MEGADOSE METHYLPREDNISOLONE FOR EVANS SYNDROME

Endobronchial involvement in non-Hodgkin lymphoma is rare even in the presence of advanced disease. A 15-year-old boy presented with progressively worsening dyspnea with occasional hemoptysis for 1 week prior to admission. Three days later, he was intubated due severe dyspnea with complete atelectasis of the right lung. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy disclosed an endobronchial mass almost occupying the right main bronchus. He underwent partial resection of the endobronchial tumor with rigid bronchoscopy. An airway stenting was used in this patient because he had severe tracheal obstruction from the tumor. The compromised airway was alleviated by combined chemotherapy and tracheobronchial stenting.     

Combined chemotherapy and tracheobronchial stenting for life-threatening airway obstruction in a child with endobronchial non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Endobronchial involvement in non-Hodgkin lymphoma is rare even in the presence of advanced disease. A 15-year-old boy presented with progressively worsening dyspnea with occasional hemoptysis for 1 week prior to admission. Three days later, he was intubated due severe dyspnea with complete atelectasis of the right lung. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy disclosed an endobronchial mass almost occupying the right main bronchus. He underwent partial resection of the endobronchial tumor with rigid bronchoscopy. An airway stenting was used in this patient because he had severe tracheal obstruction from the tumor. The compromised airway was alleviated by combined chemotherapy and tracheobronchial stenting.     

纤维支气管镜结合多层螺旋CT检查对无脾综合征伴双侧气管性支气管的评估作用

目的使用多层计算机断层扫描(MSCT)和纤维支气管镜对8例双侧气管性支气管病例进行评估。方法在接受纤维支气管镜检查的1 382例患儿中有8例诊断为双侧气管性支气管,对此8例同时进行MSCT检查。结果 7例患儿内镜及MSCT均诊断为双侧气管性支气管,另1例患儿胸部CT加三维气道重建提示右侧气管性支气管,伴右上肺不张,经支气管镜检查并清理阻塞物后提示为双侧气管性支气管。该8例儿童均诊断为无脾综合征。结论纤维支气管镜结合MSCT检查对无脾综合征合并双侧气管性支气管病变的诊断具有较好的价值,并为复杂心血管畸形纠治中的气道管理提供了保障。     

Congenital tracheal stenosis: Role of CT and high kV films

Congenital tracheal stenosis is an intrinsic narrowing of the tracheal lumen due to complete cartilaginous rings. We evaluated the role of the chest radiograph, high kV films, CT and bronchoscopy in five patients with congenital tracheal stenosis. CT was superior to chest radiography and high kV films in the evaluation of the presence and extent of the stenosis. CT was superior to bronchoscopy in the evaluation of the distal extent of the stenosis in two patients. In addition, CT is useful in ruling out external compression of the trachea by a mass or associated vascular anomaly.     

Management of blunt tracheal trauma in children: a case series and review of the literature

Blunt tracheal trauma seldom develops in children because of their anatomy and the mobility of the cartilage. It has the potential to be overlooked, either because of the severity of concomitant injuries or because of the unfamiliarity of paediatricians with this type of injury. However, tracheal injury might be lethal due to airway compromise. Early bronchoscopy may be necessary to anticipate complications and prevent permanent dysfunction. We present a retrospective, double-institution case series over a 5-year period, describing five children, aged 3 to 14 years, with tracheal injury after blunt cervical trauma. All patients showed emphysema with pneumomediastinum. After explorative bronchoscopy, all patients were successfully treated with antibiotics and/or supportive ventilation. In summary, minimal lesions due to blunt tracheal trauma could be treated conservatively in children. Since the external signs of tracheal injury are not indicative of the extent of the trauma, a high index of suspicion is warranted in these patients.     

The role of bronchoscopy in slide tracheoplasty in children北大核心CSCD

目的 总结支气管镜在儿童Slide气管成形术中的作用。方法 回顾性分析2017—2020年湖南省人民医院收治的4例气管狭窄患儿的诊疗经过,总结支气管镜在Slide气管成形术术前评估、术中定位与测量及术后创面评估和治疗中的作用。结果 Slide气管成形术术前支气管镜评估显示,4例患儿中3例存在完全气管环,2例合并肺动脉吊带,2例存在多处狭窄。3例在该院完成Slide气管成形术,术中支气管镜下判断狭窄段中点及测量狭窄段长度,协助离断气管狭窄段,术后灌洗明确病原;1例外院Slide气管成形术术后9个月出现瘢痕牵拉,经支气管镜下介入治疗好转。2例术后第4天支气管镜下发现气管黏膜改变,调整治疗方案;2例术后1个月出现肉芽增生,经支气管镜下冷冻治疗好转。1例因吻合口坏死放弃治疗死亡,存活的3例随访6个月以上,预后可,但均存在气管支气管软化。结论 支气管镜可用于气管狭窄患儿Slide气管成形术的管理,有助于术后康复及随访。     

新生儿气管狭窄病因及诊疗进展

气管狭窄是由于不同病变所造成的气管腔狭窄,病因尚不清楚,但与先天性心脏病血管环压迫气道、气管软化及气管重塑等有着密切联系.影像学技术尤其是纤维支气管镜和CT对于诊断气管狭窄起到重要作用;手术是常用的治疗手段,气管置入支架是目前临床内科发展的方向.     

婴幼儿气道狭窄的诊疗现状与研究进展

婴幼儿气道狭窄是由先天性或后天性因素所造成的呼吸道管腔缩小,导致呼吸和发音功能障碍.近些年,随着纤维支气管镜在NICU与PICU应用的发展,先天性婴幼儿气道狭窄的诊断率明显提高;随着极早产、极低出生体重儿存活率的增高,气管插管相关性婴幼儿气道狭窄的发病率也在逐步升高;随着外科手术方式的进步以及纤维支气管镜诊疗应用的普及,过去诊疗困难、病死率极高的先天性气道畸形狭窄,在诊治与预后方面也有了巨大的提升.该文综述近年来婴幼儿气道狭窄的诊疗现状与新进展.     

纤维支气管镜在撤机失败新生儿中的应用

目的：对我院因撤机失败的41例新生儿行纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)检查,以积极寻求原发疾病及探讨其安全性。方法回顾性分析我院新生儿科收治的41例因撤机失败行纤支镜检查患儿的资料。结果41例新生儿经纤支镜检查发现,咽喉部异常包括喉软骨软化38例,声带严重充血肿胀8例,声门下不规则瘢痕形成2例,先天性喉蹼、声门闭合不全、会厌囊肿各1例;气管-支气管异常包括气管软化31例,气管狭窄2例,局部支气管段狭窄4例,支气管桥、气管食管瘘各1例。38例患儿行纤支镜获取肺泡灌洗液并送培养,细菌培养阳性15例(39.4%),其中肺炎克雷白杆菌5例,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌各3例,金黄色葡萄球菌2例,大肠埃希菌、缓症链球菌各1例;真菌培养阳性6例(15.7%),其中烟曲霉菌3例,光滑假丝酵母菌、白假丝酵母菌和近平滑假丝酵母菌各1例。纤支镜检查最常见的并发症是低氧血症、心率一过性下降(26例,63.4%),3例患儿出现术后发热。结论纤支管镜检查不但可以发现先天性呼吸道畸形,还能了解气管黏膜的病变情况,并能留取深部分泌物完善病原学检查,只要给予充分准备,支气管镜由操作熟练人员进行,纤支镜术安全可靠。     

Airway reconstruction using decellularized tracheal allografts in a porcine model

Purpose

Tracheal cartilage reconstruction is an essential approach for the treatment of tracheal congenital abnormalities or injury. Here, we evaluated the use of allogeneic decellularized tracheas as novel support scaffolds.

Methods

Six weaned pigs (4-week-old domestic males) were transplanted with allogeneic tracheal graft patches (three decellularized and three fresh tracheal scaffolds) onto artificial defects (approximately 15 × 15 mm). After 11 weeks, the tracheas were evaluated by bronchoscopy and histological studies.

Results

No pigs displayed airway symptoms during the observation period. Tracheal lumen restored by fresh graft patches showed more advanced narrowing than that treated with decellularized grafts by bronchoscopy. Histologically, fresh grafts induced typical cellular rejection; this was decreased with decellularized grafts. In addition, immunohistochemistry demonstrated regenerating foci of recipient cartilage along the adjacent surface of decellularized tracheal grafts.

Conclusion

Decellularized allogeneic tracheal scaffolds could be effective materials for restoring impaired trachea.

     

Necrotizing tracheobronchitis: case report

A 33-week-gestation infant with respiratory distress syndrome is reported. At five days of age, acute life-threatening tracheal obstruction occurred, which was relieved after removal of a plug during bronchoscopy. Histologic examination of the plug revealed partially necrotic tracheal mucosa, compatible with the diagnosis of necrotizing tracheobronchitis. At 31 days of age, obstruction recurred due to the development of a tracheal stricture, which resolved after tracheal reintubation (to maintain patency) and corticosteroid therapy. Tracheal stricture may be a long-term complication of necrotizing tracheobronchitis, when the initial episode does not lead to death from obstruction.     

INFANTILE SUB-LOBAR EMPHYSEMA AND TRACHEAL BRONCHUS

ABSTRACT: Iancu, T., Boyanover, Y., Eilam, N., Elian, E. and Lerner, M. A. (Departments of Paediatrics and Radiodiagnosis, Sharon Hospital, Petach-Tikvah, and Tel Aviv University Medical School, Israel). Infantile sub-lobar emphysema and tracheal bronchus. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:551, 1975.–Localised disturbance of aeration in children is as often the result of mucosal swelling due to infection as resulting from an inhaled foreign body. The present report adds another cause: tracheal bronchus. Elucidation of the cause of localised disturbance of aeration usually includes bronchoscopy, the anesthesia and direct trauma involved being highly undesirable if infection is the cause. The case for limited, careful bronchography, before or instead of bronchoscopy, when the history of foreign body is lacking, is presented.     

纤维支气管镜在大血管疾病合并气道狭窄中的诊断价值

目的 评价纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)在先天性大血管病变合并气道狭窄中的诊断价值及安全性.方法回顾性分析2005年10月至2009年6月NICU收治的经纤支镜检查确诊气道狭窄的先天性大血管病变患儿34例,其中血管环10例,主动脉梗阻性病变24例,年龄6 d～11个月,体重2.2～8.7 kg[(4.6±1.4)kg];记录纤支镜发现的气道狭窄情况、CT及手术所见确诊的心血管畸形及气道狭窄情况,总结分析纤支镜检查发现的气道狭窄与心血管畸形的关系、气道狭窄的处理及转归.结果 所有病例均在NICU或手术过程中顺利完成纤支镜检查.(1)34例气道狭窄的首发症状为气促、喘鸣、反复肺部感染和呼吸机依赖.(2)10例血管环患儿均先经纤支镜检查,发现气道外压性狭窄,提示血管环,气道狭窄以气管下段为主;9例经CT、1例经手术证实为血管环,其中7例伴先天性气管狭窄.(3)24例主动脉病变中5例为术前CT提示气管狭窄,其中1例纤支镜提示气道狭窄,余19例在主动脉梗阻性畸形矫治术中、术后经纤支镜发现气道压迫狭窄.24例主动脉病变中21例有左主支气管狭窄,2例有先天性气管狭窄.纤支镜检查与CT检查对气管狭窄的诊断基本吻合.(4)34例纤支镜检查过程中2例出现一过性血氧饱和度下降,5例出现一过性心动过速,其余患儿无不良反应.结论 纤支镜检查在大血管畸形伴气道狭窄的诊断中起重要作用,具有准确、安全、方便、快捷的优点,但对气管狭窄的情况、气管周围结构和血管畸形的了解需结合CT检查.     

Congenital long segment tracheal stenosis presenting with tachypnea

An infant born at full term presented with tachypnea, tachycardia and fatigue with feedings. Blood gases revealed hypoventilation. A rigid bronchoscopy using the Karl-Storz telescopic system revealed severe tracheal stenosis. Follow-up three-dimensional computerized tomography scans of the neck and chest revealed a long segment, funnel-shaped tracheal stenosis extending up to the left bronchial orifice. The patient underwent tracheal reconstruction, but died three weeks later from postoperative complications. It is unusual for severe tracheal stenosis to present without stridor, apnea, cyanosis and wheezing. Infants with unexplained tachypnea should be worked-up for congenital deformities of the upper airways.     

儿童气管幼年性黄色肉芽肿1例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨儿童气管幼年性黄色肉芽肿的临床特征和治疗方法.方法 回顾分析1例气管幼年黄色肉芽肿患儿的临床资料并复习相关文献.结果 患儿,女,1岁10个月,以反复喘息为主要表现,常规抗感染、全身糖皮质激素及支气管舒张剂治疗效果不佳.电子支气管镜提示患儿声门下气管侧壁可见1个直径约0.8 cm的淡黄色肿物,表面光滑,阻塞气管...     

Congenital lobar emphysema due to a pre-eparterial tracheal bronchus

This report presents a case of congenital lobar emphysema due to a pre-eparterial tracheal bronchus with a slitlike orifice. Resection of the right upper lobe was required because of compression of the surrounding lung. A search of the hospital records found three other cases of aberrant right upper lobe bronchus in the years 1977–1987. All three cases were incidental findings on bronchoscopy.     

支气管镜下冷冻治疗儿童肉芽及瘢痕组织导致的下气道狭窄及阻塞22例

目的 探讨支气管镜下冷冻治疗儿童肉芽及瘢痕组织致下气道阻塞和狭窄的疗效及安全性.方法 22例包括:肺炎支原体肺炎18例,支气管内膜结核2例,支气管异物导致的肉芽组织增生,阻塞气道,引起阻塞远端肺不张1例,先天性心脏病手术气管插管后气管瘢痕引起气管重度狭窄1例.对患儿实施支气管镜下病变部位多次冷冻治疗.气管插管后导致气管狭窄的患儿,配合电凝治疗.分别于术前和最后一次冷冻治疗后,评价临床症状及支气管镜下病变部位情况,肺不张病例根据胸部CT肺不张的面积、气管重度狭窄的病例根据潮气量进行评估.结果 22例分别接受冷冻治疗1～4次.显效16例:临床症状完全改善,支气管镜下肉芽及瘢痕组织消失,灌洗治疗病变远端管腔通畅,CT见肺不张消失或基本消失.气管重度狭窄病例管腔直径由2 mm增宽为约5 mm,潮气量由3.0 ml/kg提高至8.8 ml/kg.有效5例:临床症状完全改善,支气管镜下肉芽及瘢痕组织消失,病变部位远端的部分气道变形、狭窄及闭锁,灌洗治疗不畅,CT见肺不张面积缩小1/3～ 2/3.无效1例(1/22):临床症状完全改善,支气管镜下管腔肉芽及瘢痕组织消失,但病变部位远端大部分气道管腔闭锁,灌洗治疗管腔不通畅,CT见肺不张面积未改变.总有效率95.5％.冷冻治疗术中及术后无并发症,经l～12个月随访未见病情复发.结论 支气管镜下冷冻治疗肉芽及瘢痕组织导致的儿童下气道狭窄及阻塞有效、安全.     

Case report: infantile sub-lobar emphysema and tracheal bronchus.

Localised disturbance of aeration in children is as often the result of mucosal swelling due to infection as resulting from an inhaled foreign body. The present report adds another cause: tracheal bronchus. Elucidation of this cause of localised disturbance of aeration usually includes bronchoscopy, the anesthesia and direct trauma involved being highly undesirable if i infection is the cause. The case for limited, careful bronchography, before or instead of bronchoscopy, when the history of foreign body is lacking is presented.     

How to enter the pediatric airway for bronchoscopy

BACKGROUND: Bronchoscopies are performed in childhood for diagnostic reasons (e.g. evaluation of stridor, unexplained cough, possible malformations) and therapeutic reasons (e.g. foreign body removal, management of the difficult airway). METHODS: Various procedures of entering the pediatric airways are presented, based on an overview of the literature and the experience of the authors. RESULTS: The advantages and disadvantages of direct fibreoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoscopy via face mask, via laryngeal mask airway, via tracheal tube, and for combined flexible and rigid bronchoscopy are discussed. In addition, practical aspects of bronchoscopy are considered, including local anesthesia, oxygen supplementation, monitoring, antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although inspection of the pediatric airways has become a well-accepted routine procedure with a high diagnostic yield, and bronchoscopies are well tolerated, it is important that the most appropriate means of access to the airways is chosen according to the indications and the age of the child.     

儿童气管性支气管20例临床分析

目的分析经支气管镜检查诊断的气管性支气管患儿的临床特征。方法回顾分析20例接受支气管镜检查而确诊的气管性支气管患儿的镜下结果、临床表现、治疗与转归。结果先天性气管性支气管患儿20例,右侧气管性支气管19例,移位型18例,其中6例为2种或2种以上气道异常;左侧气管性支气管1例,为移位型。20例患儿的临床症状包括持续或反复的喘息,持续性局限性肺炎、肺不张,局限性肺气肿。大部分患儿经临床对症治疗后症状缓解。结论气管性支气管异常在临床上并不少见,其临床表现为治疗反应不佳的反复喘息、肺炎、肺不张以及肺气肿等,对可疑患儿应及时进行支气管镜检查以明确诊断。