阿托伐他汀对ApoE基因敲除小鼠血管外膜成纤维细胞表型的影响

目的:观察载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE~(-/-))小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块形成过程中血管外膜α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的表达变化,同时探讨阿托伐他汀抗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制。方法:选择40只6周龄雄性ApoE~(-/-)小鼠随机分为模型组和阿托伐他汀干预组,给予高脂饲料喂养。阿托伐他汀干预组给予阿托伐他汀(20 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))灌胃,模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。20只同龄C57BL/6小鼠给予普通饲料喂养作为正常对照组。各组小鼠喂养至10、15周龄,在各个时点处死动物,取升主动脉制备连续切片,通过Movat染色进行形态学观察,测量并计算血管外膜厚度及斑块相对面积;天狼星红染色检测胶原的表达;免疫组织化学染色检测不同时点血管外膜α-SMA及TGF-β1的表达变化。用实时荧光定量PCR检测胸主动脉外膜中TGF-β1 mRNA的表达水平,通过Western blot法检测主动脉外膜中TGF-β1蛋白的表达。结果:与模型组相比,阿托伐他汀干预组的斑块相对面积明显减小,血管外膜厚度及胶原合成明显下降;免疫组化结果显示15周龄模型组血管外膜α-SMA及TGF-β1的表达高于10周龄模型组;与模型组相比,阿托伐他汀干预组血管外膜α-SMA及TGF-β1的表达明显下降。各时点模型组的TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显高于对照组,给药干预后TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显降低。15周龄模型组血管外膜TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达高于10周龄模型组。结论:阿托伐他汀可能通过下调TGF-β1的表达调控血管外膜成纤维细胞表型的改变,进而延缓ApoE~(-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化的进程。     

CXCR7在动脉粥样硬化模型ApoE-/-小鼠的表达及阿托伐他汀的干预作用

 目的: 研究CXC趋化因子受体7(CXC chemokine receptor 7,CXCR7)在动脉粥样硬化模型载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE^-/-)小鼠中的表达并探究阿托伐他汀的干预作用。方法: 8周龄ApoE^-/-雄性小鼠,随机分为正常对照组、高脂组与高脂+阿托伐他汀组,实验干预12周建立动脉粥样硬化模型;油红O及HE染色观察动脉粥样硬化病变,Western blot及免疫组化法检测动脉CXCR7的表达,Western blot检测动脉eNOS和Akt的表达。结果: (1)动脉油红O及HE染色示高脂组可见有明显粥样核心及纤维帽的显著斑块,高脂+阿托伐他汀组也可见斑块,但斑块负荷较模型组减轻,正常对照组未见明显斑块形成;(2)免疫组化示高脂组动脉细胞着色浅,CXCR7表达量少,高脂+阿托伐他汀组与高脂组比较,细胞着色增加,CXCR7表达量增加,正常对照组颗粒呈深棕黄色,示CXCR7大量表达;(3)Western blot结果示高脂组CXCR7、eNOS和Akt的表达较正常对照组降低,给予阿托伐他汀干预后CXCR7、eNOS和Akt的表达较高脂组增加,较正常对照组相比CXCR7、eNOS和Akt的表达下降,但磷酸化eNOS的水平未见差异。结论: 高脂血症可损伤血管内皮,促进动脉粥样硬化的发展,下调动脉CXCR7、eNOS和Akt的表达;阿托伐他汀可改善动脉粥样硬化,缓解ApoE^-/-小鼠动脉CXCR7、eNOS和Akt蛋白表达的下调。     

通心络联合阿托伐他汀、阿司匹林对家兔动脉粥样硬化早期血管外膜炎症因子表达的干预

目的:探讨通心络联合阿托伐他汀、阿司匹林对家兔动脉粥样硬化早期颈动脉外膜炎症因子表达的影响。方法:高脂饮食复合单侧颈总动脉硅胶管包裹制备兔动脉粥样硬化早期模型。72只新西兰兔随机分为对照组(control)、模型组(model)、通心络(tongxinluo)组、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)组、阿司匹林(aspirin)组和三药联用(three-drug combination)组。每组各12只。对照组给予普通饲料,模型组及各用药组家兔均实施单侧颈动脉硅胶管包裹术复合高脂饲料喂养,通心络组给予通心络超微粉混悬液(0.3 g·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,阿托伐他汀组给予阿托伐他汀(2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,阿司匹林组给予阿司匹林(12 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,三药联用组给予通心络超微粉混悬液(0.3 g·kg-1·d-1)、阿托伐他汀(2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)和阿司匹林(12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,连续给药,4周后取材。HE染色判定颈动脉内中膜病理形态变化;生化法检测血脂变化;ELISA法测定各组家兔颈动脉包裹段外膜单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-10表达水平;免疫组化法检测血管外膜IL-8表达水平。结果:模型组与对照组比较,血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)的水平明显增高。除阿司匹林组外,各用药组TC、TG和LDL-C的水平与模型组比较明显降低。三药联用组较其它用药组TC、TG和LDL-C的水平明显降低。模型组颈动脉外膜中MCP-1和IL-1β的表达明显高于对照组,IL-10的表达减弱。与模型组比较,各用药组颈动脉外膜中MCP-1和IL-1β的表达减弱,IL-10的表达增强。三药联用组较其它各用药组MCP-1和IL-1β的表达明显减弱,IL-10的表达明显增强。各用药组颈动脉外膜IL-8表达减少。结论:通心络、阿托伐他汀和阿司匹林三药联用可通过降脂、调节血管外膜炎症反应而有效延缓动脉粥样硬化进程,且较单药应用作用更佳。     

阿托伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠急性心肌梗死后心功能及HGF/c-Met信号通路的影响*

 目的： 糖尿病患者急性心肌梗死（AMI）后的心室重构及心功能恶化较非糖尿病者更为明显。本研究旨在观察阿托伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠AMI后心肌细胞凋亡、心室重构及心功能的影响,并探讨其作用是否与肝细胞生长因子及其受体 (HGF/c-Met)信号通路有关。方法: 70只雄性SD大鼠经链脲霉素 (STZ, 65 mg/kg)腹腔注射,诱导糖尿病大鼠模型。8周后对糖尿病大鼠结扎左冠状动脉前降支构建AMI大鼠模型,术后存活32只大鼠随机分为2组：AMI对照组(n=16)和阿托伐他汀干预组(n=16, 阿托伐他汀20 mg·kg-1·d-1),并在糖尿病大鼠中设假手术组(n=11),术后24 h予以灌胃给药。2周后比较各组大鼠心功能、心肌组织病理改变、心肌细胞凋亡、HGF和c-Met mRNA及蛋白表达差异。结果: (1) AMI对照组心功能显著低于假手术组（P<0.05）,胶原容积分数、心肌细胞凋亡指数、HGF及c-Met mRNA及蛋白表达均显著高于假手术组（P<0.05）;(2) 阿托伐他汀干预组的胶原容积分数和心肌细胞凋亡指数显著低于AMI对照组（P<0.05）,心功能、HGF及c-Met mRNA及蛋白表达均显著高于AMI对照组（P<0.05）。结论: 阿托伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠AMI后心肌细胞凋亡、心室重构及心功能具有显著改善作用;HGF/c-Met信号通路在AMI后会激活,阿托伐他汀的上述作用机制可能与其进一步增强HGF/c-Met信号通路有关。     

丹参提取物促大鼠心肌梗死后心肌组织血管新生的作用

目的:观察丹参提取物对大鼠心肌梗死后心肌组织血管新生的作用并分析其可能的机制。方法:采用经典的冠状动脉左前降支结扎造模方法成功复制大鼠心肌梗死模型后,随机将大鼠分为模型组以及丹参提取物低(10 mg·kg-1·d-1)、中(20 mg·kg-1·d-1)、高(40 mg·kg-1·d-1)剂量治疗组,另设假手术组大鼠为对照组,各组大鼠数量均为8只。丹参提取物各治疗组给予上述对应的各药物剂量灌胃给药,模型组及对照组大鼠给予等量的生理盐水灌胃,连续饲养4周后应用HE染色、Masson染色和电镜法观察大鼠左心室心肌组织和血管结构病理成分变化,免疫组化染色分析心肌组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及CD34蛋白的表达变化。结果:组织病理学分析表明,与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠心肌组织形态较为紊乱,部分心肌细胞轮廓消失,坏死心肌组织呈现明显的纤维化,血管不完整,血管超微结构模糊或者消失;丹参提取物治疗之后,新生的血管数量明显增多,且超微结构分析表明,内皮细胞形态相对完整。心肌组织中VEGF及CD34蛋白表达结果证实,模型组较假手术组大鼠表达略有增加,但没有统计学差异;和模型组比较,丹参提取物各治疗组VEGF及CD34蛋白表达明显增多(P0.01)。结论:丹参提取物可明显促进大鼠心肌梗死后心肌组织的血管新生。     

阿托伐他汀对百草枯中毒大鼠肺纤维化的影响及机制研究

目的观察阿托伐他汀对急性百草枯(PQ)中毒大鼠肺间质成纤维细胞中基质金属蛋白酶及Smad3的表达影响,探讨其在PQ中毒致肺纤维化中的意义。方法 SD大鼠105只,随机分为对照组15只、百草枯组45只、阿托伐他汀组45只,后2组按时间点又随机分为3组。百草枯组、阿托伐他汀腹腔内注射百草枯35 mg/kg,对照组注射等体积无菌生理盐水,阿托伐他汀组给与阿托伐他汀1.5 mg/(kg.d)灌胃治疗。7、14、21 d后分离和提取肺间质成纤维细胞。采用RT-PCR检测肺组织MMP-2 mRNA、MMP-9 mRNA及Smad3 mRNA的表达。应用免疫细胞化学观察MMP-2、MMP-9、TGF-β1及用碱水解法检测HYP的表达量,观察肺病理学变化。结果与百草枯中毒比较,阿托伐他汀组MMP-2 mRNA、MMP-9 mRNA、Smad3 mRNA表达减少,MMP-2、MMP-9表达也减少,TGF-β1、HYP显著降低,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);病检发现:阿托伐他汀组炎细胞减少,可见成纤维细胞,周围较多正常肺组织,肺纤维化较白草枯中毒组明显减轻。结论阿托伐他汀具有抑制MMP-2 mRNA及MMP-9 mRNA的表达,进而减少MMP-2及MMP-9的表达,抑制Smad3 mRNA的表达,使TGF-β1及HYP生成减少,使肺间质纤维化明显减轻。     

阿托伐他汀对ApoE基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化病变中TRPC5表达的影响

目的:观察载脂蛋白E基因敲除(Apo E-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块形成过程中血管平滑肌细胞瞬时受体电位通道5(TRPC5)蛋白的表达变化,以及阿托伐他汀药物干预对TRPC5的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法:将40只6周龄雄性Apo E-/-小鼠随机分为模型组和他汀干预组,高脂饲料喂养建立动脉粥样硬化模型。他汀干预组给予阿托伐他汀(20 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃。20只同龄雄性野生型C57BL/6J小鼠给予普通饲料喂养作为正常对照组。各组小鼠分别喂养至20和30周龄,分别取10只取血并处死。取主动脉根部做石蜡切片行HE染色形态学观察,测量并计算斑块相对面积;免疫组织化学染色检测各组小鼠TRPC5蛋白表达变化。取胸腹段主动脉行实时荧光定量PCR,检测主动脉中TRPC5通道蛋白mRNA的表达水平。结果:与模型组相比,阿托伐他汀干预组的血脂明显下降,斑块总面积明显减小,TRPC5蛋白水平及mRNA含量明显下降;30周龄模型组的TRPC5蛋白表达稍高于20周龄模型组,但差异无统计学意义;30周干预组较20周干预组相比,TRPC5水平有降低趋势且差异有统计学意义。结论:阿托伐他汀可能通过下调TRPC5蛋白表达从而延缓动脉粥样硬化进程。     

阿托伐他汀对大鼠自体移植静脉内膜增生的影响

目的： 探讨新型降脂药阿托伐他汀对自体移植静脉内膜增生的影响。 方法： 将Wistar大鼠颈外静脉移植于腹主动脉,建立大鼠自体静脉移植模型,实验分为3组：假手术组、移植对照组和移植实验组。自术后第1 d起,对移植实验组大鼠经胃管灌注给予阿托伐他汀(5 mg·kg-1·d-1)处理。干预4周后取移植静脉组织标本,制备4 μm厚组织切片,行病理组织学观察分析移植静脉内膜增生情况,行免疫组化染色分析新生内膜细胞SMα-actin和PCNA的表达情况。 结果： 移植对照组和实验组移植静脉内皮下层SMα-actin染色阳性平滑肌细胞大量增生,导致静脉内膜显著增厚,血管管腔明显狭窄。新生内膜定量分析显示移植实验组移植静脉内膜增生受到明显抑制,其新生内膜面积及新生内膜/中膜面积比均显著低于对照组(P<0.01);并且实验组移植静脉新生内膜细胞PCNA标记指数显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。 结论： 阿托伐他汀通过抑制新生内膜平滑肌细胞的增殖能有效抑制自体移植静脉内膜增生的发生发展,在防治血管重建术后再狭窄方面显示出良好的应用前景。     

阿托伐他汀对冠状动脉介入术后血管内皮功能的影响

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀对冠状动脉介入治疗后血管内皮功能的影响.方法 64例稳定型心绞痛患者随机分为阿托伐他汀治疗组(简称实验组,34例)和常规治疗组(简称对照组,30例),两组病例在冠脉介入治疗前后次日采血,用酶联免疫吸附试验( ELISA) 测定血浆假血友病因子表达水平;用放射免疫测定法测定血浆内皮素1(ET-1)的表达水平;用酶法测定血浆一氧化氮(NO) 的含量.结果 与本组PCI术前比较,两组血浆vWF、ET-1表达水平在介入治疗术后均有不同程度的升高(P < 0.05),血浆NO水平有所下降(P < 0.05);与对照组比较,实验组血浆vWF、ET-1表达水平在介入治疗术后均有不同程度的下降(P < 0.05),血浆NO水平有所升高(P < 0.05).结论 冠状动脉介入术前给予阿托伐他汀治疗可以保护血管内皮功能.     

阿托伐他汀通过转录因子AP1抑制AS大鼠VSMC增殖及促凋亡

目的 探讨阿托伐他汀对动脉粥样硬化(AS)大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞(VSMC)调节及转录因子AP1的作用.方法 80只大鼠随机分为:普通饲料组、AS组和阿托伐他汀高低剂量组(40和10 mg/kg·d).用原位TUNEL检测细胞凋亡;用免疫组化检测血管中AP1和α-SM-actin蛋白表达;用蛋白免疫印迹法检测血管相关蛋白AP1表达.结果 阿托伐他汀高和低剂量组TG、TC和LDL明显下降(P＜0.05).阿托伐他汀抑制AS大鼠VSMC增殖,促进其促凋亡(P＜0.05).阿托伐他汀干预后AS大鼠VSMC中AP1和α-SM-actin蛋白表达明显减少(P＜0.05).结论 阿托伐他汀通过下调AP1抑制AS大鼠VSMC增殖及促凋亡.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...