药用辅料十六十八醇的毛细管GC法测定

建立了毛细管GC法测定药用辅料十六十八醇的含量。采用HP—1石英弹性毛细管柱，氢火焰离子检测器，柱温205℃，进样口温度250℃，检测器温度250℃。十六醇和十八醇的线性范围均为O．05～5pg，F=0.9999。两者的加样回收率分别为99．1％和99.0％，RSD分别为1．08％和1．06％。     

Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Problems Among Women in European Countries

Traditionally, less research has been conducted on women's drinking as compared to men's. But women's drinking has been shown to differ from men's in terms of consumption patterns and in factors determining heavy and problematic drinking. Thus, special efforts are needed to increase knowledge in this field. This article introduces a set of papers from the recently completed concerted action project Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Problems among Women in European Countries, supported by the European Commission. The aim of the study was to examine and compare the drinking patterns and problems of women in 9 European countries. This was done by comparing alcohol consumption and alcohol problem rates within and between countries and between men and women and among women. The project also developed recommendations for much needed standardized measures of alcohol consumption and alcohol problems for use in European alcohol epidemiological research.     

Alcohol

Alcohol consumption affects overall mortality. Light to moderate alcohol consumption reduces the risk of coronary heart disease; epidemiological, physiological and genetic data show a causal relationship. Light to moderate drinking is also associated with a reduced risk of other vascular diseases and probably of type 2 diabetes. Mortality and disease risk increase at higher levels of alcohol consumption. A substantial portion of the benefit of moderate drinking is connected with the alcohol component. However, small differences in effects of various alcoholic beverages on minor risk factors may occur. Proposed protective mechanisms include improved vascular elasticity, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory processes and most importantly, the stimulation of high-density lipoprotein-mediated processes such as reverse cholesterol transport and antioxidative effects.     

Alcohol in Context:

No abstract available for this article.     

Alcohol Dependence and Simultaneous Cocaine and Alcohol Use in Cocaine-Dependent Patients

Alcohol use and associated factors were studied in 124 consecutive cocaine-dependent admissions to an outpatient substance abuse clinic. Two analyses were conducted: First, those who did and did not meet criteria for current alcohol dependence were compared on sociodemographic and drug use characteristics. Second, patients who reported simultaneous cocaine and alcohol use on > 50% vs. ≤ 50% of the occasions that they used cocaine were compaired using the same dependent measures. Fifty-seven percent of patients met criteria for current alcohol dependence. Those with and without alcohol dependence did not differ on any sociodemographic characteristics, but those with dependence scored higher on the alcohol and family subscales of the Addiction Severity Index, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and measures of alcohol use, and were more likely to use cocaine and alcohol simultaneously, to use cocaine with friends and in social settings, and were more likely to report financial difficulties and unwanted sexual relations as adverse consequences of their cocaine use. Sixty-four percent of patients reported >50% simultaneous cocaine and alcohol use. The two groups did not differ on any sociodemographic characteristics, but those reporting greater simultaneous use were more likely to be alcoholic, scored higher on measures of alcohol use, and were more likely to report using cocaine with friends and in social settings. The only other differences observed between the two groups were fewer reports of seizures or difficulty concentrating in the group reporting greater simultaneous use. The present results confirm prior reports on the widespread prevalence of alcohol dependence among cocaine-dependent patients and extent them by providing new information on the prevalence and other characteristics of simultaneous cocaine and alcohol use.     

Alcohol Use Policies That Restrict Alcohol Use

The present commentary reacts to ideas including viewing alcohol use as being an important device of proper socialization, which may contrast with duties to regulate alcohol misuse. I argue that formal policies to restrict alcohol use are often based on attempting to reduce misuse of alcohol as an intoxicant, and often times support informal policies. In general, evidence-based alcohol misuse-oriented policies do not intend to greatly restrict nonharmful levels of alcohol use.     

Smoking Cessation and Alcohol Consumption in Individuals in Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders

Abstract

Most individuals with alcohol use disorders are dependent on both alcohol and nicotine, and combined use of both substances is more damaging to health than use of either alone. Although research indicates that alcoholics can quit smoking, discrepant results have been reported regarding whether smoking cessation is associated with increased risk of alcohol relapse. The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between smoking cessation and alcohol consumption using data from Project MATCH. Of the 1,307 participants who smoked at any point during the study, 160 (12%) quit. Quitters consumed less alcohol than those who continued smoking. In addition, quitters demonstrated a significant reduction in alcohol consumption at the time of smoking cessation, which was sustained for six months post-cessation. These findings suggest that individuals in treatment for alcohol use disorders who are motivated to stop smoking can safely be encouraged to do so without jeopardizing their sobriety.     

Attitudes toward Alcohol as Predictors of Self-Estimated Alcohol Consumption in College Students

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relationship between attitudes toward alcohol use and self-estimated drinking behavior. The results indicated that attitudes can reliably predict variations in self-reported drinking behavior. The implication of these findings for treatment and future research is discussed.     

Alcohol consumption in late-life--the first Brazilian National Alcohol Survey (BNAS)

To investigate the alcohol consumption in later life in Brazil and its association with socio-demographic characteristics. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative survey data. A multistage cluster sampling procedure was used to select 3007 individuals of 14 years of age and older from the Brazilian household population. In this study we analyzed data from all 400 participants who were over 60 years old. Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Syndrome was established according to DSM-IV and Risky Drinking was defined in two ways: heavy drinkers (>7 drinks/week) and as binge drinkers (>3 drinks/one occasion). Twelve percent of participants reported heavy drinking behavior while 10.4% and 2.9% were binge drinkers and alcohol dependent respectively. In the adjusted logistic regression only gender was associated with heavy drinking behavior. Males, the youngest and the wealthiest were more likely to report binge drinking behaviors. In conclusion, alcohol related-problems are common but under recognized among older adults. Health professionals should be aware that common definitions of alcohol abuse and dependence may not apply as readily to older people, who have had biological changes for alcohol tolerance and its effects on the Central Nervous System.     

Alcohol:

This chapter examines positive and negative reinforcement mechanisms which play a significant role in alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Consideration is given to the role of euphoria and anxiolytic effcts of alcohol as the basis of positive reinforcement, and physical dependence and aversive consequence of drinking as the basis of negative reinforcement. The motivational significance of each of these is discussed with respect to various animal models of addiction and clinical and human research. Brain neurochemistry, neuropharmacology and genetic research data are evaluated from the perspective of reinforcement mechanisms involved with alcohol addiction.     

Alcohol Research

No abstract available for this article.     

Alcohol Problems in Alaska Natives

Abstract

This paper summarizes the literature on alcohol problems in Alaska Natives, briefly summarizing risk and resiliency factors but focusing on Native and Western healing practices. A story (The Red Shoes) is used to illustrate many of the cultural factors that are influencing the role of alcohol in Alaska Native life. Treatment factors explored include both Alaska Native and Western Approaches. The Western approach focused on is Narrative Therapy, which has not yet been applied to Alaska Native populations. Barriers to service delivery are briefly explored, as are suggested ways to overcome such barriers.     

Alcohol withdrawal in the elderly

The phenomenon of alcohol withdrawal has seldom been studied in subgroups of patients in withdrawal. We developed a rating scale for measuring alcohol withdrawal that we found to be reliable and valid. The scale, when applied to young (ages 21-33, N = 24) and elderly (ages 58-77, N = 26) groups of patients in alcohol withdrawal, indicated that the elderly group initially had a more severe withdrawal for which they received higher doses of chlordiazepoxide.