A family-centered critical care unit

Although care of the family has long been a focus of nursing, there has been an increased emphasis in recent years to provide opportunities for families to be an integral part of the hospitalization experience. This has been difficult for many nurses who perceive themselves as competent to care for a patient in "medical crisis" but feel unqualified to provide family care. This article will address issues related to implementing a family-centered philosophy of care in a critical care unit. Implementation strategies that will be discussed include: formulating a staff-led family support group and family committee, instituting a family visitation contract within open visitation parameters, and developing clinicians with expertise in family care. Tools such as a performance plan for a Clinical Nurse II specializing in family care and the family visitation contract will be shared.     

麻醉后监护室护理质量敏感指标的构建

目的构建适用于麻醉后监护室(post anesthesia care unit,PACU)的护理质量敏感指标,为PACU治疗监测及管理提供标准、量化的依据。方法以"结构-过程-结果"理论模式为依据,借鉴美国国家护理质量指标数据库及其他国内外麻醉护理专家的研究成果形成指标初稿,运用德尔菲技术进行3轮专家咨询,结合帕累托定律确定指标的内容和科学的测量方法。结果构建了包含复苏时间中位数、收治各类麻醉患者比例、低体温干预有效率、术后疼痛干预有效率等11项指标的PACU护理质量敏感指标体系。3轮专家咨询的问卷有效回收率均为100%,专家权威系数分别为0.86、0.84、0.90,专家意见的肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.245、0.256和0.356 (P<0.01)。结论 PACU护理质量敏感指标涵盖麻醉后监护的关键内容,可操作性强,专科特色鲜明,具有科学性和实用性,可为基于数据的持续质量改进和提高PACU护理质量提供参考。     

108例全身麻醉留置双腔气管插管患者麻醉恢复期的护理

报告了108例麻醉恢复室(PACU)全身麻醉术后留置双腔支气管导管患者的护理.15例保留双腔支气管导管期间发生低氧血症,其中5例发生在机械通气情况下,自主呼吸的患者中6例双腔管退至气管,3例纠正、3例重新用呼吸机辅助呼吸纠正,4例双腔气管插管移位、换单腔管.108例中19例发生不同程度低钠、低钾、低钙.以上情况均被及时发现和处理,患者安全送返病房.认为应密切观察全身麻醉术后双腔支气管导管位置,正确设置呼吸机参数,保持呼吸道通畅,观察通气量,监测血氧饱和度、心率、血压、动脉血氧、电解质情况,确保患者安全度过麻醉苏醒期.     

麻醉后监测治疗室患者护理记录指标体系的构建

目的 构建科学系统的麻醉后监测治疗室患者护理记录指标体系,为麻醉恢复期的患者安全与护理行为提供依据。方法 基于循证理念拟订麻醉后监测治疗室患者护理记录指标体系初稿,采用Delphi专家咨询法向17名专家进行2轮函询,并利用优序图法和百分权重法确定各指标权重。结果 2轮专家函询问卷回收率分别为89%、100%,专家权威系数为0.91,变异系数分别为0～0.225、0～0.244,肯德尔协调系数分别为0.209、0.214(P<0.01)。最终形成的麻醉后监测治疗室患者护理记录指标体系包括3项一级指标,10项二级指标和62项三级指标。结论 本研究构建的麻醉后监测治疗室患者护理记录指标体系具有良好的科学性和实用性,可为麻醉复苏室护士的临床护理行为与记录具有较好的指导与规范作用。     

Taking family-centered care to a higher level on the heart and kidney unit

The Interdisciplinary team on the 15-bed Heart and Kidney Unit at a large 270-bed children's hospital in a metropolitan area wanted to achieve a higher level of family-centered care (FCC). We already had strong family support services, such as child life specialists, social work, and pastoral care, and we encouraged family input and involvement in their child's care, but we wanted to reach for a stronger approach to FCC. We began our journey by evaluating what FCC is and how it is actualized. The establishment of our Family Advisory Board enabled us to reach toward a higher level of FCC. As our journey has continued, we realize that one cannot underestimate the cultural change this journey necessitates. Changing attitudes, education, and supporting all involved are at times difficult to do, but very important.     

Making family-centered care a reality

Family-centered care means, in the broadest sense, welcoming the family as partners in the care of the child. Family-centered care challenges us to create a new vision of a hospital environment that works in a very different way and that can actually improve clinical outcomes. This report describes one hospital's journey into family-centered care--its accomplishments and its challenges. It should be noted that, although this report describes family-centered care in a children's hospital, the philosophy beautifully adapts to an adult facility.     

Establishing a cardiac surgery recovery unit within the post anaesthesia care unit

At the Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre (A&RMC) an innovative approach was taken to improve the reliability of ICU bed availability for elective cardiac surgery patients. A cardiac surgery recovery unit (CSRU), a dedicated three bed area, was established within the Post Anaesthesia Care Unit (PACU) so as to deliver care to a group of patients that had previously been provided in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Derived benefits arising from this initiative include a reduction in the number of cardiac surgery cancellations for want of ICU beds, reduced length of stay of patients in the CSRU and in the Medical Centre, and an improvement in the level of knowledge and skills of PACU nurses in relation to caring for the specific needs of acutely ill patients.     

Pediatric palliative care: a family-centered model for critical care

Melanie's case and the associated concerns are not unique. Children with life-threatening conditions and their families and communities may benefit from a family-centered model of pediatric palliative care. Benefits from its implementation are not just at the end of life, but throughout the course of therapy. Compassion coupled with a holistic approach incorporating humane and family-centered care is essential in meeting physical, mental, and spiritual needs. An interdisciplinary and collaborative model of pediatric palliative care involves the work of many, including nurses, physicians, social workers, chaplains, child life specialists, pharmacists, ethicists, bereavement counselors, ancillary staff, volunteers, and families themselves. They must incorporate key elements of the model, including clinical services, education and training, support services, and research that address physical, mental, and spiritual needs of families, children, and communities faced with life-threatening conditions.     

麻醉苏醒室护士核心能力评价指标研究进展

分析了麻醉苏醒室、护士核心能力的概念及麻醉苏醒室护士国内外发展现况及存在的问题和不足,提出培养专职、专业化的麻醉苏醒室专科护士是我国麻醉苏醒室发展的迫切需要和必然趋势。     

Comprehensive critical incident monitoring in a neonatal-pediatric intensive care unit: experience with the system approach

Objective: To examine the occurrence of critical incidents (CIs) in order to improve quality of care.¶Design: Prospective survey.¶Setting: Multidisciplinary, neonatal-pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) of a non-university, teaching children's hospital.¶Patients: Four hundred and sixty-seven admissions over a 1-year period.¶Methods: A CI is any event which could have reduced, or did reduce, the safety margin for the patient. Comprehensive, anonymous, non-punitive CI monitoring was undertaken. CI severity with respect to actual patient harm was graded: major (score 3), moderate (2) or minor (1). The system approach incorporates the philosophy that errors are evidence of deficiencies in systems, not in people. We undertook 2-monthly analyses of CIs.¶Results: There were 211 CI reports: 30 % major, 25 % moderate, 45 % minor. The CI categories were management/environment 29 %, drugs 29 %, procedures 18 %, respiration 14 %, equipment dysfunction 7 %, nosocomial infections 3 %. The respiratory CIs were the most severe, the drug-related CIs the least severe (score mean, SD: 2.9, 0.26 vs 1.4, 0.76; p < 0.001). However, 20 out of 62 drug-related CIs were potentially life-threatening. Thirteen percent of drug CIs were decimal point errors. Eleven of the 29 respiratory CIs were accidental extubations (2.6/100 ventilator days). CIs were most often precipitated by consultants (32 %), followed by residents (23 %, over-represented in drug CIs, 22/62) and specialized nurses (21 %). Doctors had a greater proportion of major CIs than nurses (p < 0.01). Fifty percent of the CIs were detected by routine checks. The most important method of detection was patient inspection (44 %), alarms accounted for only 10 %. Contributing factors were human errors (63 %), communication failure (14 %), organizational problems (10 %), equipment dysfunction (7 %) and milieu (3 %).¶Conclusion: CIs are very common in pediatric intensive care. Knowledge of them is a precious source for quality improvement through changes in the system.     

以家庭为中心的产科护理模式探讨

目的探讨“以家庭为中心的产科护理”实施方法,提高产科护理质量。方法树立“以家庭为中心的产科护理”理念,营造家庭化住院环境,实施“以家庭为中心”的健康教育、产前产时产后护理、出院指导及访视。结果90%以上产妇在母亲角色适应、母乳喂养技能掌握、新生儿护理技能掌握、家庭参与几方面感觉良好。结论以家庭为中心的产科护理是满足孕产妇需求的高品质的护理,同时提升了护士职业形象;护理人员的认识、良好的住院环境、产妇家庭支持是实施这一模式不可缺少的条件。     

新生儿科护士实施以家庭为中心护理体验的质性研究

目的 了解新生儿科护士实施以家庭为中心护理（family centered care,FCC）的真实体验,探讨实施过程中存在的困难与需求,为开展大范围FCC提供参考。 方法 采用半结构式访谈法,选取2019年1月—3月在上海市某三级甲等医院新生儿科工作的61名护士进行访谈,运用Colaizzi 7步分析法对资料进行整理分析,提炼主题。结果 提炼出新生儿科护士实施FCC体验的3个主题:护士在实施FCC过程中表现出多重情感体验;实施FCC对新生儿父母有众多帮助;现阶段实施FCC仍存在诸多障碍。 结论 实施FCC是新生儿护理模式的发展趋势,实施过程中要重视护士的压力与需求,保持与新生儿父母的有效沟通,但技能的掌握需要组织的指导与支持,并需提供学习的途径与平台。     

Occupational therapy in early intervention: a family-centered approach

This article describes a framework for occupational therapy service provision in early intervention settings and presents pilot data aimed at examining the framework's effectiveness. The Family-Centered Framework for Early Intervention is a synthesis of concepts from the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner & Burke, 1980) and from the literature on play. It encompasses a systematic, holistic approach that considers the child and the family within the context of their life environments. In this framework, play is used both as an evaluative tool and as an intervention modality that addresses the volition, habituation, and performance of the child and family as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the environment. Play is also used as a primary measure of competence and change. This framework may be useful in defining occupational therapy roles for the early intervention population.     

An interdisciplinary team approach to evidence-based improvement in family-centered care

Family-centered care has become an integral part of total patient care in today's healthcare setting. Meeting family needs can be challenging for staff nurses already overwhelmed with escalating patient acuity and ever-increasing technical and documentation burdens. In the year 2000, an Interdisciplinary team in a tertiary hospital in the midwest employed a collaborative process to design and pioneer an award-winning nursing role in family-centered care. This article describes the methods used by this hospital to meet the ever-increasing challenge of family needs integrated into holistic patient care.     

A visit to the intensive cares unit: a family-centered culture change to facilitate pediatric visitation in an adult intensive care unit

To guide family adjustment, an effort was made to facilitate pediatric visitation in an adult intensive care unit (ICU). Goals were to improve customer satisfaction and to raise staff comfort level with child visitation. After implementing an open visitation policy, concerns around pediatric visitation in the ICU remained. Fears centered on risks to both patient and child. Literature was reviewed before a book was written entitled A Visit to the ICU. It contained information about what a child visiting the ICU would see, hear, and feel when visiting a loved one. The book provided reassurance for caregivers and children, informing them about what to expect when visiting. The goal of the book was to provide caregivers with a framework for age-appropriate education. Staff education was provided on developmental stages, including a child's understandings of illness and death. Nursing interventions were reviewed and resources provided. A survey demonstrated that the book increased staff comfort level with children visiting the unit, was a positive tool for patients and families, and eased fears among children while helping to facilitate coping mechanisms. The article will describe the practice change of pediatric visitation in an ICU and how it could be applied to other critical care settings.