脑梗死患者血清细胞因子和C-反应蛋白水平的变化及其意义

目的观察脑梗死(CI)患者血清细胞因子——白介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平的变化及其意义。方法应用放射免疫法测定合并糖尿病(DM)CI患者(DMCI组,30例)、非DM的CI患者(NDMCI组,30例)、DM患者(DM组,20例)和正常对照组(20人)血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平;应用免疫比浊法测定血清CRP水平,根据改良爱丁堡+斯堪的那维亚卒中量表神经功能缺损程度评分对CI患者按病情进行分组。结果DMCI组、NDMCI组及DM组血清IL-1β[(0.60±0.04)ng/ml、(0.33±0.03)ng/ml、(0.30±0.02)ng/ml]、IL-6[(231.07±7.68)pg/ml、(141.34±6.50)pg/ml、(118.92±5.82)pg/ml]、TNF-α[(2.70±0.11)ng/ml、(1.85±0.11)ng/ml、(1.21±0.13)ng/ml]及CRP[(7.44±0.26)ml/L、(4.67±0.21)mg/L、(4.54±0.24)mg/L]水平显著高于正常对照组[(0.20±0.03)n...     

老年卒中后抑郁患者血清细胞因子的研究

目的 探讨老年卒中后抑郁患者(PSD)血清细胞因子白细胞介素-1β(II-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)以及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的水平.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法检测PSD组(36例)及卒中后无抑郁患者(对照组;32例)的血清IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平,并以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分将PSD组分为轻度组(8～16分;9例)、中度组(17～23分;17例)及重度组(≥24分;10例),比较各组血清IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平的差异.结果 (1)PSD组血清IL-1β[(35.2±4.2)ng/L]、IL-6[(11.3±4.3)ng/L]及TNF-α[(32.4±6.9)ng/L]水平,均高于对照组[分别为(18.1±3.3)ng/L、(6.1±1.9)ng/L及(21.6±4.8)ng/L;P＜0.01];(2)卒中后重度抑郁组血清IL-1β[(41.8±3.2)ng/L]、IL-6[(17.5±5.7)ng/L]及,TNF-α[(38.8±5.8)ng/L]水平,均高于轻度抑郁组[分别为(29.1±2.3)ng/L、(6.6 ±1.7)ng/L及(25.9 ±3.3)ng/L;P＜0.05]、中度抑郁组[分别为(34.6±2.6)ng/L、(10.2 ±3.5)ng/L及(32.1±3.6)ng/L;P＜0.05],中度抑郁组亦高于轻度抑郁组(P＜0.05);(3)血清IL-1β(r=0.637)、IL-6(r=0.698)、TNF-α(r=0.722)水平均与抑郁的严重程度显著相关(P＜0.01).结论 IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α可能在卒中后抑郁的发生发展中起重要作用.     

癫癎儿童发作期与稳定期血清细胞因子的变化意义

目的探讨原发性癫癎患儿治疗前后血清细胞因子白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平的变化及临床意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对34例癫癎发作期患者、31例治疗稳定期患者及年龄、性别相匹配的35例对照者(正常儿童)血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平进行测定。结果癫组血清IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α水平均高于对照组,且发作组高于稳定组(P<0.01)。结论癫癎患者的免疫系统处于活化状态,细胞因子水平的失衡参与了癫癎的免疫病理过程。     

脑梗死后癫痫患者血清细胞因子水平的改变

目的研究脑梗死后癫痫患者血清细胞因子水平的改变。方法应用放射免疫法检测87例脑梗死后癫痫患者（脑梗死癫痫组）和75名健康体检者（正常对照组）的血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α），白细胞介素（IL）-2和IL-6水平。结果脑梗死癫痫组血清TNF-α[（2．5&#177;0．57）ng／L]、．89&#177;0．36）ng／L，IL-2（4．3&#177;1．5）ng／L，IL-6（13．3&#177;11．1）ng／L]（均P〈0.01）。结论脑梗死后癫痫患者的血清细胞因子TNIL-2[2（9、0&#177;0．83）ng／L]及IL-6[（97．5&#177;13．1）ng／L]水平明显高于正常对照组[TNF-α（0F-α、IL-2及IL-6水平显著升高，提示细胞因子可能在脑梗死后癫痫的发病中起重要作用。     

癫癎儿童发作期与稳定期血清细胞因子的变化意义

目的探讨原发性癫癎患儿治疗前后血清细胞因子白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平的变化及临床意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对34例癫癎发作期患者、31例治疗稳定期患者及年龄、性别相匹配的35例对照者（正常儿童）血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平进行测定。结果癫组血清IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α水平均高于对照组,且发作组高于稳定组（P〈0.01）。结论癫癎患者的免疫系统处于活化状态,细胞因子水平的失衡参与了癫癎的免疫病理过程。     

IL-6 TNF-α hsCRP联合检测在急性脑梗死临床诊断中的应用

目的探讨联合检测急性脑梗死患者血清白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)水平在临床诊断中的价值。方法采用ELISA法检测78例急性脑梗死患者发病24h内和50例健康体检者的血清IL-6、TNF-α、hsCRP水平。结果急性脑梗死患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、hsCRP水平分别为(13.24±2.30)ng/L、(78.45±12.09)ng/L、(17.26±3.64)mg/L,均高于健康体检者的(2.09±0.51)ng/L、(12.34±2.12)ng/L、(1.09±0.34)mg/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清IL-6、TNF-α、hsCRP水平与急性脑梗死的严重程度有关(P0.05)。结论血清IL-6、TNF-α、hsCRP水平在急性脑梗死发病后明显升高,且随病情的加重而升高,三者联合检测有助于急性脑梗死的早期确诊及病情评估。     

广泛性焦虑症与抑郁症患者免疫、内分泌及单胺递质的对照研究

目的探讨广泛性焦虑症(GAD)与抑郁症(MD)患者在免疫、内分泌和单胺递质方面的差异。方法 对30例GAD患者(焦虑症组)、38例MD患者(抑郁症组)在治疗(5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗6~8周)前后分别检测血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)、可溶性白细胞介素6受体(SIL-6R)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、皮质醇(CS)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、肾上腺素(EPH)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平。选择30名年龄和性别与患者组相匹配的健康人为对照组。结果 (1)焦虑症组治疗前IL-8[(122±76)ng／L]、SIL-6R[(2 065±790)ng／L]水平均高于对照组(99±68)ng／L]、[(294±48)ng／L,IL-6水平为(1.6±0.7)ng／L,低于对照组[(5.3±2.7)ng／L],差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);抑郁症组治疗前IL-2[(7.7±6.7)ng／L]、IL-8[(119±67)ng／L]、SIL-6R[(1308±371)ng／L]水平均高于对照组,差异均有显著性意义(均P<0.05)。经治疗后,焦虑症组IL-6[(4.3±1.2)ng／L]水平较治疗前升高,IL-8[(39±9)ng／L]水平较治疗前降低(P<0.05);抑郁症组IL-2[(2.4±1.2)ng／L]、IL-8[(47±15)ng／L]水平较治疗前降低(P<0.05);均接近于对照组水平(均P>0.05)。(2)焦虑症组治疗前ACIH[(49±28)ng／L]、EPH[(67±45)ng／     

老年抑郁症患者舍曲林治疗前后血清细胞因子水平的研究

目的 现测老年抑郁症患者使用舍曲林治疗前后血清细胞因子水平的变化.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测30例首发老年抑郁症患者（患者组）治疗前后和30例健康老年人（对照组）的血清IL-6、TNF-α的水平并比较,并结合汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）总分及各因子分进行相关分析.结果 患者组治疗前血清IL-6：（64.35±16.27）ng/L、TNF-a：（28.26±14.57）ng/L水平显著高于正常对照组IL-6：（30.81±10.71）ng/L,TNF-α：（17.74±10.18）ng/L（P＜0.05）.舍曲林治疗后血清IL-6、TNF-α水平较治疗前显著下降（P＜0.05）.结论 血清IL-6、TNF-α水平升高可能是老年抑郁症的免疫学标志之一;舍曲林抗抑郁的同时降低血清IL-6、TNF-a水平.     

脑梗死后抑郁与血清细胞因子的相关性

目的 探讨血清细胞因子白细胞介素-2 (IL-2)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)与脑梗死后抑郁的相关性.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),检测26例脑梗死对照组及28例脑梗死后抑郁组患者血清IL-2、IL-6及TNF-α水平.结果 脑梗死后抑郁组血清IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著高于对照组;重度抑郁组血清IL-2、IL-6及TNF-α水平显著高于轻度抑郁组.结论 IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α可能在脑卒中后抑郁的发病机制中起重要作用.     

脑梗死患者的亚临床炎症及胰岛素抵抗

目的观察脑梗死患者的亚临床炎症及胰岛素抵抗(IR)情况。方法检测114例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)及空腹胰岛素(Fins)、空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂、血压水平,分析胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)与炎症指标的关系,并与70例非脑梗死患者(对照组)进行比较。结果⑴脑梗死组血清CRP水平[(2.73±0.87)mg/L]、IL-6水平[(0.14±0.03)ng/ml]明显高于对照组[(1.63±0.93)mg/L、(0.12±0.03)ng/ml](均P<0.01),ISI(-4.31±0.53)明显低于对照组(-3.92±0.43)(P<0.01);⑵脑梗死组中,CRP>8.2mg/L患者的ISI(-4.63±0.71)明显低于CRP≤8.2mg/L患者的ISI(-4.18±0.54)(P<0.05)。结论脑梗死患者存在血清炎症的证据及IR;并且IR和亚临床炎症反应水平相一致。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂相关性分析

目的 探讨他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂的影响。方法 2010年3月至2014年3月收治颅内囊状动脉瘤67例,其中破裂者32例,未破裂者35例。采用多变量Logistic回归评估他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂的关系。结果 破裂组术前使用他汀类药物4例（12.5%,4/32）,未破裂组16例（45.7%,16/35）。破裂组服用他汀类药物的百分比显著低于未破裂组（P<0.01）。纠正潜在的混杂干扰后（or值: 0.30,95%可信空间:0.12~="" 0.64）显示,颅内动脉瘤破裂与他汀类药物的使用呈显著负相关,也与高血清总胆固醇浓度有关。结论 本结果提示他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂有一定的预防效果。     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999     

肌萎缩侧索硬化三例误诊分析

目的掌握肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)的诊断标准,以便早期准确诊断,避免误诊。方法分析3例ALS患者早期被误诊的临床资料。结果 3例患者均以下肢无力发病,逐渐波及上肢或对侧肢体,脊柱MR I示颈部或腰部椎间盘突出压迫硬膜囊,手术治疗后,症状无缓解,病情仍进行性加重,经肌电图检查证实为ALS。结论临床医师应熟知ALS的诊断标准,对患者详细询问病史、认真查体和电生理检查是减少ALS误诊的关键。     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

失匹配负波在意识障碍评估中的临床价值探讨

自失匹配负波(MMN)于20世纪70年代被发现以来,我们对规律性声音被打破后所诱发的前注意检测有了进一步认识,而MMN成为了开启认知大门的钥匙。至今为止,MMN的研究范围从产生机制发展到神经精神疾病相关的临床试验,特别是对于急性脑损伤(ABI)昏迷以及进展后的慢性意识障碍(DoC)患者,MMN被认为是一个可靠的预后预测指标。然而,由于MMN难以用于个体评估,目前在临床实践中的应用仍十分有限,广大临床医师对MMN的了解甚少。因此,本文就MMN的产生机制、在意识障碍中的临床意义、判读方法及其影响因素做一综述。