甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管的气管缺损与修复

目的总结甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管的气管缺损修复经验,提高术中气管缺损修复的治疗效果。方法收集2011年8月—2019年2月诊治的32例甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管患者资料,其中6例术中采用锐性削除受侵气管外壁,8例气管袖式切除+端端吻合,6例胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣,8例胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣联合生物膜,2例前臂皮瓣+自体软骨移植,2例气管造瘘+Ⅱ期修复。结果6例锐性削除气管外壁患者中,有1例患者术后第6天出现气管瘘,予以换药后出院;余26例患者中,24例于术后6个月内恢复正常呼吸功能,1例前臂皮瓣+自体软骨移植患者术后出现局部气管狭窄,黏痰堵塞,带管生存,1例带蒂胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣+生物膜患者术后气管局部塌陷伴双侧声带麻痹,带管生存。结论对于侵犯气管的甲状腺癌患者,根据不同的侵犯范围,选取合适的气管切除和缺损气管的修复方式,才能取得较高的手术成功率和较好的治疗效果。     

Management of invasive thyroid carcinoma

Laryngotracheal invasion is a rare occurrence in the thyroid carcinoma that demands aggressive complete removal of tumor to prevent mortality. The most common cause of death related to thyroid carcinoma is local invasion of the upper airway. The otolaryngologist-Head & Neck surgeon, trained in surgery of the larynx and trachea, is an expert in dealing with the most complex cases of thyroid cancer. However, successful treatment depends on a clear understanding of the regional anatomy with a goal of complete tumor removal with preservation of function. In most situations, this can be accomplished resulting in long-term local control of even the most aggressive locally invasive tumors. This study reviews a 30-year experience with treatment of locally invasive thyroid cancer. Although the principle of complete removal of tumor is unchanged regardless of the area of invasion, the guidelines for reconstruction vary greatly depending on the site and extent of the defect. Total laryngectomy is rarely necessary and even large defects of the subglottic larynx and trachea can be reconstructed. This article defines the regions of resection and those that do require reconstruction of rigid support of the airway. The study defines the concept of a “subglottic laryngectomy” with reconstruction, because the region can be affected by thyroid cancer. Large tracheal defects as well can be reconstructed. The basis of the reconstruction is the sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap that provides skeletal support to the trachea on cricoid as needed. The surgical technique for reconstruction with the flap is described in detail. The use of tracheal stents for support during the healing phase is also described.     

Safe reconstruction of a large cervico-mediastinal tracheal defect with a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and free costal cartilage grafts

A large cervico-mediastinal tracheal defect in a 72-year-old man as a result of surgery for thyroid carcinoma with tracheal invasion and mediastinal lymph node metastasis was reconstructed using a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and free costal cartilage grafts. The tracheal defect (55 mm x 30 mm) was located at the thoracic inlet adjacent to the major mediastinal vessels. Our reconstructive procedure was a two-staged surgery. In the first stage, a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap was transferred to the neck to provide a well-vascularized recipient bed for free costal cartilage grafts and to cover large vessels. Two pieces of free costal cartilage were grafted on the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, one for the lateral wall reconstruction and the other prefabricated for the anterior wall of the trachea. In the second stage, the re-vascularized cartilage graft for the anterior wall of the trachea with overlying skin was rotated onto the trough of the remaining trachea and the closure of the tracheal defect was completed. We conclude that free cartilage grafts for the reconstruction of a large cervico-mediastinal tracheal defect can be safely used when they are combined with well-vascularized pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps.     

Conservative surgical management of invasive differentiated thyroid cancer

The majority of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma are tumours of low grade malignancy. Laryngotracheal invasion by well differentiated thyroid carcinoma is an uncommon occurrence. The surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer invading the upper airway has primarily been by total laryngectomy. Other surgeons recommend in selected cases partial laryngeal and/or tracheal resection. A total of 122 patients with thyroid carcinoma were treated in our department between 1967 and 1982. Only seven patients with well differentiated tumours had airway invasion. In these seven patients we used a partial laryngeal and/or tracheal resection. In three of the patients with tracheal invasion a myoperichondrial flap was used for closing the tracheal defect. A partial resection of the larynx and trachea, and end to end anastomosis between the trachea and the remaining part of the larynx was performed in another four patients. The techniques used and a long-term follow-up are presented (Table I).     

Analysis of various defects and reconstructive methods after invasive thyroid carcinoma resection

ObjectiveThe thyroid gland adjoins the trachea, pharynx, esophagus, carotid artery and cervical skin. Most thyroid carcinomas have been treated at lower stages; however, in some cases the carcinomas have invaded the surrounding organs. After resecting invasive thyroid carcinomas, the defects vary depending on the invasion area and organs affected; subsequent reconstructive methods vary depending on the size of defect and its components. This study analysed the pattern of defects and the reconstructive methods used following invasive thyroid carcinoma resection.MethodsFrom April 2011 to March 2021, 665 patients in Saitama Cancer Center (Saitama, Japan) were diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma and subsequently underwent thyroidectomies. In the 25 patients (3.8%), the thyroid carcinoma invaded surrounding organs and any reconstructive surgery—including end-to-end tracheal anastomosis and simple pharynx closure—was performed after thyroid carcinoma resection. The patients’ records were retrospectively reviewed, and the defects and subsequent reconstructive methods were analysed.ResultsWhen our new classification system was applied to the defects, the number of cases for each type was totaled: Tr0: 1; Tr1a: 3; Tr2b: 5; Tr3a: 1; La-Tr3b+PE2: 7; La-Tr3b+PE2+S2: 1; PE1: 1; PE1+S1: 2; S1: 2; S2: 2. For Tr0, a tracheal fenestration was performed after the tumor resection and the fenestration was closed with a hinge flap. For Tr1a defect, a tracheal fenestration was performed with cervical skin after the tumor resection and the tracheal fenestration was closed with a deltopectoral flap or pectralis major musculocutaneous flap. In one recent patient, the tracheal fenestration was reconstructed using free forearm flap and cervical skin, and the fenestration was closed with a hinge flap. For Tr2b defect, free forearm flap and costal cartilage graft reconstruction was performed after the tumor resection and the fenestration was closed with a hinge flap. For Tr3a defect, end-to-end anastomosis was performed in one patient. For La-Tr3b+PE2 defect, total pharyngolaryngectomy with free jejunal flap reconstruction was performed. For PE1 defect, a simple closure was performed in one patient and a PMMC muscle flap was used for covering the suture line in two patients. For S1 and S2 defect, PMMC flap or DP flap was used.ConclusionOur analysis of defects and reconstructive methods defines the complex defect patterns occurring after invasive thyroid carcinoma resection, describes the patterns of subsequent reconstructive methods.     

分化型甲状腺癌侵犯喉气管临床分析

目的　探讨甲状腺癌累及喉、气管时的外科处理方法。方法　2000年1月～2010年12月在我院手术治疗晚期分化型甲状腺癌24例,根据肿瘤侵犯喉、颈段气管的范围及程度分别行肿瘤削除术和气管袖状切除端端吻合术;喉部分切除胸锁乳突肌或颈阔肌皮瓣修复术。结果　24例患者均接受根治性手术切除,喉、气管缺损修复重建。术式：肿瘤削除术8例,气管袖状切除8例,喉部分切除术8例。吻合方式：气管端端吻合8例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复4例,颈阔肌皮瓣修复4例。本组患者肿瘤复发率为8.3%,5年累积生存率为91.6%。结论　对侵犯喉、气管的分化型甲状腺癌患者应采取更为积极的外科治疗,以减少术后复发,提高生存率。     

Modified spiral tracheoplasty after extensive window resection of trachea for advanced thyroid cancer

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) occasionally invades tracheal cartilages. We adapted a reconstructive procedure “modified spiral tracheoplasty” to extensive tracheal defect after resection of locally advanced thyroid cancer. Extensive window resection of tracheal wall was performed in a 72-year-old woman and a 48-year-old man with PTC invading intraluminal trachea. Remaining stumps of trachea were separated from the esophageal wall and were rotated by 90 degrees in opposite directions. Posterior and lateral walls were anastomosed and tracheocutaneous fistula was created to prevent postoperative airway obstruction. Postoperative course was uneventful in both cases. Tracheocutaneous fistula was successfully closed 3 to 4 months after the initial surgery. Modified spiral tracheoplasty is a safe and useful method to recreate a framework of trachea after extensive window resection for advanced thyroid cancer.     

Tracheal reconstruction with a modified infrahyoid myocutaneous flap

Reconstruction of a tracheal defect is a challenge because it often requires invasive surgery associated with relatively high morbidity. We recently invented a less-invasive method using a modified infrahyoid myocutaneous (IHMC) flap for the reconstruction of a tracheal defect in an 83-year-old male. A tracheal defect, the right half of the cricoid cartilage plus the right three quarters of the I-IV tracheal cartilage (about 3 × 4 cm), was reconstructed with a modified IHMC flap composed of the sternohyoid and platysma muscles and a skin pedicle. Considering the age of patient, we avoided rigid reconstruction and used a soft silicone tracheal opening retainer (Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) as an anterior wall dilator after surgery and waited for the scarring of the flap until it become rigid enough. The postoperative course was uneventful and the trachea was reconstructed safely. Tracheal reconstruction with an IHMC flap is a useful and less-invasive alternative compared to end-to-end anastomosis or reconstruction with a forearm flap, which is currently used as a mainstay.     

Cricotracheal resection for laryngeal invasion by thyroid carcinoma: our experience

Invasion of the laryngeal framework by thyroid carcinoma requires specific surgical techniques and carries a higher rate of complications that deserve to be highlighted. We reviewed our data from 1995 to 2012 and found six patients with laryngotracheal invasion by thyroid carcinoma. All underwent total thyroidectomy and single-stage cricotracheal resection, plus anterolateral neck dissection. Three had airway obstruction that necessitated prior endoscopic debulking. None of the patients needed a tracheotomy. There were four cases of papillary carcinoma, and two cases of undifferentiated carcinoma. One patient died of complications of the procedure (anastomotic dehiscence and tracheo-innominate artery fistula). Another died 2 months after the procedure from local recurrence and aspiration pneumonia. One case presented recurrence at 15 months, which was managed by re-excision and adjuvant radiotherapy; after 26 months of follow-up, he has no evidence of locoregional recurrence. The three other patients are alive without evidence of disease at 6, 18 and 41 months, respectively. Cricotracheal resection for subglottic invasion by thyroid carcinoma is an effective procedure, but carries significant risks of complications. This could be attributed to the devascularisation of the tracheal wall due to the simultaneous neck dissection, sacrifice of the strap muscles or of a patch of oesophageal muscle layer. We advocate a sternocleidomastoid flap to cover the anastomosis. Cricotracheal resection for subglottic invasion can be curative with good functional outcomes, even for the advanced stages of thyroid cancer. Endoscopic debulking of the airway prior to the procedure avoids tracheotomy.     

Primary reconstructive method for tracheal defect from invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is not highly malignant, and thus surgical resection is the most common treatment even if the carcinoma has invaded the trachea. Although some cases exist in which the carcinoma invades the trachea, using the tracheal window resection method allows complete resection of the carcinoma. Yet these patients must often control a large tracheocutaneous wound until reconstructive surgery is performed because such surgery occurs secondarily. Our hospital admitted three patients for which tracheally invasive, differentiated thyroid carcinoma was surgically resected. Tracheal defects of 1/2 to 2/3 of the tracheal circumference were reconstructed primarily using the free forearm flap and costal cartilage during carcinoma resection. Following surgery, only a small tracheocutaneous fistula remained open, which was closed at about three months post-operation. The reconstructed tracheal space and transferred costal cartilage thickness were monitored by CT scan imaging at about 12 months post-operation. Details of the reconstructive method and postoperative changes in the reconstructed trachea and thickness of the costal cartilage are described in this report.     

累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌临床治疗分析

目的 探讨累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌的临床治疗经验。 方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年12月山东大学齐鲁医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的87例累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌患者的基本资料,统计分析其采用的肿瘤切除方式、气管修补方法、术后拔管率及3年和5年生存率。 结果 87例患者均进行了手术治疗,肿瘤切除方式包括:气管壁肿瘤锐性剃除(60例),气管壁楔形切除(15例),气管袖状切除(3例),喉部分切除(1例),全喉切除(4例),姑息切除(4例)。气道重建方法包括:拉拢缝合(5例),胸大肌肌皮瓣修补(1例),胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣修补(1例),端端吻合(3例),喉成型术(1例),气管造瘘术(12例)。随访时间为4-122个月,随访到79例,其中15例行气管切开,气管切开术后拔管率66.7%(10/15),3年生存率为100%,5年生存率为93.0%。 结论 对于累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌,通过准确的术前评估和合理的手术治疗,可以显著改善患者生活质量,获得良好的生存期。     

异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复甲状腺癌切除术后气管缺损13例

目的 探讨异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复甲状腺癌切除术后气管缺损的可行性。方法 甲状腺癌侵犯气管患者13例经甲状腺肿瘤切除、颈部淋巴结清扫、气管部分切除术,以异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复气管缺损。结果 术后随访36~53个月,11例患者气管腔无肉芽生长,管腔光滑,顺利拔管;2例拔管失败,气管内肉芽形成感染1例,气管修复处内陷1例。结论 累及气管的甲状腺癌患者,可根据肿瘤切除后气管缺损范围,选择适当病例,以异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复气管缺损,保障气道通畅。     

梨状窝内侧壁癌切除与喉功能保留

目的 探讨梨状窝内侧壁癌切除喉功能保留犬的技术方法和临床疗效。方法 回顾分析手术治疗的梨状窝内侧壁癌71例。其中49例行喉功能保留术;22例未保存喉功能。喉功能保留手术方法：①切除范围：声带活动正常者行患侧水平上半喉＋梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带活动受限者行同侧水平半喉＋声门旁间隙＋梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带固定者行患侧垂直半喉＋梨状窝内侧壁和部分梨状窝外侧壁切除,梨状窝尖受累者切除范围扩大到环状软骨环和颈段食管;②修复:喉修复对利用会厌、甲状软骨膜、带状肌肌筋膜、颈前皮瓣修复喉缺损;梨状窝修复对缺损范围小者用下咽粘膜瓣或残缘粘膜后直接讨合,对缺损范围大者用胸大肌肌皮瓣转移及胸三角皮瓣修复;③颈淋巴结处理：71例中65例（91．5％）行颈清扫术,其中同侧颈清扫术39例,双侧颈清扫术26例;④术后全部病例予以辅助放射性治疗,剂量60－75Gy。结果 寿命表法统计3年、5年生存率：喉功能保留组分别为63．4％和49．6％;喉功能不保留组分别为52．4％和42．4％。喉功能保留组喉功能全部恢复者占71．4％（35／49）,部分恢复者占28．6％（14／49）。结论 梨状窝内侧壁癌易侵入喉部,但多数病例在彻底切除肿瘤病灶的前提下保留喉功能是可行的。     

胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复颈段气管缺损

目的:探讨利用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复颈段气管缺损的方法。方法:对13例恶性肿瘤侵犯颈段气管及原发性气管肿瘤患者,切除肿瘤及受累气管壁后利用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复气管壁缺损。结果:13例患者中,气管切开患者为10例,9例分别于术后1~5个月拔除气管套管,1例因声门区狭窄,戴管呼吸,3例未行气管切开患者术后呼吸通畅。结论:带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣是较好的气管修复材料。     

Window resection of the trachea and secondary reconstruction for invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Objective

In cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, the presence or absence of invasion into the circumferential organs is an important prognostic factor. Surgical procedures include circular resection of the trachea with end-to-end anastomosis and window resection with secondary closure. We have used window resection with secondary closure since 1993, and herein retrospectively analyze the treatment outcomes for this surgical procedure in order to determine the indications for procedure selection.

Methods

Subjects comprised 41 cases of invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma into the trachea, for which surgery was performed at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of the National Cancer Center Hospital East from 1993 to 2007. The mean age was 65.7 ± 7.9 years, and the median length of the observation period was 43 months. There were 17 cases (41.4%) cases of secondary relapse.

Results

The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates for this surgical procedure were 78.9% and 74.5%, respectively, while the 5-year and 10-year local control rates were 92.4% and 73.4%, respectively. The pathological resection stump was positive in 27 cases (65.8%), but no significant differences in treatment outcome were observed between the stump-positive group and the stump-negative group. There were 26 cases in which closure of the tracheal fistula was performed by the time of observation. When the tracheal defect had a diameter equivalent to 7 rings of the trachea or less and a circumference half that of the tracheal cartilage or smaller, including partial cricoid cartilage, it was possible to perform closure with only a local flap. For larger defects, reconstruction was performed using hard tissues or materials, such as hydroxyapatite, titanium mesh, and costal cartilage. There were 2 cases that required re-window because of dyspnea after closure.

Conclusion

The treatment outcomes for this surgical procedure for invasive cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma into the trachea resulted in a low rate of local recurrence and similar survival rates as described in other reports. Even for cases of resection exceeding half the circumference of the trachea, closure of the tracheal fistula can be performed using hard tissues or materials; however, in such cases, we believe that closure should be attempted progressively in a two-stage reconstruction.     

Surgical treatment of laryngeal tumors with subglottic extension and tracheal tumors with composite nasal septal cartilage graft: technique and outcome

OBJECTIVE: Composite nasal septal cartilage grafts (CNSCG) are effective grafting materials in laryngeal and tracheal reconstruction following tumor resection. METHODS: Between 1985 and 2005, we used CNSCG for the reconstruction of defects following resection of laryngeal tumors with subglottic extension (20 cases), subglottic mesenchymal tumors (2 cases), invasive thyroid carcinoma (4 cases), tracheal tumors (3 cases) and esophagus carcinoma with tracheal invasion (1 case) in total of 30 patients. RESULTS: The patients with subglottic tumors were decanulated within 5-7 days except one case. We achieved satisfactory voice and swallowing without any sign of recurrence. Overall complications consisted of subglottic stenosis in one case, and unilateral paralysis of recurrent laryngeal nerve in two cases. One patient with subglottic laryngeal carcinoma died due to neck and distant metastases 4 years after the operation. All patients are well with a mean follow-up period 9 years. Three patients with tracheal tumors underwent lateral resection and reconstructed with CNSCG. Satisfactory healing of the grafts was seen in all cases without local recurrence or complication with a mean follow-up period of 62 months. One of the patients had distant metastases 3 years after the operation. The patient with esophagus carcinoma and tracheal invasion was treated by total esophagectomy, gastric pull-up, tracheal resection and CNSCG reconstruction. He died at postoperative 5th day due to mediastinitis as a complication of gastric pull-up. CONCLUSION: Free composite cartilage graft is a reliable material in the reconstruction of defects after surgery of laryngeal tumors with subglottic extension, invasive thyroid and esophagus tumors and well-selected tracheal tumors.     

Erfolgreiche Behandlung einer subglottischen Trachealstenose mittels Mukosa-Radialisfaszien-Lappen

Short-segment tracheal stenosis is often treated by segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Longer-segment stenosis can sometimes be treated using dilation, laser therapy, bronchoscopic stent insertion and segmental resection and reconstruction. Long-segment restenosis with a buildup of scar tissue due to successful resection surgery in the past represents a particular therapeutic challenge and a sufficiently vascularized transplant may be the only option. We describe the case of a 37-year-old patient who underwent a tracheal reconstruction using a mucosa-lined radial forearm flap. Subsequent to a traumatic laryngotracheal fracture, long-term ventilation and multiple surgical interventions, the patient had developed a functionally relevant subglottic stenosis (5.5?cm). Following longitudinal anterior resection of the trachea 1?cm above and below the stenosis, a Dumon? stent was inserted. Simultaneously, a radial forearm fascia flap was harvested, as were two full-thickness buccal mucosa grafts, which were sutured onto the subcutaneous tissue and fascia of the forearm flap. Beginning caudally, the mucosa-lined flap was then sutured, air-tight, into the anterior tracheal defect with the mucosa facing the lumen. Finally, end-to-end anastomosis connected the blood vessels of the radial forearm flap to the recipient blood vessels in the neck. The patient was successfully extubated after 24?h and discharged after 5?days. A postoperative CT scan revealed optimal placement of the stent and the patient??s speech and breathing were sufficiently re-established. The stent was removed bronchoscopically 6?weeks after surgery. Examinations during the 6-month follow-up period showed that the diameter of the reconstructed airway was retained and the patient remained symptom-free.     

游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣应用于舌癌术后缺损修复与舌再造

目的探讨游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣应用在舌癌术后缺损修复与舌再造中的效果。方法2008年12月~2016年1月应用游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣对42例舌癌患者行舌癌根治术同期行舌口底缺损修复与舌再造，其中舌缘癌22例，舌腹癌17例，口底癌累及舌3例，肿瘤根治术后形成6.5 cm×3.5 cm～11.0 cm×7.5 cm大小缺损。术中将腹壁下动脉与甲状腺上动脉吻合，伴行静脉与甲状腺上静脉或颈内静脉吻合。结果皮瓣长(8.6±0.3)cm、宽(5.1±0.2)cm、厚(2.3±0.5)cm。腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣血管蒂长度为(9.6±0.4)cm。42例肌皮瓣全部存活，供区直接闭合。皮瓣外观满意，供区仅遗留线性瘢痕，腹直肌功能未见明显影响。随访14～64个月。再造舌形态良好，吞咽、语言功能满意，肿瘤局部无复发。结论腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣组织量丰富，质地好，再造舌外形及功能良好，供区损伤小，是舌癌术后舌、口底缺损修复与舌再造的理想选择。     

End-to-end anastomosis in chronic tracheal stenosis

Objective: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of end-to-end anastomosis of the trachea following segmental resection in chronic tracheal stenosis. Methods: End-to-end anastomoses of the trachea were performed in 35 patients with chronic tracheal stenosis; 18 patients with tracheal invasion of thyroid cancer and 17 patients with long-term intubation and blunt injuries of the trachea. Results: All operations were successful, except one whose unilateral recurrent nerve had not been identified in the recurrent thyroid cancer invasion with trachea. Conclusion: This operation provides a one-step cure for the stenosed trachea and can be applied to the resection of less than six tracheal segments.     

Thyroid carcinoma invading the upper aerodigestive system

Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma infrequently invades the upper aerodigestive tract. However, when invasion occurs it is the source of significant morbidity and excess mortality. The most common structures invaded by thyroid carcinoma are the recurrent laryngeal nerves, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus, which can produce symptoms of airway insufficiency, dysphagia, and hemoptysis. Locally invasive thyroid carcinoma can often be successfully treated while preserving function of the upper airway. If the tumor involves only the wall of the larynx or trachea without intraluminal extension, "shaving" the tumor from the trachea or larynx will produce local control rates comparable to more radical and destructive procedures. Intraluminal extension is a more serious problem that usually requires resection of a portion of the aerodigestive tract. Even in this situation, partial laryngeal or tracheal resection with preservation of function might be possible and should be used. Adjuvant therapy using radioiodine or external beam radiotherapy should be considered an integral part of any treatment plan for these tumors. These modalities will significantly reduce the rate of local recurrence and control symptomatic local disease.