaire on pain and morbidity during the 5 days following biopsy. RESULTS: Overall, 39 patients (26.5%) received a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Nine patients (23.1%) were positive only at the standard sextant sites, three patients (7.7%) were positive exclusively at the far lateral sites and the remaining 27 patients (69.2%) were positive at both sites. Cancer was found most frequently in cores obtained from the apex (P = 0.009), with this trend being more evident in patients with abnormal rectal findings, positive sonographic findings, gland volume < 40 cm(3) and prostate-specific antigen density > 0.15 ng/mL/cm(3) (P < 0.03). These findings were also true for those with a prostate-specific antigen range from 4.1 to 20.0 ng/mL. A gradual decrease in incidence and grade of pain, hematuria and rectal bleeding was observed during the first 5 days after biopsy (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Using this 12-core biopsy scheme, we found cancer most frequently in cores taken at the level of the apex. While the extensive procedure only marginally enhanced overall detection of prostate cancer, it was well tolerated with gradually decreasing pain and morbidity over a brief postbiopsy period. Further efforts to optimize biopsy schemes are warranted.     

Transperineal 12-core systematic biopsy in the detection of prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to determine the clinical value of transperineal 12-core systematic prostate biopsy guided by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in the detection of prostate cancer. METHODS: A total of 679 consecutive patients underwent systematic prostate biopsies because of abnormal results on digital rectal examination and/or TRUS and/or an elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level. Systematic six- and 12-core biopsies were taken in 138 patients between April 1994 and February 1995 and in the remaining 541 between March 1995 and February 2000, respectively. Twelve-core biopsy included two samples from the lateral portion of the peripheral zone and four from the anterior portion of the transition zone in addition to the conventional six-core biopsy. RESULTS: In the series overall, systematic biopsy revealed 156 cases of prostate cancer (23.0%). The detection rate increased by 5.2%, although this was statistically not significant, from 18.8% (26/138) by six-core biopsy to 24.0% (130/541) by 12-core biopsy. Out of 130 patients in whom prostate cancer was detected by 12-core biopsy, it was supposed that conventional six-core biopsy would have missed 18 cases (13.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Systematic 12-core biopsy might improve the detection rate for prostate cancer. However, further studies are needed to determine its clinical value in the diagnosis of the disease.     

经直肠超声造影引导前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

目的探讨经直肠超声造影(CETRUS)引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法对79例可疑前列腺癌患者分别行常规经直肠超声(TRUS)、CETRUS及经直肠前列腺穿刺活检。以病理结果为标准,对比TRUS、CETRUS和TRUS联合CETRUS引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌的诊断效能。结果 79例中,病理诊断为前列腺腺癌36例,前列腺良性增生43例。35例CETRUS见异常征象,其中30例病理诊断恶性,诊断敏感度83.33%(30/36),特异性88.37%(38/43),准确率86.08%(68/79)。39例TRUS见异常征象,其中24例病理诊断为恶性病变,诊断敏感度66.67%(24/36),特异度65.12%(28/43),准确率65.82%(52/79)。TRUS联合CETRUS诊断前列腺癌30例,敏感度83.33%(30/36),特异度72.09%(31/43),准确率77.22%(61/79)。ROC曲线结果显示,TRUS、CETRUS、TRUS联合CETRUS引导前列腺穿刺活检对诊断前列腺癌的AUC分别为0.740、0.859及0.777,CETRUS的诊断效能高于TRUS及TRUS联合CETRUS(Z=2.371、2.858,P=0.018、0.004)。结论 CETRUS引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌的诊断效能较高。     

超声引导的经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术（附121例报告）

为提高前列腺癌的诊断水平，应用端扫式双平面高频（７．５ＭＨｚ）探头的腔内Ｂ超为指引，配以自动弹射式组织芯活检装置，对１２１例可疑前列腺癌患者行经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术。结果：前列腺增生７８例，前列腺癌３３例，前列腺炎１０例。该技术简单、准确、取材满意、并发症少，但必须掌握其适应证，避免不必要的活检，提高对前列腺癌的活检阳性率。     

Transrectal biopsy of the prostate guided by transrectal ultrasound

The use of transrectal ultrasound in combination with the Biopty System provides a high accurate, efficient, and safe method for the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Because both diagnosis and staging may be attained easily using one comprehensive procedure, we recommend ultrasound guidance be used for all initial biopsies of the prostate. When transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of a palpable hypoechoic abnormality is negative for cancer, digitally guided biopsy must subsequently be performed. In some cases, palpable abnormality may not be seen on ultrasound. We advocate the use of our biopsy procedure as an integral extension of transrectal ultrasound of the prostate. In an outpatient setting, biopsy may be performed immediately after finding a suspect lesion on ultrasound. In this way, patients are spared time and anxiety, and society is spared medical costs.