肠易激综合征患者食物不耐受临床研究

目的探讨食物不耐受在肠易激综合征（IBS）的发病与体液免疫的关系。方法对腹泻型IBS患者50例,便秘型IBS患者33例和健康对照组25例,采集外周静脉血,应用酶联免疫方法,半定量测定血清中14种食物抗原的特异性IgG抗体。结果食物特异性IgG抗体患者阳性率：腹泻型IBS 66.00%（33/50例）,便秘型IBS 51.52%（17/33例）,均高于对照组16.00%（4/25例）（P〈0.05）;腹泻型IBS和便秘型IBS比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。IBS患者中多种食物IgG抗体阳性者占54.00%。结论食物介导的体液免疫反应异常即食物不耐受在IBS的发病机制中具有重要的作用。     

High incidence of acute lung injury in children with Down syndrome

Objective Acute respiratory tract infection is a common reason for hospitalization in children with Down syndrome (CDS) and is characterized by a high morbidity. The severe course of disease in CDS may be related to a higher incidence of acute lung injury (ALI). This study evaluated the incidence of ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mechanically ventilated CDS. Design and setting Retrospective cohort study in a pediatric ICU. Patients and participants Cases were all mechanically ventilated CDS admitted to our unit between January 1998 and July 2005. All mechanically ventilated patients without Down syndrome from January 1998 to January 2001 served as controls. Postoperative patients (cases and controls) and those with a cardiac left to right shunt were excluded. Measurements and results The main outcome measure was the incidence of ALI and ARDS. The criteria for ALI were met in 14 of 24 CDS (58.3%) in 41 of 317 of controls (12.9%; OR 9.4, 95% CI 3.9–22.6). The criteria for ARDS were met in 11 of 24 CDS (46%) and in 21 of 317 of controls (7%; OR 11.9, 95% CI 4.8–29.8). None of the CDS with ALI died; in the control group ten patients with ALI died. Conclusions CDS had a significantly higher incidence of ALI and ARDS than children without Down syndrome. The explanation for this remains to be elucidated; further study is necessary before clinical implications become clear.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者口服糖耐量试验检查时机选择

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者口服糖耐量试验（OGTr）的检查时机与安全性。方法选择2007年1月至2012年1月232例ACS住院患者,于病情稳定后及出院后3个月随访时行OGTr,并注意患者心电图和症状变化。结果病情稳定后于出院前OGTT检查发现血糖正常占40．95％（95／232）、糖尿病25．00％（58／232）、糖耐量减低34．05％（79／232）、空腹血糖受损2．59％（6／232）,与出院后3个月[血糖正常占39．91％（89／215）,糖尿病22．33％（48／215）,糖耐量减低33．95％（73／215）,空腹血糖受损2．33％（5／215）]比较差异均无统计学意义（x2值分别为0．051、0．441、0．001、0．032,P均〉0．05）,心电图sT段比较差异亦无统计学意义[（-0．12±0．08）mV与（-0．15±0．12）mV,t=0．23,P=0．85）。OGTr检查时不良反应少。结论ACS患者为糖代谢异常的高危人群,病情稳定后行OGTT是安全的,对于ACS患者都应常规行OGTT,及早发现糖代谢异常患者,并进行相应干预及治疗。     

High frequency of aspirin resistance in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Aspirin is widely used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, but is not effective for all patients. This phenomenon is called as aspirin resistance. Although the prognosis is worse in patients who develop acute coronary syndrome (ACS) while using aspirin, the frequency of aspirin resistance in these patients has not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of aspirin resistance in patients with ACS and to determine its relationship with the angiographic severity and extent of the associated coronary artery disease. The present study included 104 patients with ACS (75 men, 60.4 +/- 10.8 years) who were hospitalized while using aspirin for at least last 7 days and 100 patients with stable coronary artery disease (73 men, 57.6 +/- 10.6 years), documented by coronary angiography, history of revascularization or myocardial infarction (MI), and the use of aspirin for last 7 days. The latter group had no MI or ACS for last 3 months. Platelet function was assessed with PFA-100, which simulates primary homeostasis at injured blood vessels. Coronary angiography was performed in 83 cases of the patients with ACS during hospital stay. Aspirin resistance is more prevalent in patients with ACS (40.3%) when compared with stable coronary artery disease patients (27%). The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). The ACS patients with aspirin resistance were older and had severe myocardial damage. However, there were no significant differences in angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease between aspirin-resistant and aspirin-sensitive patients. Frequency of aspirin resistance is higher in patients who develop ACS while using aspirin than that in patients with stable coronary artery disease.     

Association of HELLP syndrome with autoimmune antibodies and glucose intolerance

OBJECTIVE: HELLP syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia, characterized by hemolysis (H), elevated liver enzymes (EL), and low platelets (LP), whose pathogenesis is unclear. Autoimmunity is thought to play an important role. After the observation of development of type 1 diabetes in a patient with HELLP syndrome, we assumed a possible disease association based on autoimmune reactions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We examined 70 women with HELLP syndrome for the presence of autoimmune markers and glucose intolerance. Free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, thyroperoxidase antibodies, thyrotropin receptor antibodies, antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and anti-DNA, islet cell antibodies, GADA, an oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c were determined postpartum. Patients with positive autoimmune markers or glucose intolerance were prospectively followed and repeated testing was performed. There were 60 women with a normal course of pregnancy matched for age, BMI, and number of pregnancies, which served as a control group. RESULTS: From the HELLP patients, 22 (31%) compared with only 6 (10%) control subjects had autoimmune antibodies (P < 0.01). There were 16 HELLP patients (23%) who exhibited only 1 kind of autoantibody (5 ANA, 9 thyroid antibodies, and 2 GADA), whereas in 6 HELLP patients (8.5%) 2 different antibodies were found. In all but 4 patients of the study group, these antibodies disappeared during 3 +/- 1.5 years of follow-up. Glucose intolerance was detected in 22 (31%) of the HELLP patients, 17 of them had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 5 had diabetes, whereas only 4 subjects (6.5%) with IGT at postpartum were found in the control group (P < 0.01). During the follow-up, 2 HELLP patients were still diabetic and another 2 HELLP patients (1 GADA positive) had IGT versus 1 control subject. CONCLUSIONS: Our data give evidence that HELLP syndrome is associated with various autoimmune antibodies and glucose intolerance. Because glucose intolerance and/or autoimmune markers persisted during long-term follow-up in 6 patients with HELLP syndrome versus 1 in the control group, it may become advisable to reexamine patients with HELLP syndrome for detection of diabetes and autoimmune disorders.     

Diagnostic efficacy of myeloperoxidase to identify acute coronary syndrome in subjects with chest pain

Abstract

Background. Early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is frequently a challenging task.

Aims. To assess the role of novel biomarkers to identify ACS.

Methods. Concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, oxidized LDL (oxLDL), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in 703 patients (mean age 65.5 ± 11.2 years; 422 men, 281 women) without diabetes mellitus assigned to coronary angiogram. The subjects were divided into three groups: ACS (n = 242), stable angina pectoris (SAP) (n = 242), and normal coronary artery (NCA) (n = 219).

Results. HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.001) and apolipoproteinA-I concentrations (P < 0.0001) were lowest in subjects with ACS. LDL-C (P = 0.008) and non-HDL (P < 0.0001) were higher in the ACS group than in the SAP group. Leukocyte count (P < 0.0001), oxLDL (P < 0.05), hsCRP (P < 0.001), sPLA2 (P < 0.05), and MPO (P < 0.0001) were highest in the ACS group. In multivariate models, comprising all biomarkers, elevated level of MPO had the best discriminatory power to identify patients with ACS. Receiver-operating characteristic curve with and without MPO comparison differed significantly (P = 0.03 for both ACS versus NCA and ACS versus SAP).

Conclusion. Our study shows that ACS associates with low HDL-C and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. The addition of MPO in biomarker panels might improve diagnostic accuracy for ACS.     

Glucose intolerance is common in Japanese patients with acute coronary syndrome who were not previously diagnosed with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Postprandial hyperglycemia has emerged as a new glycometabolic condition associated with an excessive risk for coronary artery disease. We therefore attempted to evaluate the frequency of postchallenge hyperglycemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who were not previously diagnosed to have diabetes and did not have a fasting glucose concentration of > or =7 mmol/l or an HbA(1c) level >6.0%. We further correlated the presence of postchallenge hyperglycemia with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In all, 134 consecutive ACS patients who met the above inclusion criteria were studied. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed before discharge. RESULTS: The mean age, fasting glucose, and HbA(1c) were 60 years, 5.15 mmol/l, and 5.4%, respectively. Among ACS patients, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes were found in 50 (37%) and 13 patients (10%), respectively. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance did not differ substantially among the normal glucose tolerance (NGT), IGT, and diabetic groups. Insulinogenic index, however, was lower and the number of stenosed vessels higher in diabetic patients compared with NGT patients. CONCLUSIONS: Postchallenge hyperglycemia, caused primarily by impaired initial insulin secretion, is commonly found in Japanese ACS patients who have not been previously diagnosed with diabetes, and this phenomenon is considered to be associated with advanced coronary atherosclerosis. Therefore, the present study strongly supports the notion that oral glucose tolerance test assessment of postchallenge hyperglycemia is essential to identify any previously undiagnosed diabetes cases among Japanese ACS patients.     

Fibrinolysis in patients with acute coronary syndrome

The reperfusion therapy including both fibrinolytic therapy and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been established in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Fibrinolysis has the advantage of universal availability and short time to administration. Because the benefit of fibrinolysis is directly related to the time from symptom onset to treatment as demonstrated in many studies, every effort must be made to minimize any delays between symptom onset and the initiation of a safe and effective reperfusion strategy in patients with STEMI. Although the benefit of fibrinolysis is limited by inadequate reperfusion or reocclusion of the infarct-related artery in a sizable portion of patients, fibrinolysis followed by planned PCI can be one of approaches in patients presenting within 2 or 3 hours from onset of STEMI.     

Drug intolerance in patients with idiopathic environmental intolerance syndrome

The increasing rate of the idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) has been observed for the last decade. The aim of this report was to analyse the allergic component of the disease in particular relation to drug intolerance. Six patients with diagnosed IEI showed a positive skin test reaction to several commonly used antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, myorelaxants, verapamil, etc. In three cases, the thorough diagnosis of sensitivity to anaesthetic agents enabled to perform necessary surgical treatment, in others - facilitated the proper treatment of headaches and hypertension. Symptoms related to allergy contributed to the deterioration of IEI. Thus, a consultation of IEI patients by an allergologist seems to be of a substantial importance.     

经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉介入治疗在老年急性冠状动脉综合征患者中的应用

目的观察老年急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者经桡动脉穿刺途径冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的可行性、近期疗效及并发症的发生情况。方法选择年龄70岁以上因ACS住院接受PCI术的老年患者,术前经检查桡动脉搏动良好,Allen试验阳性,适宜行桡动脉置管,并选择经桡动脉穿刺PCI者51例为桡动脉组,对照组97例为同时期年龄70岁以上采取经股动脉穿刺PCI的ACS者(股动脉组)。观察两组PCI成功率和近期临床疗效以及与穿刺有关的并发症的发生率,记录和统计患者术后绝对卧床时间和住院天数。结果两组血管病变特征基本相同。桡动脉组PCI的成功率为94.1%,股动脉组为96.9%,两组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术中造影剂用量和X线曝光时间两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后随访两组心功能和主要心血管事件发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但与穿刺有关的并发症的发生率桡动脉组(2.0%)显著低于股动脉组(21.7%)(P<0.01)。桡动脉组术后平均绝对卧床时间和平均住院天数均明显短于股动脉组(分别P<0.01和P<0.05)。结论与经股动脉穿刺相比,老年ACS患者经桡动脉穿刺途径PCI具有相同的疗效,但术后患者卧床时间短,恢复快,与穿刺有关的并发症明显减少。     

老年急性冠脉综合征患者伴发焦虑抑郁状况及护理需求

目的探讨老年急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者伴发焦虑抑郁状况的影响因素及护理需求情况。方法选取256例老年ACS患者为研究对象,采用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）和观察表对其进行测评,了解患者的焦虑、抑郁发生情况,分析焦虑抑郁发生的影响因素及护理需求情况。结果256例老年ACS患者存在焦虑症状占47．26％,抑郁症状占18．36％,同时合并焦虑抑郁症状占12．89％,焦虑抑郁总发生率为78．51％。Logistic回归分析结果显示,伴发焦虑抑郁状况主要与疾病相关知识、行为方式、医院环境、社会支持系统等因素有密切关系（β=-1．354,-2．045,-1．012;P〈0．05）;焦虑抑郁患者的疑病观念、不适主诉增多、注意力不集中、食欲减退、情绪低落、睡眠障碍等均高于无焦虑抑郁症状患者（P〈0．05）;有焦虑抑郁症状患者的各种护理需求中,需要吸氧（118例）、需要扣背（90例）、需要按摩（99例）、需要心理健康干预（112例）较无症状者（24,15,14,18例）明显增多,差异具有统计学意义（x2=16．18,11．49,10．18,10．84;P〈0．05）。结论对于老年ACS伴发焦虑抑郁患者应加强心理护理,有针对性的进行个体健康教育,对有效减少或防止老年ACS焦虑和抑郁的发生,促进疾病的好转、改善愈后和提高患者的生活质量具有重要意义。     

急性冠脉综合征患者的护理

笔对34例急性冠脉综合征患进行分析，提出护理要点：按心肌梗死常规护理，加强相关指标的监测。尽早明确诊断；预防并发症，重视不典型表现，注意体温的变化，加强监护；积极做好原发病的防治及护理；加强心理护理及康复指导。     

Electrocardiographic diagnosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Electrocardiographic role in a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease has still important value. As important electrocardiographic findings of myocardial ischemia, there are ST elevation or depression, increase high T wave (hyperacute T wave), negative T wave and negative U wave, but it is particularly important to compare those findings and manifestation. Because the patient can always carry it, event ECG is advantageous in that they can record electrocardiography by themselves when they have some symptom. It is necessary to have attention to what abnormal findings of the electrocardiogram which it is easy to be overlooked such as increase T wave or negative U wave appear in early stage of phase of acute coronary syndrome. When the patient has some symptom that acute coronary syndrome is thought about, it is necessary to record electrocardiograms on several times and to do follow up even if there is no electorcardiographic abnormalities at first recording.     

Carbohydrate exchange in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Blood sugar measurement may be important for determining therapeutic tactics in patients in urgent pathological conditions. The role of hyperglycemia in the development of acute myocardial ischemia is under constant study, because the risk of death from myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is twice higher than in those who do not suffer from DM. Having studied literature data, presented in the article, the authors report preliminary results of their work. Carbohydrate exchange disturbances are found almost in a half (49.1%) of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In patients with substantial and severe ACS manifestations that were considered to be those of acute myocardial infarction (MI) with ST interval elevation, as well as in patients with a repeated MI, carbohydrate exchange disorder was revealed in 65% and 77% of cases. In 30% of patients with a repeated MI, and in 14% of patients with MI with ST interval elevation, hyperglycemia was transient and disappeared on its own. Evaluation of this group of patients revealed type 2 DM in 44% of cases, which once more confirmed the information that DM patients were more liable to atherothrombosis. In half of the patients DM was newly revealed. This can be explained by the fact that a stressful situation urged revealing of the disease, which otherwise could be concealed. Data that suggest a higher hyperglycemia level in patients who finally could not be saved are of certain importance.     

糖耐量减低者体内氧化应激水平升高

目的 探讨糖耐量减低患者体内氧化应激状况.方法 选取糖耐量减低（IGT）组45例和糖耐量正常（NGT）组51例,测定其血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH）、活性氧（ROS）和丙二醛（MDA）水平.比较IGT组与NGT组的氧化应激状况,并对氧化应激指标进行相关性分析.结果 与NGT组相比,IGT组血清SOD和GSH水平明显下降,而血清ROS和MDA水平明显升高（P＜0.05）;而且经校正性别和年龄后,两组问的差异仍具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Spearman相关分析显示,GSH与年龄、BMI、FBG以及TG呈负相关;SOD与年龄、FBG、HOMA-IR以及TC呈负相关;ROS与年龄、BMI、FBG、HOMA-IR以及TG呈正相关;MDA与HOMA-IR和TG呈正相关.结论 此研究结果提示,糖耐量减低者体内存在着高水平的氧化应激状态,但仍有待于更大样本的进一步研究来证实.     

Statin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome

In PROVE IT trial, intensive lipid-lowering therapy with statin (80 mg of atorvastatin daily) provides greater protection against cardiovascular events than does a standard regimen (40 mg of pravastatin daily) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), indicating that such patients benefit from early and continued lowering of LDL cholesterol to levels substantially below current target levels. However, differences between Japanese and Westerns as far as atherogenesis and response to statins are concerned, remain an unsolved problem that requires additional investigation. New guideline for the management of patients with ACS is needed for Japanese patients.