肾上腺肿瘤鉴别诊断的免疫组织化学研究

目的：探讨免疫组化在肾上腺肿瘤鉴别诊断上的应用。方法：运用免疫组化方法对肾上腺皮质肿瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤进行内皮素（ET）－1,嗜铬蛋白（Cg)A,神经特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）,蛋白基因产物（PGP）9．5,突触素（Syn)及突触小泡蛋白（SV2）检测。结果：100％肾上腺皮质和皮质腺瘤ET－1染色阳性,阳性物以环状和颗粒状存在于瘤细胞胞浆内,30．0％皮质腺癌和12．5％嗜铬细胞瘤也含少许ET－1阳性细胞,但免疫反应物呈粉尘状,CgA仅出现在肾上腺髓质和嗜铬细胞瘤的细胞浆内,NSE几乎出现在所有病例中,Syn和PGP9．5多见于癌和所有嗜铬细胞中,SV2主要见于正常皮质和所有嗜铬细胞瘤,结论：CgA阴性,ET－1阳性免疫反应物为环状,颗粒状的肿瘤可能为皮质腺瘤,CgA阴性,NSE,PGP9．5,Syn或SV2阳性,ET－1阴性或瘤细胞胞浆内含粉尘状免疫反应物,可能是皮质腺癌。CgA和其他神经标记物阳性的肿瘤为嗜铬细胞瘤,但少数肿瘤也见粉尘状ET－1免疫反应物。     

ODF1在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤/副神经节瘤和皮质腺瘤鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的 研究ODF1在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤/副神经节瘤和皮质腺瘤鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 收集2017-01—2020-07确诊的10例嗜铬细胞瘤、5例副神经节瘤、15例肾上腺皮质腺瘤和10例正常肾上腺组织,进行ODF1、嗜铬素A(CgA)和类固醇生成因子-1(SF-1)免疫组织化学染色,观察它们的表达。结果 所有嗜铬细胞瘤(10/10)、5/5例副神经节瘤及肿瘤周围正常髓质(10/10)均呈ODF1和CgA弥漫阳性表达,SF-1阴性表达。所有肾上腺皮质腺瘤(15/15)及肿瘤周围正常皮质(15/15)均呈SF-1阳性表达,ODF1阴性表达。CgA在肾上腺皮质腺瘤的阳性表达率为6.7%(1/15)。ODF1和SF-1表达组合对于诊断肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤/副神经节瘤和皮质腺瘤的敏感性和特异性均为100%。10例嗜铬细胞瘤、5例副神经节瘤和15例肾上腺皮质腺瘤周围的肾上腺组织以及10例正常肾上腺组织中皮质均表达SF-1(100%),髓质均表达ODF1和CgA。结论 ODF1可作为诊断嗜铬细胞瘤/副神经节瘤的新型免疫组织化学标记物,与SF-1联合可经济、有效地鉴别肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤/副神经节瘤和皮质腺...     

VEGF和NSE在良恶性嗜铬细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨肿瘤标志物血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）在良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤组织中的表达,分析其可能的临床价值及病理学意义,为临床鉴别良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤提供辅助依据。方法应用免疫组化（SP法）检测16例恶性嗜铬细胞瘤、18例良性嗜铬细胞瘤及17例正常肾上腺髓质组织中细胞因子VEGF和NSE表达情况,显微镜下判断组织切片的染色结果。结果①恶性嗜铬细胞瘤VEGF表达明显强于正常肾上腺髓质和良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.01）。良性肿瘤和正常肾上腺髓质的VEGF表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤强阳性率明显高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.01）。②良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤NSE表达差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,良性嗜铬细胞瘤NSE的表达高于正常肾上腺髓质的NSE表达（P〈0.05）。恶性嗜铬细胞瘤强阳性率高于良性嗜铬细胞瘤（P〈0.05）。③VEGF和NSE共同阳性表达在良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤之间差异有统计学意义（P=〈0.01）。结论临床上检测VEGF和NSE可能为鉴别良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤提供辅助依据,共同检测VEGF和NSE可能提高良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤鉴别的敏感性。     

肾上腺疾病微创外科治疗新进展

肾上腺疾病分为肾上腺皮质和髓质疾病。肾上腺皮质疾病按功能大致可分为三类：功能亢进、功能低下及无功能变化的结节和肿瘤。在皮质功能亢进中,又因分泌激素不同而分为库欣综合征、原发性醛固酮增多症和性激素增多症。肾上腺髓质疾病最重要的是嗜铬细胞瘤,双侧肾上腺髓质增生也可以引起类似嗜铬细胞瘤的临床表现。肾上腺疾病的治疗有的以手术治疗为主,如各种肿瘤;     

SPECT/CT ~(131)I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像在肾上腺疾病中的应用

目的:评价SPECTCT131I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像对肾上腺疾病的诊断价值。方法:回顾性对照分析42例拟诊肾上腺疾病的患者SPECTCT131I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像、B超、CT、MRI、尿-香草基杏仁酸(A)及术后病理结VM果。结果:42例拟诊肾上腺疾病的患者中SPECTCT131I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤18例(42.85%),肾上腺髓质增生7例(16.67%)。经术后病理结果证实的13例嗜铬细胞瘤和3例肾上腺髓质增生SPECTCTI-MIBG显像分别诊131断为嗜铬细胞瘤13例(阳性率100%)及肾上腺髓质增生3例,明显高于MRI、CT、B超及24小时尿VMA。结论:SPECTCTI-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像对嗜铬细胞瘤、异位嗜铬细胞瘤和肾上腺髓质增生具有良好的定位、定性价值,明显优于B131超、CT、MRI、尿VMA等检查。     

肾上腺皮质、髓质增生症的病理学研究-附4例报告及文献复习

目的探讨肾上腺皮质、髓质增生症的病理学特点及其鉴别诊断。方法收集4例肾上腺皮质、髓质增生症病例,观察其临床病理特点并进行免疫组化分析。结果4例肾上腺见结节状增生的皮质细胞和弥漫增生的髓质细胞,其中髓质细胞免疫组化嗜铬素A、S-100、NSE呈阳性表达。结论肾上腺皮质、髓质增生症有独特的病理学特点,根据其组织学改变和免疫组化染色结果,可与其它肾上腺疾病鉴别。     

SPECT/CT 131I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像在肾上腺疾病中的应用

目的:评价 SPECT/CT 131I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像对肾上腺疾病的诊断价值。方法:回顾性对照分析42例拟诊肾上腺疾病的患者SPECT/CT 131I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像、B超、CT、MRI、尿-香草基杏仁酸(VMA)及术后病理结果。结果:42例拟诊肾上腺疾病的患者中SPECT/CT 131I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤18例(42.85%),肾上腺髓质增生7例(16.67%)。经术后病理结果证实的13例嗜铬细胞瘤和3例肾上腺髓质增生SPECT/CT 131I-MIBG显像分别诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤13例(阳性率100%)及肾上腺髓质增生3例,明显高于MRI、CT、B超及24小时尿VMA。结论:SPECT?蛐CT 131I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像对嗜铬细胞瘤、异位嗜铬细胞瘤和肾上腺髓质增生具有良好的定位、定性价值,明显优于B超、CT、MRI、尿VMA等检查。     

SPECT／CT ^13I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像在肾上腺疾病中的应用

目的：评价SPECT／CT ^13I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像对肾上腺疾病的诊断价值。方法：回顾性对照分析42例拟诊肾上腺疾病的患者SPECT／CT ^13I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像、B超、CT、MRI、尿-香草基杏仁酸(VMA)及术后病理结果。结果：42例拟诊肾上腺疾病的患者中SPECT／CT ^13I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤18例(42．85％)，肾上腺髓质增生7例(16．67％)。经术后病理结果证实的13例嗜铬细胞瘤和3例肾上腺髓质增生SPECT／CT ^13I-MIBG显像分别诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤13例(阳性率100％)及肾上腺髓质增生3例，明显高于MRI、CT、B超及24小时尿VMA。结论：SPECT／CT ^13I-MIBG肾上腺髓质显像对嗜铬细胞瘤、异位嗜铬细胞瘤和肾上腺髓质增生具有良好的定位、定性价值，明显优于B超、CT、MRI、尿VMA等检查。     

肾上腺肿瘤和瘤样病变1166例病理分析

目的：研究肾上腺手术标本的组织学类型和病理诊断的主要问题。方法：收集本科1980—2002年间全部肾上腺手术标本，根据世界卫生组织(WH0)内分泌肿瘤组织学分类(1999)标准进行病理分析。结果：肾上腺病变共1166例，其中肿瘤913例(78．3％)，非肿瘤性病变253例(21．7％)。肿瘤中良性881例(96．5％)，恶性32例(3．5％)。占良性肿瘤前三位的依次是肾上腺皮质腺瘤634例(72．0％)、嗜铬细胞瘤196例(22．2％)和髓性脂肪瘤30例(3．4％)；恶性肿瘤32例中肾上腺皮质癌22例(68．8％)，恶性嗜铬细胞瘤5例(15．6％)。非肿瘤性病变中肾上腺皮质增生206例(81．4％)，皮质萎缩13例(5．1％）；原发性色素性结节状肾上腺皮质病7例(2．8％)。肾上腺髓质增生8例(3．2％)。结论：①肾上腺病变占送检标本的0．32％，其发生率近年来呈上升趋势。②肾上腺皮质病变的主要组织学类型为皮质腺瘤和皮质增生。③髓质病变中93．8％为嗜铬细胞瘤。④肾上腺间质病变以髓性脂肪瘤最常见。⑤肾上腺恶性肿瘤非常少见，主要为皮质癌。因此，外科病理中的主要问题是皮质腺瘤与皮质结节状增生的鉴别，皮质癌的诊断应参照Weiss组织学标准。     

Melan-A和Inhibin α在肾上腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的作用

目的　研究Melan A和Inhibinα在肾上腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的作用。方法　 78例肿瘤组织标本 ,包括 5例正常或瘤旁肾上腺组织、17例肾上腺皮质腺瘤、8例肾上腺皮质腺癌、2 3例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤、13例肝细胞癌和 12例肾细胞癌。应用PowerVisionTMSystem法检测Melan A和Inhibinα的表达。结果　Melan A在正常或瘤旁肾上腺组织表达阳性率 10 0 % ,肾上腺皮质腺瘤 76 5 % ,肾上腺皮质腺癌 5 0 %。在肝细胞癌和肾细胞癌中均呈阴性表达。In hibinα在正常或瘤旁肾上腺组织表达阳性率 10 0 % ,肾上腺皮质腺瘤 82 4 % ,肾上腺皮质腺癌 75 0 %。Inhibinα在肝细胞癌表达率 2 3 1% ,肾细胞癌 16 7% ,肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤呈阴性表达。结论　Melan A和Inhibinα在肾上腺皮质肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断中具有较高的应用价值     

Long-term survival of a patient with a large adrenal primitive neuroectodermal tumor: A case report

BACKGROUND Adrenal primitive neuroectodermal tumor(PNET) is an extremely rare malignant tumor with poor prognosis and of neural crest origin. Herein, we report a case of adrenal PNET and summarized its clinical and pathological characteristics on the basis of 16 patients reported recently.CASE SUMMARY A female patient aged 25 years presented with right lumbago for 12 mo, and preoperative computed tomography showed a huge right adrenal mass. She received tumorectomy, and post-operative pathological examination showed adrenal PNET. After surgery, she underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and was followed up 31 mo after surgery. She received brachytherapy for right paracolic and hepatic metastases. She was alive and followed up for 60 mo. In available studies, only 57.14%(4/7) and 44.44%(4/9) were positive for the expression of neuron-specific enolase and synaptophysin, respectively, although CD99 expression was found in all the patients(100%; 10/10).CONCLUSION It is concluded that adrenal PNET is very rare and highly malignant, and histology is a golden standard in its diagnosis. Surgery and adjuvant therapy is the main treatment.     

Does dopamine regulate aldosterone secretion in the rat?

This study investigated the role of dopamine in the control of adrenal steroidogenesis. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine have been measured in plasma and in the adrenal zona glomerulosa and medulla of rats fed low, normal and high sodium diets and in zona glomerulosa tissue of rats with adrenal regeneration hypertension (ARH). Adrenal concentrations (means +/- SE) of adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine in rats fed a normal diet were 1471 +/- 335, 527 +/- 75 and 51 +/- 12 nmol/g in the medulla, and 66 +/- 17, 18 +/- 9 and 6 +/- 1 nmol/g in the zona glomerulosa. The dopamine content of the zona glomerulosa was greater than could be accounted for by simple contamination from the medullary catecholamines and is commensurate with that of tissue with dopaminergic innervation. Adrenal noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations and plasma catecholamine and corticosterone concentrations were not affected by dietary sodium intake. Plasma aldosterone concentrations were greater than 3030.4, 339.8 +/- 41.5 and 55.2 +/- 11.0 pmol/l in rats fed low, normal and high sodium diets respectively. Five weeks after right adrenalectomy and nephrectomy and left adrenal enucleation, ARH rat systolic blood pressure had increased by 47 mmHg. In the regenerated gland, the concentrations of noradrenaline and adrenaline were negligible but dopamine was present in amounts similar to that of a normal adrenal cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Changes of endogenous morphine and codeine contents in the fasting rat

The alteration of endogenous opiate alkaloids during fasting state was investigated in rats. The concentrations of morphine and codeine in the cortex, midbrain, pons plus medulla, cerebellum, adrenal gland and pancreas were measured using radioimmunoassay for the opiates following high pressure liquid chromatography. The morphine and codeine contents of fasting rats showed maximum elevated levels in cortex, pons plus medulla and pancreas after 2 days of fasting, but after 1 day in midbrain. The opiate content of the cerebellum showed a tendency for a continuous increase during the 4 days. Adrenal glands of fasting rats had elevated levels at days 3 and 4, although there were great fluctuations within the groups.     

Adrenal cortex function in asthmatic patients following the discontinuation of chronic therapy with systemic glucocorticosteroids

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the time it takes for adrenal cortex function in asthmatic patients to return to normal after discontinuation of chronic therapy with systemic glucocorticosteroids (GCs) and to assess the relationship between the duration of the disease, chronic therapy, and the return of the normal adrenal cortex functioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 58 asthmatic patients and 31 healthy volunteers (aged 20-69 years). Adrenal cortex function was evaluated with the Synacthen short test, and determining serum and urinary free cortisol levels after 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 21 months following the discontinuation of systemic therapy with GCs. RESULTS: A decreased adrenal reserve was observed 1 month after withdrawal of GCs in 50% of the chronically treated patients. Adrenal cortex function returned to normal in 55% of patients within 6 months, in 24% within 12 months, and in 14% within 15 months of discontinuation of systemic GCs administration. A significant positive correlation between the time taken for return to normal adrenal cortex function and duration of the disease and of GCs therapy was found. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms of adrenal failure may develop in about 50% of asthmatic patients. In the majority of patients treated long term with systemic GCs, adrenal cortex function returns to normal within 6 months following discontinuation of GCs. The time of such return depends on the duration of the disease and of therapy with systemic GCs.     

Immunochemical and ultrastructural studies of an ovarian strumal carcinoid

An ovarian strumal carcinoid which synthesized peptide hormones, but did not induce the carcinoid syndrome, was analysed histochemically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. Dot-immunobinding assays were performed in order to determine the endocrine gene expression. The amylase resistant colloid was found to be PAS-positive in the follicular portions of the tumour. Carcinoid cells showed Grimelius positive argyophilic granules in the subnuclear position. The Fontana-Masson argentaffin reaction was negative. Immunohistochemistry for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) revealed strong reactivity in the follicular areas of the carcinoid. The immunoreactivity for somatotropic release inhibiting factor (SRIF) was found positive in the trabecular portion of the carcinoid tumour, thyroglobulin in the follicles. Neuron-specific enolase, protein S-100 A/B, synaptophysin and chromogranin A evoked weak cytoplasmic immunostaining of the tumor cells. Dot-immunobinding assays substantiated these immunohistochemical results, except for the thermolabile protein S-100 A/B. Electron microscopy of tumor cells showed numerous electron-dense cytoplasmic granules, 250 to 350 nm in diameter, both in follicular and trabecular areas of the tumor. Plasma levels of tumor-associated ACTH, SRIF and thyroglobulin were measured by radioimmunoassay and were found to be within the normal range.     

甲状腺破骨细胞样巨细胞性未分化癌2例并文献复习

目的：报道2例少见的甲状腺破骨细胞样巨细胞性未分化癌并进行文献复习。方法：对此瘤的临床病理特征做详细的形态学观察和免疫组织化学检查并进行分析。结果：甲状腺破骨细胞样巨细胞性肿瘤主要由两种细胞组成，一种为多核巨细胞，分两型：一型为破骨细胞样多核巨细胞，核数目多；一型为较小的具明显异型性的瘤巨细胞，核数目较少。另一种为单核细胞，也分两型：一型为组织细胞样单核细胞，一型为梭形、多角形的单核细胞。免疫组织化学研究显示，破骨细胞样多核巨细胞、组织细胞样单核细胞CD68（＋＋），所有细胞vimentin（＋＋），cytokeratin、EMA、NSE、Syn、CgA和calcitonin为（－）；少量梭形单核细胞、异型多核细胞的thyroglobulin显局灶阳性。结论：该肿瘤属甲状腺未分化癌的另一种亚型。破骨细胞样多核巨细胞是组织细胞样单核细胞融合的结果，来源于单核巨噬系统，属反应性改变。     

青少年阑尾类癌10例临床病理分析

目的探讨青少年阑尾类癌的临床病理特点。方法回顾性分析10例青少年阑尾类癌的临床病理资料及HE切片，并进行嗜铬颗粒蛋白A（CgA）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、突触素（Syn）免疫组化标记辅助诊断。结果肿块位于阑尾末端8例，根部2例。肿块直径〈2cm者8例，均行阑尾切除术；直径〉2cm者2例，1例行盲肠切除术，1例行右侧结肠切除术。光镜下癌细胞大小、形状、染色较一致，排列呈巢状、腺泡状。10例CgA、NSE均为（＋），7例Syn为（＋）。10例均经随访未见复发和转移。结论阑尾类癌为低度恶性的APUD源性肿瘤，预后较好。青少年患者手术治疗后可不需化疗、放疗。     

Primary aldosteronism in childhood due to primary adrenal hyperplasia

We present an unusual case of primary aldosteronism in childhood. A 9-year-old boy had hypertension, hypokalemia, hyporeninemia and hyperaldosteronism. Dexamethasone administration decreased plasma aldosterone transiently but failed to correct the hyperaldosteronism, excluding dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism. Plasma aldosterone decreased with upright posture and showed a circadian rhythm. Spironolactone treatment normalized blood pressure and serum potassium and lowered aldosterone secretion. During the studies, plasma aldosterone correlated with serum cortisol but not with plasma renin. Preoperative results indicated that this patient presented the functional features of aldosteronoma. Adrenal computed tomography, scintigraphy and left venography were not diagnostic of adrenal lesions. The left adrenal venous sampling showed hypersecretion of aldosterone from the left adrenal gland. The left adrenalectomy revealed micronodular hyperplasia but resulted in a prompt and sustained reversal of hypertension and hyperaldosteronism. These findings suggest that primary aldosteronism in this patient resulted from primary adrenal hyperplasia. Thus, adrenal hyperplasia is a heterogenous group of disorders and carefully selected studies allow prospective selection of appropriate treatment.     

趋化因子受体4在肾上腺皮质腺癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)在肾上腺皮质腺癌中的表达及其临床意义.方法:免疫组化法检测肾上腺疾病标本(肾上腺皮质腺癌15例,皮质醇瘤16例,醛固酮瘤14例,肾上腺皮质增生11例,正常肾上腺皮质2例)中CXCR4的表达;免疫化学染色法和流式细胞术检测肾上腺皮质腺癌细胞系(SW-13)中CXCR4的表达;将SW-13细胞注射至裸鼠体内,建立皮下移植瘤模型,待皮下成瘤后流式细胞术和免疫组化法检测瘤体组织CXCR4的表达.结果:肾上腺皮质腺癌标本中CXCR4表达阳性率为93.3%,远远高于在皮质醇瘤(25.0%)、醛固酮瘤(14.3%)、肾上腺皮质增生(阴性)以及正常肾上腺组织(阴性)中的表达水平.SW-13细胞系CXCR4阳性率为(61.35 ± 0.92)%,皮下移植瘤CXCR4的表达率为(71.39 ± 3.60)%.结论:CXCR4与肾上腺皮质腺癌有密切关系,可为肾上腺皮质腺癌以及其他肾上腺疾病的诊断提供新思路.