内镜下球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症

目的 探讨内镜下球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的有效性和安全性。方法 内镜下用ABD球囊扩张贲门狭窄处，根据病人反应及镜下情况决定扩张进程，术后定期随访。结果 19例病人随访1～2年，近期疗效100％，1年症状缓解率94．4％(17／18)，2年症状缓解率88．2％(15／17)，未发生严重并发症。结论 内镜下球囊扩张术治疗贲门失驰缓症是一种创伤小，安全有效的方法。     

气囊扩张治疗贲门失驰缓症

应用Ｒｅｇｉｆｌｅｘ气囊扩张器治疗贲门失驰缓症５７例，术前经Ｘ线、内镜及食管测压检查确诊，扩张后临床表现和Ｘ线、内镜及测压检查均见显著改善，随访４－５２个月５５例疗效满意，２例复发分别在扩张后３个月和１８个月，再次扩张症状缓解。     

内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床研究

目的评价内镜球囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效。方法经内镜球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症患者85例,术后定期观察病情缓解情况及并发症等。结果85例患者行扩张治疗2周后,除4例患者因进食梗阻再次进行扩张外。余81例患者逐一随访临床分级均为0级,患者吞咽困难、呕吐等症状全部消失,治疗有效率为95．3％。扩张2月～1年后复查,又有5例又出现吞咽困难,临床分级为Ⅰ级,余病例均无复发,临床分级为0级,治疗有效率为89．4％。结论球囊扩张术简单易行,安全可靠,创伤小,并发症少,值得在临床推广应用。     

内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症81例

目的:探讨内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法与疗效.方法:内镜下气囊扩张术治疗81例贲门失弛缓症患者,观察其临床症状,复查胃镜及X线检查,以了解其疗效.结果:81例患者吞咽困难缓解率100%,无穿孔等严重并发症发生;复查胃镜及X线检查均较扩张前明显改善,随访0.5-5 a,无1例复发.结论:内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症因疗效确切、安全性高、费用低、痛苦小,是贲门失弛缓症较为理想的首选和主要治疗方法.     

肌切开术和气囊扩张治疗食管贲门失驰缓症的前瞻性研究

目的 比较手术和气囊扩张治疗食管贲门失驰缓症的疗效。方法 对４８例患者（手术１８例,气囊扩张３０例）进行了一年以上的随访观察,通过对症状,Ｘ线钡餐食管造影,胃镜检查和食管２４小时连续ｐＨ监测等进行比较分析。结果 手术和气囊扩张治疗食管贲门失弛缓症在以上几个方面差异均无显著性。结论 手术和气囊扩张均是治疗食管贲门失驰缓症安全有效的方法。而气囊扩张由于其方法简单,不必住院,费用较低等更适合我国国情。     

内镜下气囊扩张术治疗食管贲门失弛缓症临床疗效观察

目的 探讨内镜下气囊扩张术治疗食管贲门失弛缓症近期和远期临床疗效。方法 选择贲门失弛缓症病人12例为研究对象，进行气囊扩张。术后1周内行X线钡餐检查，术后半年内每月随访1次，以后每3个月随访检查1次。结果 所有病人在术后吞咽困难症状均有明显缓解。随访结果表明，在3、6、12个月随访期内，症状缓解率依次为91．7％(11／12)，90％(9／10)、83．3％(56)。随着术后时间延长，症状缓解率呈逐渐下降的趋势。本组病人扩张术后虽然有局部粘膜撕裂、渗血等并发症，皆可自行缓解，未发生上消化道大出血、食管穿孔等严重并发症。结论 内镜下气囊扩张治疗食管贲门失弛缓症具有较好的疗效，且操作较简单，损伤小，恢复快，比较安全。     

肉毒毒素注射联合球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床价值

目的探讨肉毒毒素注射联合球囊扩张术在治疗贲门失弛缓症中的临床价值。方法选取贲门失弛缓症患者35例，分为两组，其中18例行球囊扩张术（扩张组），17例行肉毒毒素注射联合球囊扩张术（联合组）。随访12个月观察临床症状评分，测量食管钡餐摄片的钡柱高及宽。结果两组患者经治疗后临床症状明显改善，在术后1周、3个月两组的临床症状的缓解差异无统计学意义（P〉0．1），术后6、12个月联合治疗的临床症状缓解优于单独球囊扩张组（P〈0．05）。两组治疗后食管钡餐摄片观察均较治疗前明显好转（P〈0．05），术后1周联合组和单纯扩张组间食管排空差异无统计学意义，12个月联合组和单纯扩张组间食管排空差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论肉毒毒素注射联合球囊扩张可以有效的缓解患者症状，远期疗效优于单独球囊扩张。     

横开口法内镜下食管肌层切开术治疗贲门失驰缓症的术后处理

目的探讨隧道横开口法内镜下食管肌层切开术治疗贲门失驰缓术后的合理处理方法。方法分析53例贲门失驰缓症患者术前、术中、术后护理。结果术后正确的饮食指导及并发症的观察是治疗的关键。53例患者治疗成功率100%,无1例发生纵膈气肿、气胸、食管纵膈瘘。结论隧道横开口法内镜下食管肌层切开术治疗贲门失驰缓症方法安全有效,术后正确的饮食指导、并发症的观察是治疗成功的关键。     

经内镜球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症55例临床观察

目的探讨经内镜球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效及食管动力的变化。方法对2001-01—2005-12于中国医科大学附属第一医院就诊的55例贲门失弛缓症患者,在内镜直视下行球囊扩张治疗,并进行症状评分、食管钡餐造影及食管测压检查。结果经内镜球囊扩张后临床症状明显改善(P<0·01);食管钡餐造影食管最大宽度明显减小(P<0·01);LESP及LESRP明显降低(P<0·01),LESRR明显升高(P<0·01),LESRR与LESP高低无关;食管体部均表现为无效低幅收缩,未恢复推进性蠕动波。结论经内镜球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症可明显缓解患者的临床症状,改善食管动力,是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

内镜下球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的中远期随访观察

目的 评价内镜下球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症(AC)的中远期疗效。 方法 应用内镜下球囊扩张术治疗45例患者,术后随访2～12年,治疗前后行Eckardt评分及Stooler分级,评价扩张治疗的疗效。 结果 手术成功率为97.8%(44/45),有效缓解率93.2%（41/44）,未发生大量出血、穿孔等严重并发症。术后随访最长至144个月,10例术后超过60个月。术后吞咽困难症状明显缓解(P<0.01)。术后24个月及60个月的Eckardt评分均较术前有显著降低(P<0.01),但术后60个月的Eckardt评分较术后24个月有所回升(P<0.01)。统计分析显示,病程与术后评分呈明显正相关(P<0.01),与治疗效果呈明显负相关(P<0.01)。 结论 内镜下球囊扩张术治疗AC,具有良好的治疗效果,且安全性较高。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.