Free vascularized nail grafts

A considerable amount of literature has been written on microneurovascular surgery for the reconstruction of partial defects in fingers, but little has been published on reconstruction to replace lost fingernails. We report on two clinical cases in which a free vascularized nail graft and a “double onychocutaneous flap” were used successfully. We suggest that the free vascularized nail graft is a superiormethod in reconstruction to treat fingernail loss or deformity.     

外伤性指甲缺损的修复

目的：介绍吻合血管的趾瓣移植与游离趾甲移植修复外伤性指甲缺损的疗效。方法：为11例指甲缺损者采用趾甲移植进行修复，根据受区指端软组织的条件，其中5例为吻合血管的趾甲瓣移植，6例为不吻合血管的游离趾甲移植，结果：移植后趾甲全部成活，术后随访1－3年（平均16个月），9例术后移植指甲外形良好，2例不吻合血管的游离趾甲移植者指甲轻度萎缩变形。结论：趾甲移植是修复外伤性指甲缺损的有效方法。     

Study of Yang's Onion Flap Technique for Release of Scarred Eponychium and Nail Fold Reconstruction in Burn Patients

Background  Abnormalities of fingernail growth and appearance are among the most common deformities encountered after burn injury to the hand. Various techniques used for resurfacing defects include incision of the scarred eponychium and advancement of the distal segment, flap reconstruction-distally, and proximally based transposition/advancement flaps, composite graft techniques, microvascular transfer. In the present study, we used an onion flap to release scarred eponychium and nail fold reconstruction in a single stage without using soft tissue from another area. Materials and methods  Forty-four burnt fingers were operated using Yang''s onion flap technique. Patients were assessed for flap necrosis, hematoma and infection in the early postoperative period and for donor site scar, nail appearance, and symptomatic relief in a follow-up for at least 4 months. Results  The flap was successfully performed on all fingers. Only two fingers had flap necrosis. There was no incidence of hematoma or infection. The donor site scar and nail plate appearance improved and was acceptable to most patients after surgery. There was also significant relief in daily activities in 19 out of 28 symptomatic patients. Conclusion  Yang''s flap to correct nail deformities in burn patients is feasible in Indian scenario. It is associated with a low complication rate and improved nail appearance. There is also significant symptomatic relief in performing daily activities after surgery.     

Free vascularized nail graft under digital block.

Vascularized toenail grafts with long vascular pedicles have usually been transferred under general anesthesia. In this paper, a minimally invasive vascularized nail graft with a short pedicle and small cutaneous flap, which was successfully transferred under digital block of the finger and toe, is described.     

半趾甲瓣移植手术供区创面的修复处理

目的 探讨半趾甲瓣移植术的供区创面修复方法.方法 自2004年2月至2010年9月,采用带蒂或游离皮瓣修复趾甲瓣足趾供区创面36例40指.趾供区面积较小者13趾采用第一跖背皮瓣、7趾用第二趾动脉皮瓣修复;面积大者采用游离皮瓣修复,其中足底内侧皮瓣3趾,腓动脉穿支皮瓣5趾,跗外侧动脉皮瓣2趾,腓肠动脉内侧支皮瓣3趾.第二趾半趾甲瓣再造手指7趾,其创面均采用(母)趾腓侧岛状皮瓣覆盖.结果 20例术后获得6个月至5年随访,其中2例甲缘外露在皮瓣外,18例(母)趾、第二足趾外观近似正常,皮瓣平整无破溃,皮瓣颜色质地好;游离皮瓣中有7例恢复保护性感觉;修复足趾屈伸活动正常,行走无不适感.结论 用皮瓣移植覆盖(母)趾及第二趾半趾甲瓣创面是理想修复方法,游离皮瓣移植好于带蒂移植.     

半趾甲瓣移植手术供区创面的修复处理

目的 探讨半趾甲瓣移植术的供区创面修复方法.方法 自2004年2月至2010年9月,采用带蒂或游离皮瓣修复趾甲瓣足趾供区创面36例40指.趾供区面积较小者13趾采用第一跖背皮瓣、7趾用第二趾动脉皮瓣修复;面积大者采用游离皮瓣修复,其中足底内侧皮瓣3趾,腓动脉穿支皮瓣5趾,跗外侧动脉皮瓣2趾,腓肠动脉内侧支皮瓣3趾.第二趾半趾甲瓣再造手指7趾,其创面均采用(母)趾腓侧岛状皮瓣覆盖.结果 20例术后获得6个月至5年随访,其中2例甲缘外露在皮瓣外,18例(母)趾、第二足趾外观近似正常,皮瓣平整无破溃,皮瓣颜色质地好;游离皮瓣中有7例恢复保护性感觉;修复足趾屈伸活动正常,行走无不适感.结论 用皮瓣移植覆盖(母)趾及第二趾半趾甲瓣创面是理想修复方法,游离皮瓣移植好于带蒂移植.     

半趾甲瓣移植手术供区创面的修复处理

目的 探讨半趾甲瓣移植术的供区创面修复方法.方法 自2004年2月至2010年9月,采用带蒂或游离皮瓣修复趾甲瓣足趾供区创面36例40指.趾供区面积较小者13趾采用第一跖背皮瓣、7趾用第二趾动脉皮瓣修复;面积大者采用游离皮瓣修复,其中足底内侧皮瓣3趾,腓动脉穿支皮瓣5趾,跗外侧动脉皮瓣2趾,腓肠动脉内侧支皮瓣3趾.第二趾半趾甲瓣再造手指7趾,其创面均采用(母)趾腓侧岛状皮瓣覆盖.结果 20例术后获得6个月至5年随访,其中2例甲缘外露在皮瓣外,18例(母)趾、第二足趾外观近似正常,皮瓣平整无破溃,皮瓣颜色质地好;游离皮瓣中有7例恢复保护性感觉;修复足趾屈伸活动正常,行走无不适感.结论 用皮瓣移植覆盖(母)趾及第二趾半趾甲瓣创面是理想修复方法,游离皮瓣移植好于带蒂移植.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the wound healing of semi-toe nail flap donor site after transplantation. Methods To repair small wounds,on 13 toes the first metatarsal dorsal flaps were applied,and on 7 toes the second toe digital flaps were applied.While,to repair large wounds,free flaps were applied,including foot inside flaps on 3 toes,peroneal artery perforator flaps on 5 toes,tarsal lateral artery flaps on 2 toes,and phil bowel artery inside branch flaps on 3 toes.Wounds remaining on semi-toe nail flaps of 7 toes were all covered with fibular island flaps of the first toes. Results Twenty cases were followed up,and the rang between 6 months to 5 years.The nail margin was exposed out of the lateral flaps in 2 cases.The first toes and the second toes appeared nearly normal in the other 18 cases.The flaps appeared smooth,flexible appearance with nice color and no ulceration.Seven cases applied with free flaps recovered protective sensibility with no complaint. Conclusion To cover wounds on semi-toe nail flaps of the first toes and the second toes with flaps is an ideal treatment method.The method of free flap transplantation is superior to vascular pedicle flap graft.     

弃指游离指甲瓣移植在指端缺损修复中的临床应用

目的探讨弃指指甲瓣在指端缺损修复中的应用效果。方法对32例43指（示指15指,中指13指,环指9指,小指6指）指端缺损采用指根神经阻滞麻醉,残端短缩清创,保留骨膜完整,将弃指的指甲瓣游离移植于指端,并采用弹性加压方法缝合加压。结果2例失访,30例（39指）得到随访,时间6～32个月,1指因感染失败而行皮瓣转移覆盖创面,余移植的指甲瓣全部成活。采用吕桂欣等方法进行疗效评定：优24例32指,占82%;良3例4指,占10%;差3例3指,占8%。结论采用弃指游离指甲瓣移植修复指端缺损操作简单,疗效满意。     

游离足拇甲皮瓣修复拇指指甲缺损

目的：报道游离足拇甲皮瓣修复拇指指甲缺损的临床疗效。方法：自2003年5月～2007年10月,对18例拇指指甲部分或完全缺损患者,应用吻合血管、神经的足拇甲皮瓣进行修复,8例供区采用腹部全厚皮片植皮,10例供区采用相邻第二趾胫侧方皮瓣顺行转移覆盖。结果：移植后的足拇甲皮瓣、供区植皮或皮瓣全部存活。术后随访6～36个月（平均13个月）,指甲生长良好,表面光滑,足部功能无明显影响。患者修复对拇指的外形及功能感到满意。结论：应用吻合血管、神经的足拇甲皮瓣移植是修复拇指指甲缺损较理想的方法。     

半层甲床瓣局部转移修复甲床部分缺损

目的探讨应用半层甲床瓣局部转移一期修复甲床部分缺损,并综合评价其功能恢复情况。方法2009年4月～2011年4月,对外伤引起的38例38指甲床部分或大部分缺损病例,采用半层甲床瓣局部转移修复甲床缺损。结果术后随访5-24个月,以最后1次结果进行评估。38例患指外形及功能恢复较满意。结论半层甲床瓣局部转移修复甲床部分缺损手术操作简单,指甲生长良好,效果满意,是治疗外伤性甲床部分缺损的有效方法。     

股骨近端骨折髓内钉术后感染性骨不连的手术治疗

目的:探讨改良Ⅰ期手术治疗股骨近端骨折髓内钉术后感染性骨不连的方法和疗效。方法 :2010年6月至2015年6月采用改良Ⅰ期清创修复的手术方法治疗股骨近端骨折髓内钉术后感染性骨不连患者10例,其中男9例,女1例;年龄35~77岁。单纯股骨转子间骨折3例,股骨转子间合并股骨近端骨折2例,股骨转子下骨折5例。在彻底清创的基础上以股骨近端LISS钢板重新固定骨折端,用吻合血管游离腓骨移植加混有抗生素人工骨的自体松质骨植骨修复大段骨缺损,术后及早开始不负重关节功能锻炼。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间9~30个月。10例患者骨折均顺利愈合,随访期间无内固定断裂失效及感染复发病例,完全负重时间12~28周。末次随访采用Sanders创伤后髋关节评分标准评估术后髋关节功能:优7例,良2例,差1例。结论:改良Ⅰ期分次清创游离腓骨移植加载抗生素人工骨混合自体骨植骨LISS钢板固定的方法治疗股骨近端骨折髓内钉术后感染性骨不连,骨折愈合率高,髋关节功能恢复满意。在彻底清创的基础上综合运用控制感染与改善骨折愈合条件的各项措施是手术取得成功的关键。     

Advanced nail surgery

Six techniques not yet widely known or used in the dermatologic surgery of the nails are briefly described. Small-to-medium-sized tumours of the proximal nail fold (PNF) can be excised and the defect repaired with advancement or rotation flaps. A superficial biopsy technique of the matrix for the diagnosis of longitudinal brown streaks in the nail, which allows rapid histological diagnosis of the melanocyte focus to be performed, is described here. Because the excision is very shallow and leaves the morphogenetic connective tissue of the matrix intact, the defect heals without scarring. Laterally positioned nail tumours can be excised in the manner of a wide lateral longitudinal nail biopsy. The defect repair is performed with a bipedicled flap from the lateral aspect of the distal phalanx. Malignant tumours of the nail organ often require its complete ablation. These defects can be covered by a full-thickness skin graft, reversed dermal graft, or cross-finger flap. The surgical correction of a split nail is often difficult. The cicatricial tissue of the matrix and PNF have to be excised and the re-attachment of these wounds prevented. The matrix defect has to be excised and sutured or covered with a free matrix graft taken either from the neighbouring area or from the big toe nail.     

应用第二套供血系统的全指甲再造术

目的探讨对手指指甲缺损或畸形进行精细重建的技术。方法对2003年12月-2004年6月在我院应用显微外科技术治疗的9例指甲（13指）缺损患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者均利用第二套供血系统以携带最小量组织进行切取包括趾甲、甲床、甲下皮、甲周膜在内的复合组织及其营养动脉、静脉和神经，与受区进行趾-指动脉、静脉、神经的吻合，完成单一全趾甲复合组织移植再造指甲。结果所有再造指甲均顺利成活，外形十分满意，接近原手指指甲的效果，供区的外观和功能无明显影响。结论应用第二套供血系统的全指甲单位再造术，可获得理想的治疗效果。     

First experiences with simultaneous skeletal and soft tissue reconstruction of noma-related facial defects

Noma victims suffer from a three-dimensional facial soft-tissue loss. Some may also develop complex viscerocranial defects, due to acute osteitis, chronic exposure, or arrested skeletal growth. Reconstruction has mainly focused on soft tissue so far, whereas skeletal restoration was mostly avoided. After successful microvascular soft tissue free flap reconstruction, we now included skeletal restoration and mandibular ankylosis release into the initial step of complex noma surgery. One free rib graft and parascapular flap, one microvascular osteomyocutaneous flap from the subscapular system, and two sequential chimeric free flaps including vascularized bone were used as the initial steps for facial reconstruction. Ankylosis release could spare the temporomandibular joint. Complex noma reconstruction should include skeletal restoration. Avascular bone is acceptable in cases with complete vascularized graft coverage. Microsurgical chimeric flaps are preferable as they can reduce the number and complexity of secondary operations and provide viable, infection-resistant bone supporting facial growth.     

Fenestrated Adipofascial Reverse Flap: A Modified Technique for the Reconstruction of Fingertip Amputations

Aims of the Study: Fingertip injuries can be treated in different ways, including shortening with primary closure, skin graft, and local or distant flaps. Several local flaps for the reconstruction of the amputated fingertip were described. We present our experience with a new concept of homodigital adipofascial reverse flap that avoids the second surgical stage and allows a complete and anatomically perfect reconstruction of nail bed, with preservation of the nail lamina. Materials and Methods: Between March 2014 and February 2015, five patients with digital amputations (distally to the nail matrix) were treated using the Fenestrated Adipofascial Reverse (F.A.R.) flap. The patients were evaluated measuring 2-point discrimination (2PD) value and range of motion of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP). Scar evaluation was performed using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). Results: All the flaps completely survived. A normal nail grow has been observed in first two-three months of post operatory follow-up. Length of the digits was preserved and good aesthetic as functional outcome were archive. The F.A.R. flap provided excellent coverage of fingertip defects and preserved finger length. After 1 year of follow, the mean static 2PD value at the reconstructed finger was 4.2 mm (range 3-5 mm), reconstructed fingers' mean range of motion for the DIP joint was 78 degrees and the VSS score ranged from 0 to 2 (mean score: 0.6). No complications were reported. Conclusions: F.A.R. flap is one of the most useful techniques in order to achieve all the goals in fingertip reconstruction.     

不同足趾甲皮瓣游离移植修复手指甲床缺损的临床研究

目的探讨应用不同足趾甲皮瓣游离移植修复手指甲床缺损的临床疗效。方法2006年1月-2011年1月,在相关解剖学研究的基础上,采用不同足趾甲皮瓣游离移植修复手指甲床缺损32例35指．包括坶趾甲皮瓣20指,第2趾甲皮瓣12指,第3趾甲皮瓣3指。结果术后足趾甲皮瓣全部成活．2例指甲皮瓣略显臃肿,予二期手术修整。术后随访评定3～6个月,患指功能恢复满意。指甲生长良好,供区功能无明显影响。参照Zook指甲修复评定标准评定：优30指,良3指。中2指。优良率达94．3％。结论不同足趾甲皮瓣游离移植术,操作简便,成功率高,是修复手指甲床缺损较理想的手术方法。     

Free combined anterolateral thigh flap and vascularized iliac bone graft with double vascular pedicle

Although free vascularized iliac bone graft has been successfully used for the reconstruction of large bone defect with microvascular surgery, there is a serious problem of how to repair in one-stage, those cases having a large bone defect with a very wide skin defect. A free combined anterolateral flap and vascularized iliac bone graft with double vascular pedicles seems to be a most suitable method for cases having both large bone and skin defects. Two case reports are presented in which this flap was used. Based on the authors' cases, the advantages of this flap are its thinness and the extreme wideness of the skin territory. The anatomy of the pedicle vessels is large and long, and the donor scar can be made in an unexposed area. This flap can be considered for use in one-stage reconstructions of both large bone and skin defects in the oral and leg regions.     

Combined osteocutaneous microvascular flap procedure for extensive bone and soft tissue defects in the tibia

Recent experience with bone healing seems to advocate vascularized bone grafts in cases of large bone gaps or significant scarring, following irradiation, in the presence of low-grade infection, and in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. When extensive bone and skin replacement are needed, the microvascular procedures currently available may not meet specific reconstructive requirements. To augment the advantages of the vascularized fibular graft for tibial substitution (strength, straightness, length, and predictability of vascular supply) with the benefits of free skin, muscle, or musculocutaneous flaps, separate on-demand harvesting of these tissue units and their microvascular combination can be useful in selected cases. In a study of 4 patients, the vascularized fibula was combined with a free latissimus dorsi flap. The procedure was facilitated and shortened by connecting the peroneal vessels to branches of the thoracodorsal or to the scapular circumflex artery and vein outside the operative field. The main supporting vessels of the combined composite tissue block were then anastomosed only to one pair of vessels in the leg.     

Three-layer reconstruction with fascia lata and vascularized pericranium for anterior skull base defects

Summary Background. We report an assessment of the efficiacy of a triple layer graft composed of fascia lata and vascularized pericranium for anterior skull base reconstruction. This technique is based on the concept that vascularized tissue over a free flap may promote vascularization and rapid wound healing. Method. A large fascial graft is prepared from the fascia lata and divided in two pieces and trimmed to a size larger than the bone and dural defect. Vascularized pericranium is harvested after bicoronal incision and elevating the bifrontal scalp flap down to the supraorbital rims. First is dural repair, which is performed with fascia lata placed between the brain and remaining dura. Second, fascia lata is placed over the skull base defect and secured with mini titanium screws over the cranial surface of the orbital ridges. Third, vascularized pericranium is laid between the two layers of fascia lata. Findings. We studied 17 patients of whom 2 had malignancy, 6 had olfactory groove meningioma, 6 had skull base fracture and rhinorrhea, 1 case had orbital meningioma, 1 had invasive pituitary adenoma and 1 had basal encephalocele. The transbasal approach was used as a single procedure in 13 cases. The extended transbasal approach combined with a transfacial approach was used in 3 cases and with a pterional approach in 1 case. In each patient, reconstruction of the cranial base was performed with triple layer graft of fascia lata and vascularized pericranium. The patients were followed-up 2 months to 5 years. None of the patients experienced postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage, meningitis, abscess, brain herniation and tension pneumocephalus. Interpretation. Fascia lata with vascularized pericranium is highly reliable, tensile and well suited for reconstruction of the anterior skull base.