Effect of the (3–4) fragment of substance P on brain ischemia in rats with different types of behavior

A single administration of a fragment of substance P 30 min after ligation of the common carotid arteries increases resistance to brain ischemia primarily in rats with a passive type of behavior (improves their neurological status and prevents posthypoxic hyperactivity), prevents posthypoxic hyperactivity in rats with an intermediate type of behavior, and lowers the resistance of rats with an active type of behavior (increases their mortality and aggravates their neurological status). Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 121, No. 4, pp. 399–403, April, 1996 Presented by P. V. Simonov, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Structural and functional changes in the brain of rats with different behavioral types at later stages of circulatory hypoxia

Structural changes in the brain were studied at later (one and three months) stages of cerebral hypoxia caused by occlusion of the common carotid arteries, which were indicative of the development of recovery and destructive processes. Brain ultrastructure was found to be better preserved in rats with an active type of behavior one month after the onset of ischemia than in rats of the other groups; motor activity was restored to the baseline level, thus demonstrating a higher rate of recovery processes. Significant ultrastructural damage to the brain at the same stage of ischemia was observed in rats with a passive type of behavior (especially in rats of the middle group), while motor activity was increased. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 118, N ^o 11, pp. 529–534, November, 1994 Presented by P. V. Simonov, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences     

Lipid peroxidation level in the focus of compression ischemia in the cerebral cortex of rats

Pathomorphological changes in a focus of ischemia, the level of lipid peroxidation (as indicated by the content of products reacting with thiobarbituric acid), and the postischemic levels of adenyl nucleotides and tissue lipids were studied in rats with focal compression ischemia of the cerebral cortex. An increased level of the TBA-reactive products paralleled by a reduction of the concentrations of adenyl nucleotides and tissue lipids was found to be in clear-cut correlation with the processes of neuronal injury and death and with subsequent repair phenomena in the focus of cortical ischemia. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 118, N ^o 12, pp. 589–590, December, 1994 Presented by O. S. Adrianov, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Effect of peptidergic correction of hemorrhagic shock on the behavior of rats in the posthemorrhagic period

Hemorrhagic shock is shown to disturb the behavior of rats in the open field test. Infusion of a mixture of thyrotropin releasing hormone and FMRFa (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe amide) in subthreshold doses led to a partial recovery of the neurological status. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 12, pp. 623–625, December, 1995 Presented by I. P. Ashmarin, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Ammonium succinate is an effective corrector of cerebral circulatory hypoxia

It is demonstrated that ammonium succinate is capable of increasing the survival of rats with acute brain ischemia. In transient brain ischemia therapeutic injection of ammonium succinate prevents the development of postischemic hypoperfusion and hypooxygenation of the brain. The antiischemic effect of ammonium succinate is due to a decrease of the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and to limitation of the accumulation of malonic dialdehyde, a secondary product of lipid peroxidation, in the brain. No vasotropic activity of ammonium succinate is revealed. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 118, N ^o 9, pp. 276–278, September, 1994 Presented by E. D. Gol'dberg, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Effect of substance P on behavior in the open field forced swimming tests in rats with various types of behavior

It was found that substance P administered to rats with active and passive types of behavior reversed their behavioral type but dit not affect the behavioral parameters of rats comprising an intermediate group. The “pure” effect of substance P (discounting the influence of repeat testing) was significant only for the number of rearings and the time of passive floating. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 121, N ^o 3, pp. 244–247, March, 1996 Presented by P. V. Simonov, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences     

Adaptation to hypoxia,unlike adaptation to stress,fails to protect the isolated heart from reperfusion after total ischemia (An NMR study)

Effects of adaptation to hypoxia on the contractility of isolated rat hearts and on their levels of ATP and inorganic phosphate after total ischemia were evaluated. This adaptation failed to render the cardiac energy-supplying system more resistant to postischemic reperfusion and thus did not accelerate the restoration of cardiac contractility after ischemia. The results of adaptation to hypoxia were then compared with those of adaptation to stress, which had been shown to bring about a marked increase in cardiac resistance to postischemic reperfusion. It is concluded that the profound differences noted between the cardioprotective effects of these two forms of adaptation are due to a much greater accumulation of stabilizing proteins from the HSP70 family during adaptation to stress. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 11, pp. 481–484, November, 1995 Presented by N. R. Paleev, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Anti-ischemic effect of a new oxynicotinic acid derivative

The effect of a new derivative of oxynicotinic acid (KONA) on experimental cerebral ischemia is examined in rats. It is demonstrated that a single dose of the preparation (30 mg/kg) significantly decreases the severity of ischemic damage and increases the survival of the animals after bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries. Comparison with xanthinol-nicotinate shows the advantages of the new preparation. Although KONA does not inhibit free-radical oxidationin vitro, it does lower the content of free-radical oxidation products in rat blood plasma to the normal level. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 118, N ^o 7, pp. 49–51, July, 1994 Presented by I. P. Ashmarin, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Physiological concentrations of endothelin-1 cause only coronary vasodilatation in anesthetized rats

Various concentrations of the peptide endothelin-1 were tested for their effect on coronary vascular resistance in anesthetized rats. Intracoronary infusion of this peptide over 4 min in a total dose that gave rise to blood concentrations of 0.002–0.003 or 0.2–0.3 fmol/ml elicited only a decrease in the estimated coronary vascular resistance. It is suggested that only supraphysiological doses of endothelin are likely to exert a powerful vasoconstrictive effect on coronary vessels and cause myocardial ischemia. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 7, pp. 16–19, July, 1995 Presented by I. P. Ashmarin. Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Effect of cytochrome C and its derivatives on the circulation and oxidative metabolism of the ischemized brain

The effects of animal and biotechnological cytochrome C and its hemtetradecapeptide in a heme-isomolar dose on the cerebral bloodflow, oxygen and glucose consumption, and pH of the ischemized brain were studied in cat experiments. Cytochrome of both types and hemtetradecapeptide increased the consumption of oxygen and glucose by ischemized brain tissue and somewhat reduced the development of acidosis. The shifts of oxidative metabolism parameters of the ischemized brain correlated with inhibition of the development of postischemic hypoperfusion of the brain. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 12, pp. 640–642, December, 1995 Presented by P. V. Sergeev, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Effect of hemodilution and hemoconcentration on postischemic alterations of microvessels in rabbit paired auricles

Morphometric parameters of microvessels in paired rabbit ears and blood sampled from the internal vein were studied after ischemia reproduced under conditions of prior hemodilution and hemoconcentration. In hemodilution the postischemic alterations were found to be more pronounced in microvessels of the left ear, while for the right the same was true for rheological characteristics of the outflowing blood. Under conditions of hemoconcentration after ischemia the changes in rheological indexes were more marked on the left and in vasomotor indexes on the right. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 121, N ^o 3, pp. 352–354, March, 1996 Presented by V. V. Kupriyanov, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Aldosterone binding with corticosteroid brain receptors in rats: Effect of behavioral typology and stress

Differences in³H-aldosterone binding with hippocampus cytosol receptors were found to be dependent on the behavioral type of male Wistar rats in the “emotional resonance” test. These differences were not observed in the cytosol analysis of the remaining part of the brain. Control rats and rats subjected to short-term stress by painful electrical stimulation showed a long-term drop of³H-aldosterone binding with hippocampus cytosol in active as compared to passive animals preferring a closed space. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 7, pp. 49–51, July, 1995 Presented by I. P. Ashmarin, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Effects of ischemia on the development of a deafferentation pain syndrome and on microcirculatory disturbances in rats

In a group of rats with transected sciatic nerve, ischemia of the operated limb produced by femoral artery ligation was found to result in an accelerated onset and increased severity of autotomy as compared to a similar group of rats without ischemia. Biomicroscopic examination of the mesenteric microcirculation showed that the ischemia also intensified disturbances of the terminal blood flow, made the venules more permeable, and increased the percentage of degranulated mast cells. The possible mechanisms by which ischemia promotes the development of chronic pain syndromes are discussed. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 117, N ^o 3, pp. 235–237, March, 1994 Presented by G. N. Kryzhanovskii, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Effect of immunization against alcohol dehydrogenase on the behavior of white rats

Active immunization of white rats with alcohol dehydrogenase (horse ADH-1), a major ethanol-metabolizing enzyme shown to cause considerable and long-term inhibition of alcohol consumption, did not have adverse effects on their behavior. Rather, the rats showed enhanced motor and orienting-exploratory activities, developed conditioned responses (with both positive and negative reinforcements) more readily, and spent less time in a state of immobilization in the forced swimming test as compared with nonimmunized controls. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 118, N ^o 10, pp. 349–351, October, 1994     

Changes in the blood-brain barrier in experimental cirrhosis of the liver

Light and electron microscopic studies on Wistar rats with experimental cirrhosis produced by tetrachloromethane demonstrate strongly marked changes in the blood-brain barrier, particularly in capillaries and vascular pedicles of astrocytes. It is pointed out that destabilization of the blood-brain barrier favors the transfer of cerebral toxins and other metabolic poisons across this barrier. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 118, N ^o 7, pp. 86–88, July, 1994 Presented by I. P. Ashmarin, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Effect of cerebrocrast on local cerebral bloodflow and EEG of alert rats with brain ischemia

Cerebrocrast, a, 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, accelerated blood delivery to the brain and normalized the spectrum and total power of the electroencephalogram during brain ischemia; manifestations of interhemispheric asymmetry of the electroencephalogram and cerebral bloodflow were leveled. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o . 3, pp. 296–298, March, 1995 Presented by E. D. Gol'dberg, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Morphology of cortical structures in cerebral ischemia and its combination with audiogenic seizures

Studies of the sensorimotor and auditory areas of the brain in rats after ligation of the left common carotid artery reveal polymorphous alterations in cortical vessels, neurons, and glial cells. Compensatory reversible alterations constitute the largest group. In cerebral ischemia combined with audiogenic seizures dystrophic and destructive alterations in cortical elements become more significant. Alterations in cortical structures after bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries are more pronounced than those occurring after unilateral occlusion. During the postseizure period after ligation of both arteries, dystrophic and destructive alterations become more severe, while reparative processes are inhibited. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 118, N ^o 9, pp. 331–334, September, 1994 Presented by O. S. Adrianov, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Induction of the monooxygenase system in rat blood neutrophils by methylcholanthrene and sovolin vivo and its effects on the properties of these cells

The xenobiotics methylcholanthrene and sovol (the latter being a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls), which are monooxygenase system inducers, were tested for their effect on the respiratory burst in rat blood neutrophilsin vivo. The chemiluminescence accompanying this burst was more intensive in the neutrophils of rats treated with methylcholanthrene or sovol than in untreated rats. Observed changes in the 2A_max parameter of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum recorded for the spin probe 5-doxyl stearate in the presence of neutrophils indicated that methylcholanthrene and sovol can exert a direct effect on the viscous properties of neutrophil plasma membranesin vivo. These changes were similar in direction to those in the intensity of chemiluminescence during the respiratory burst in neutrophils. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 11, pp. 485–488, November, 1995 Presented by I. P. Ashmarin, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences     

Enhancement of liver cell proliferation by GM3 ganglioside

In experiments on rats subjected to partial hepatectomy and experimentally induced hepatitis it is shown that GM₃ ganglioside of equine erythrocytes can enhance liver cell proliferation. The effect was also observed in experiments on a primary hepatocyte culturein vitro; moreover, enhancement of cell proliferation did not depend on the type of sialic acid residues. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 4, pp 427–430, April, 1995     

Activity of NO-synthase and radical formation in rat brain compartments: Age dependence

The relationship between age and the activity of NO-synthase and generation of free radicals in different compartments of the brain was studied in male Wistar rats. No-synthase activity was highest in the cerebellum and lower in the cerebral cortex. It increased with age in the cerebellum and remained unchanged in the cortex, being virtually the same in the right and left hemispheres. Radical generation was much higher in the cerebellum than in the cortex and, as a rule, was age-dependent. The ratio of NO-synthase activity to radical generation was age-dependent: a tendency toward a positive linear correlation was observed in young animals, no correlation could be traced in adults, and a negative one was observed in old rats. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 120, N ^o 7, pp. 54–56, July, 1995 Presented by I. P. Ashmarin, Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences