中国数字人女婴1号数据集构建报告

目的 :构建中国数字人女婴 0 .1mm间距断层图像数据集。方法 :足月宫内窒息新鲜女婴材料 ,经脐动脉红色灌注、低温冷冻定型、专用包埋模具倒立包埋、一次装夹连续等间距铣削、数码相机采集数据并构建数据集。结果 :共获得分辨率为 42 5 6× 2 848象素的断层数据 42 65个 ,构建成总数据量为5 3 .3 1G的RAW格式原始数据集和总数据量为 14 8.0 0G的解压缩TIF格式数据集各一套以及多套不同分辨率和尺寸的JPG格式数据集。结论 :中国数字人女婴 1号数据集组织边界清晰、色泽逼真 ,是第一套采用微创灌注技术和未经防腐处理的 0 .1mm分辨率的新鲜标本数据集。     

儿童头部标本薄层断面数据集的建立

目的 以0.1mm层厚建立儿童头部标本薄层断面数据集。 方法 选择中国8岁男孩头颅一个，处于生长发育高峰前期，发育中等，无重大疾病及畸形。标本经过包埋、固定和冷冻30d后，在山东大学医学院断层影像解剖学研究中心实施数控铣切。铣切层厚：0.1mm；铣切环境：-13℃恒低温实验室。标本铣切完毕，使用佳能EOS-1DS MarkII数码相机进行图像采集。 结果 整个头部标本共获得图像2 150张，所有原始图像保存格式为RAW，每张图片约20.4MB，共42.87GB 大小。再分别转换为PSD格式和JPG格式，用于更广泛的数据分享和交流。 结论 成功建立了中国儿童头部断层铣切解剖数据集，该数据集铣切层厚为0.1mm，可以为各种儿童头部相关研究提供解剖学基础。     

利用数字中国人数据集辅助断层解剖学教学

为使数字中国人数据集能够用于断层解剖学教学。采用数据集转换、编辑出版中国数字人男性图谱和女性图谱及构建三维模型用于断层解剖学教学。获得了适宜断层解剖学教学使用的男性和女性数据集,出版了《中国数字人女性彩色图谱》和《中国数字人男性彩色图谱》,并构建立大量组织器官的三维模型。因此,丰富了断层解剖学教学资源和手段。     

中国数字人数据集三维重建的方法学研究

目的：探索适合于中国数字人数据集特点的图像配准，彩色图像分割以及三维重建方法。方法：首先基于中国数字人连续断层图像的4个定位杆坐标值，对断层图像进行射影变换，消除其射影失真。纠正失真后再将断层图像根据第一个定位杆的质心坐标值裁剪成大小一致的断层图像。其次使用photoshop中knockout滤镜，完成断层图像的分割。最后使用mimics软件完成三维重建。结果：建立了中国数字人女1号髋部骨骼肌精确的三维模型。结论：髋部骨骼肌模型的三维交互可视化可以准确反映该区域复杂的解剖结构及其空间毗邻关系，同时为数字人三维可视化提供了一种精确快速的方法。     

中国虚拟人男性1号问世

由广州南方医科大学负责的“中国虚拟人男性1号”数据集于2005年4月构建完成，其数据量和分辨率均为全世界虚拟人之最。男性1号的切削，得到9215个整体人切片资料。中国“数字人”研究联络组组长钟世镇院士透露，继完成虚拟人女性1号的数据集之后，目前，又完成了虚拟人男性1号的切片数据库。     

侧颅底冠状位组织学与CT断层的对照

目的 制作颞骨火棉胶冠状位断层连续薄层切片,获取数字化图片库。方法 用2例尸头标本进行螺旋CT扫描后制作断层标本火棉胶包埋后,用大型轮式切片机沿冠状位切片,厚度100μm,每片均摄影并保存于计算机。选取代表性层面的胶片进行HE染色。将断层照片与HE染色照
片和CT片进行对照观察,对代表性层面结构特点进行描述。结果 共获取侧颅底数字化连续冠状位薄层断面标本数据集 2套。断层图像分辨率1920×2560像素,结构毗邻关系显示清晰。与HE照片和CT片进行对照观察,可以更清楚地定位断层结构。结论 火棉胶包埋技术是制作颞骨大切
片,获取高分辨率的数字化图片数据集的理想方法。冠状位对听小骨、Prussak‘s间隙、颈静脉窝、耳蜗与中颅窝的关系,颈内动脉升段及膝部、面神经垂直段、内听道与中颅窝的关系等显示较佳。     

中国学龄前男童连续薄层标本数据集建立及可视化

目的 建立国人学龄前男童连续超薄解剖标本数据集,并行可视化应用研究。方法 选择经64排螺旋CT 和3.0T MRI全身扫描排除器质性病变和畸形的男童标本,6周岁,身高1.14 m,体重23 kg,发育正常,皮肤、内脏无破损,整体无挤压变形。经定型、冷冻及包埋,置于-25 ℃冷库中3周,由山东数字人公司在-25 ℃低温实验室中逐层数控冷冻无锯损铣切,从脚到头0.10 mm铣切,使用Rencay16k3Scanback相机逐层扫描获取高清晰度数据集图像。结果 共采集11 421张断面图像,所有图像原始保存为PNG格式,每张图像为13 000像素×8000像素,约27.4 MB,整体学龄前男童数据集共计305.60 G。结论 经文献检索,国内目前尚鲜见有从脚到头完整采集成功的学龄前男童数字化可视人体数据集,成功建立的数字化可视男童数据集,为儿童发育形态研究,各器官虚拟手术入路探索,教材与专著编写及儿童疾病预防、诊治及科普等提供高精度的基础大数据集。     

《中国临床解剖学杂志》2004年（第22卷）分类索引

述评深人开展基础与临床研究促进皮瓣外科的进一步发展徐达传等22(l):3积极开展骨盆临床解剖学研究杜心如22(2):l巧迎接断层影像解剖学新时代的到来刘树伟22(5):455数字化人体中国数字人女婴l号数据集构建报告唐雷等22(l):98基于虚拟中国人数据集的鼻部及颖骨解剖结构三维重建李希平等22(4):377虚拟中国人女性一号松质骨图像数据的配准与三维重建刘文军等22(4):380基于“中国数字人”切片和CT数据集重建下领骨的对比研究张宇等22(4):384组织瓣逆行岛状皮瓣静脉回流的实验研究张世民等22(l):5浅静脉干在远端蒂皮瓣中作用的逆向造影研究张世…     

中国数字人数据集断层图像自动配准算法

在采集数字人数据时，由于相机在拍摄过程中存在的各种干扰，使得到的各断层图像的投影参数不能保证一致，通过对相机拍摄模型和干扰因素的分析，提出了一种基于二维射影变换（pmjective transformation）的断层序列图像自动配准算法。该算法先通过层间继承的方法寻找每张照片上的定位杆区域，用形态学操作来确定该层定位杆圆心坐标；然后根据定位杆的基准坐标，得到该层的射影变换算子T；最后对原始图像进行图像变换，得到投影参数一致的照片数据集。本算法对数字人采集的原始数据预处理有重要意义，并能为后续的二次数据库开发、图像分割、重建和数字解剖学等提供精确的三维数据集。     

亚像素断层图像配准数据集的建立

目的针对数字化冰冻铣切断层图像的特点,探讨一种实用的高精度图像配准方法,建立基于数字化断层图像的亚像素级配准数据集。方法采用冰冻铣切技术获取成年男性头颈标本的冰冻连续断层图像,在M atlab软件中自动提取定标点图像特征,采用基于2点的刚体变换算法实现图像的自动配准。结果配准后图像定标点与基准配准点的误差小于1个像素,达到亚像素水平。结论采用外定标的图像配准算法可建立亚像素级的配准数据集,定位标记物的准确识别是获得亚像素级配准数据集的保证。     

人内耳显微结构的计算机三维重建

目的：建立一套人类耳蜗组织放大40倍的显微结构图像资料,探讨基于PC平台的显微结构三维重建技术。方法：应用火棉胶切片技术获得人类颞骨组织连续切片,在显微镜下放大40倍后对耳蜗组织摄像;在个人计算机上使用Photoshop6．0图像处理软件和AMIRA3．0三维重建软件对内耳结构进行图像拼接、图像对位和图像三维重建。结果：建立了一套人类耳蜗组织放大40倍的完整显微结构图像资料。结论：建立了基于PC平台上实现显微结构三维重建的一套办法。三维重建效果表明我们在显微结构的数据输入、图像拼接、内定位技术、三维重建的方法是可行的。     

Advanced-sectioned images obtained by microsectioning of the entire male body

Realistic two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) applications for anatomical studies are being developed from true-colored sectioned images. We generated advanced-sectioned images of the entire male body and verified that anatomical structures of both normal and abnormal shapes could be visualized in them. The cadaver was serially sectioned at constant intervals using a cryomacrotome. The sectioned surfaces were photographed using a digital camera to generate horizontal advanced-sectioned images in which normal and abnormal structures were classified. Advanced-sectioned images of the entire male body were generated. The image resolution was 3.3 × 3.3 fold better than that of the first sectioned images obtained in 2002. In the advanced-sectioned images, normal and abnormal structures ranging from microscopic (≥0.06 mm × 0.06 mm; pixel size) to macroscopic (≤473.1 mm × 202 mm; body size) could be identified. Furthermore, the real shapes and actual sites of lung cancer and lymph node enlargement were ascertained in them. Such images will be useful because of their true color and high resolution in digital 2D and 3D applications for gross anatomy and clinical anatomy. In future, we plan to generate new advanced-sectioned images of abnormal cadavers with different diseases for clinical anatomy studies.     

Image quality in digital chromosome analysis systems

This paper reports on an investigation into the differences in image quality of different components used in a digital image processing system for chromosome analysis. As chromosome aberrations are important tools in the cloning of genes, it is important to know if the introduction of computerized analysis systems increases the risk of missing small aberrations. In this investigation the number of visible bands on a number of chromosomes has been used as a measure of quality. The images compared are microscope ocular images, photographs from a microscope builtin camera, digital images from a high and from a standard resolution camera, presented both on screen and print-out on paper. The main conclusions are that: (1) the view in the microscope ocular gives the best resolution, (2) there are risks of losing vital information using the digital image processing system for chromosome analysis, and (3) this risk is significantly reduced when using a high resolution camera.     

Ectomography--a tomographic method for gamma camera imaging

In computerised gamma camera imaging the projections are readily obtained in digital form, and the number of picture elements may be relatively few. This condition makes emission techniques suitable for ectomography--a tomographic technique for directly visualising arbitrary sections of the human body. The camera rotates around the patient to acquire different projections in a way similar to SPECT. This method differs from SPECT, however, in that the camera is placed at an angle to the rotational axis, and receives two-dimensional, rather than one-dimensional, projections. Images of body sections are reconstructed by digital filtration and combination of the acquired projections. The main advantages of ectomography--a high and uniform resolution, a low and uniform attenuation and a high signal-to-noise ratio--are obtained when imaging sections close and parallel to a body surface. The filtration eliminates signals representing details outside the section and gives the section a certain thickness. Ectomographic transverse images of a line source and of a human brain have been reconstructed. Details within the sections are correctly visualised and details outside are effectively eliminated. For comparison, the same sections have been imaged with SPECT.     

A Novel Method for Constructing Histological Section Datasets of the Basal Ganglia in Digitized Human Brain

To investigate the construction of the histological section datasets in the basal ganglia of digitized human brain to provide a reference for the meso‐level histological data acquisition. A fresh adult brain from a cadaver with no neurological disease was selected, and tissue blocks of the basal ganglia in the right hemisphere was extracted using the visualization method, followed by pretreatments including gradient dehydrating, gelatin‐embedding and setting of calibration points. And then the tissue blocks was cryosectioned into 60‐μm‐thick coronal sections and the sectional images were captured simultaneously by a digital camera at a fixed position. Two series of sections (one section out of ten) were Nissl‐stained with Toluidine blue and immunostained with the calbindin D‐28K, respectively. Stained sections were digitized by a high resolution scanner. After alignment and registration, contours of nuclei and different nucleic function divisions in the digital images of stained sections were identified, and then were segmented and labeled using software exploited by ourselves. Datasets of one set of registrated serial sectional images and two sets of registrated histochemically stained images in basal ganglia area were obtained, which provide a histological reference for the neurosurgery and diagnostic imaging. a systematic method of cutting, slicing, staining, data acquisition and image registration of large tissue blocks was established, providing a reference for histological data acquisition on the digital human. Anat Rec, 300:1011–1021, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Large Image Microscope Array for the Compilation of Multimodality Whole Organ Image Databases

Three‐dimensional, structural and functional digital image databases have many applications in education, research, and clinical medicine. However, to date, apart from cryosectioning, there have been no reliable means to obtain whole‐organ, spatially conserving histology. Our aim was to generate a system capable of acquiring high‐resolution images, featuring microscopic detail that could still be spatially correlated to the whole organ. To fulfill these objectives required the construction of a system physically capable of creating very fine whole‐organ sections and collecting high‐magnification and resolution digital images. We therefore designed a large image microscope array (LIMA) to serially section and image entire unembedded organs while maintaining the structural integrity of the tissue. The LIMA consists of several integrated components: a novel large‐blade vibrating microtome, a 1.3 megapixel peltier cooled charge‐coupled device camera, a high‐magnification microscope, and a three axis gantry above the microtome. A custom control program was developed to automate the entire sectioning and automated raster‐scan imaging sequence. The system is capable of sectioning unembedded soft tissue down to a thickness of 40 μm at specimen dimensions of 200 × 300 mm to a total depth of 350 mm. The LIMA system has been tested on fixed lung from sheep and mice, resulting in large high‐quality image data sets, with minimal distinguishable disturbance in the delicate alveolar structures. Anat Rec 290:1377‐1387, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Digitizing an Analog Radiography Teaching File Under Time Constraint: Trade-Offs in Efficiency and Image Quality

We digitized the radiography teaching file at Black Lion Hospital (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) during a recent trip, using a standard digital camera and a fluorescent light box. Our goal was to photograph every radiograph in the existing library while optimizing the final image size to the maximum resolution of a high quality tablet computer, preserving the contrast resolution of the radiographs, and minimizing total library file size. A secondary important goal was to minimize the cost and time required to take and process the images. Three workers were able to efficiently remove the radiographs from their storage folders, hang them on the light box, operate the camera, catalog the image, and repack the radiographs back to the storage folder. Zoom, focal length, and film speed were fixed, while aperture and shutter speed were manually adjusted for each image, allowing for efficiency and flexibility in image acquisition. Keeping zoom and focal length fixed, which kept the view box at the same relative position in all of the images acquired during a single photography session, allowed unused space to be batch-cropped, saving considerable time in post-processing, at the expense of final image resolution. We present an analysis of the trade-offs in workflow efficiency and final image quality, and demonstrate that a few people with minimal equipment can efficiently digitize a teaching file library.     

“Evaluation of a Very Low-Cost and Simple Teleradiology Technique”

This paper describes and analyzes a proposed solution of fundamental limitative factor of teleradiology to overcome the teleradiology usages problems in underdeveloped and developing countries. The goal is to achieve a very simple and cost-efficient way to take advantage of teleradiology in anywhere even in remote and rural areas. To meet the goal of this study, the following methodology which is consists of two main procedures was done: (1) Using a digital camera in order to provide a digital image from radiographs. (2) Using an image compression tool in order to compress digital images. The results showed that there is no significant difference between digital images (non-compress and compress images) and radiographic films. Also, there was a logic relationship between the diagnostic quality and diagnostic accuracy. Since the maximum percent of diagnostic accuracy can be seen among “Good” quality images and the minimum to was related “Poor”. The results of our study indicate that a digital camera could be utilized to capture digital images from radiographic films of chest x-ray. To reduce the size of digital images, a lossy compression technique could be applied at compression percent of 50 or less without any significant differences. The compressed images can be sent easily by email to other places for consultation and also they can be stored with a smaller size.     

How to take and process digital images for publication

The ability to take and process digital images is important in histopathology, cytopathology and pathology-centric research. In particular publishers demand that digital images are presented in a certain format. Since recording, processing and preparing digital images are often in the hands of the researcher, we should know how to handle digital images and prepare them for publication. This paper outlines the basic principles of digital imaging, what defines image resolution and how to prepare digital images for publication. Common pitfalls in preparing digital illustrations are reviewed together with the ethical constraints around the processing of scientific images.