A型内毒毒素治疗脑血管病后肌痉挛的疗效观察

目的 观察A型肉毒毒素（BTX－A）治疗脑血管病（CVD）后肌痉挛的疗效和安全性。方法 使用国产BTA－X局部注射治疗42例CVD后肌痉挛患者。注射剂量、位点数根据受累肌肉大小、多少及痉挛程度采取个体化原则,注射部位按照解剖学体表标志定位。观察注射前后肢体肌力、肌张力（改良Ashworth评分）及功能等改变。结果 注射后患肢肌张力改良Ashworth评分、步速、步长,踝关节活动度均较治疗前明显改善（P＜0．01、P＜0．01、P＜0．05、P＜0．01）;注射后12．12％（4／33）患者出现轻度下肢无力,持续4－6周后自行好转。结论 BTX－A局部注射是治疗CVD后肌痉挛的一种安全、简便的有效方法,副作用少。     

注射用A 型肉毒毒素改善亚急性期和恢复期脑卒中患者肌肉痉挛和活动功能效果的比较

目的 评价注射用A型肉毒毒素改善脑卒中亚急性期和恢复期肌肉痉挛和活动功能的效果比较.方法 选择2013年6月~2016年1月在我院就诊的脑卒中患者86例,根据病史长短分为亚急性期组(<1个月)37例和恢复期组(≥1个月)49例,均接受肉毒毒素200 U肌肉注射,疗程4周,评价治疗后改良Ashworth量表(MAS)、改良Tardieu量表(MTS)、徒手肌力检查法(MMT)、被动关节活动度(PROM)、Barthel指数和Fugl-Meyer量表.结果 所有患者均顺利接受治疗,两组随访时间分别为26(22~30)d和29(24~31)d,组间比较差异无统计学意义(Z=1.332,P=0.307);亚急性期组治疗后肘部、腕部MAS评分较疗前改善(P<0.05),而恢复期组MAS无明显差异(P>0.05),亚急性期组均优于恢复期组(P<0.05);亚急性期组治疗后肘部R1、D和腕部R1、R2均有改善(P<0.05),恢复期组治疗后MTS中肘部R1、D和腕部R1较治疗前改善(P<0.05),亚急性期组腕部R1、R2优于恢复期组(P<0.05);亚急性期组治疗后MMT肘部外展较治疗前改善(P<0.05),其他指标无改善;亚急性期组PROM腕部外展、腕部活动度较治疗前改善(P<0.05),恢复期组各指标治疗后无明显改善(P>0.05),亚急性组腕部外展优于恢复期组(P<0.05);亚急性期组Barthel指数、Fugl-Meyer和恢复期Fugl-Meyer较治疗前升高(P<0.05),但组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 肉毒毒素能改善脑卒中亚急性期和恢复期肌肉痉挛和功能,但亚急性期治疗效果更明显.     

Neurophysiological changes after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin (BT) acts peripherally by inhibiting acetylcholine release from the presynaptic neuromuscular terminals and by weakening muscle contraction. Therefore, its clinical benefit is primarily due to its peripheral action. As a result, local injection of BT has become a successful and safe tool in the treatment of several neurological and non-neurological disorders. Studies in animals have also shown that the toxin can be retrogradely transported and even transcytosed to neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Further human studies have suggested that BT could alter the functional organisation of the CNS indirectly through peripheral mechanisms. BT can interfere with and modify spinal, brainstem and cortical circuits, including cortical excitability and plasticity/organisation by altering spindle afferent inflow directed to spinal motoneurons or to the various cortical areas. It is well demonstrated that the distant CNS effects of BT treatment parallel the peripheral effect, although there is limited evidence as to the cause of this. Therefore, further studies focussed on central changes after BT treatment is needed for a better understanding of these non-peripheral effects of BT.     

Evidence-based systematic review on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A therapy in post-stroke spasticity

Summary Background. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) has been suggested as an effective anti-spastic drug. In this article, we summarized the data of randomized, placebo-controlled, double- blind trials and conducted a meta-analysis to assess if BoNTA is an adequate treatment for spasticity following stroke. Objectives. To evaluate the relevant literature and assess the effectiveness and safety of BoNTA in (1) reducing spasticity based on mean change in the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) for upper and lower limb spasticity from baseline; (2) reducing spasticity based on the percent of patients having > or = 1point(s) change in the MAS; (3) improving the patient’s or caregivers’ Global Assessment Scale (GAS); and (4) total adverse events. Method. We selected all randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trials or previous meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy and safety of BoNTA (Botox^? or Dysport^?) for the treatment of spasticity in both upper and lower limbs after stroke. Validity assessment of studies was performed, and Revman 4.2.7 from Cochrane Collaboration and SPSS (statistical package for the social sciences), v 9.0, were applied for analysis. Results. Overall analysis showed clinical improvement between baseline and 4–6 weeks after application of BoNTA of the patient’s spasticity score using the MAS (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.52–1.22). The odds ratio of the MAS spasticity score showing one or more points improvement at 4–6 weeks after giving BoNTA showed clinically significant improvement (OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 2.79–7.25). The odds ratio of having an improved GAS at 4–6 weeks after injecting BoNTA showed clinically significant improvement (Odds ratio = 5.85, 95% CI = 3.12–10.95). The odds ratio of having an adverse event during the entire study did not show any significant difference between placebo and BoNTA (odds ratio = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.55–1.28). Reviewers’ conclusions. BoNTA improves muscle tone in upper and lower limb spasticity following stroke. A global assessment of improvement was noted by the patients or the caregivers following BoNTA injection. BoNTA is considered a safe therapeutic agent. Correspondence: Raymond L. Rosales, Units for Movement and Neuromuscular Disorders, Center for Neurodiagnostic/Therapeutic Services (CNS), Metropolitan Medical Center, Sta. Cruz, 1002 Manila, Philippines     

Effects of dynamic lycra orthosis as an adjunct to rehabilitation after botulinum toxin-A injection of the upper-limb in adults following stroke: A single-blinded randomized controlled pilot study

ABSTRACT

Background

Dynamic lycra splints are proposed to modify hypertonicity due to their characteristics – neutral warmth, circumferential pressure, and creating a low-intensity prolonged stretch on hypertonic muscles – to contribute to increased sensory awareness of the involved limb.     

Modification of altered ankle motor control after stroke using focal application of botulinum toxin type A

Study design

Blinded, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical trial.

Purpose

To examine the effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections into plantar flexor muscles in stroke patients with equinovarus gait.

Subjects

15 post-stroke and 10 matched neurologically intact subjects.

Methods

Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Fugl–Meyer assessment of physical function scale scores along with surface EMG collected before and up to 12 weeks after BTX-A injections to plantar flexor muscle motor points in stroke subjects. Saline placebo injections were performed in a subset of stroke subject group.

Results

MAS scores were decreased at 4, 8 and 12 weeks but F–M scores did not improve until 12 weeks post injection. Multi-muscle EMG patterns showed the return of volitional dorsiflexor activity in 11 and a decrease of antagonistic and distant coactivation in all but one of the 15.

Conclusions

BTX-A is effective in reducing antagonistic and distant muscle activation that impedes volitional dorsiflexion.     

A型肉毒毒素治疗卒中患者痉挛性足下垂和足内翻的研究

目的探讨A型肉毒毒素治疗卒中后患者痉挛性足下垂及足内翻的效果及对步行功能的改善。方法35例卒中后痉挛性足下垂及足内翻患者,随机分为BTX2A注射结合物理治疗组(17例)和单纯物理治疗组(18例)。治疗组应用下肢肌肉局部注射国产A型肉毒毒素治疗,每个患者每次选择3~5块肌肉,每块肌肉总的注射剂量为50~100IU。对照组仅接受康复治疗。所有患者在注射前,注射后2周、1个月、3个月改良Ashworth量表(MAS)评定肌张力变化,按粗大运动功能量表(GMFM)中的D和E两项及步行速度评价步行能力。结果MAS评分治疗后2周、1个月、3个月组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GMFM评分治疗后1、3个月组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。步行速度治疗后1、3个月组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论研究发现下肢肌肉局部注射A型肉毒毒素结合康复治疗可以更好减轻脑卒中患者的肌张力,改善患者的痉挛步态。     

Improvements in healthcare and cost benefits associated with botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity and muscle overactivity

Spasticity is a widespread, disabling form of muscle overactivity affecting patients with central nervous system damage resulting in upper motor neurone syndrome. There is a range of effective therapies for the treatment of spasticity (e.g. physical, anaesthetic, chemodenervation and neurolytic injections, systemic medication and surgery), but all therapies must be based on an individualized, multidisciplinary programme targeted to achieve patient goals. Appropriate therapy should be based on the extent and severity of spasticity, but spasticity and its consequences, regardless of presentation or cause, are commonly treated with systemic agents. This may be ill-advised as systemic treatment is associated with many undesirable effects. In particular, elderly patients with post-stroke spasticity are at risk from the central adverse effects of systemic medication (e.g. sedation and gait disturbance), which make them more susceptible to falling, with an associated increased risk of fracture. The rising costs of fracture care and its sequelae are fast becoming an international problem contributing to high healthcare expenditure. Botulinum toxin type-A (BoNT-A) treatment is highly effective for some of the more common forms of spasticity and muscle overactivity, and has a favourable profile when compared with systemic agents and other focal treatments. Therefore, the clinical benefits of BoNT-A treatment outweigh the apparent high costs of this intervention, showing it to be a cost-effective treatment.     

卒中后肢体痉挛治疗的研究进展

痉挛是卒中后常见的并发症之一,严重的肢体痉挛不仅会导致关节活动度的受限、灵活性 和姿势的异常,还可引起不可逆的关节挛缩、肢体功能丧失及残疾,极大地影响着患者的生活质量, 并增加照护者的负担。目前对卒中后肢体痉挛的治疗方案仍未达成共识。近年来,痉挛治疗的药物 和非药物研究也有了一定的进展,尤其是非药物治疗手段,如采用非侵入性经颅或外周电、磁刺激技 术以及基于肌动图和肌电图的多源信息采集整合分析技术等新型康复治疗手段,在痉挛治疗过程中 表现出更加精准、有效以及可重复性高等优点。现就卒中后肢体痉挛治疗的研究进展进行综述。     

A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗对偏侧面肌痉挛患者生活质量的影响

目的 探讨A型肉毒毒素(BTXA)局部注射治疗对偏侧面肌痉挛(HFS)患者生活质量的影响.方法 给予108例HFS患者BTXA局部肌肉注射治疗.在治疗前、治疗后3及6个月时应用Cohen分级标准进行痉挛程度及疗效评价,用生活质量量表(QOL-BREF)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)进行测评.结果 治疗后3及6个月时Cohen分级较治疗前明显下降;治疗3个月时显效率及总有效率为90.1％、100％,6个月时为83.3％、96.3％.与治疗前比较,治疗3及6个月时除环境评分外,各项QOL-BREF量表评分明显提高,SDS及SAS评分明显降低(均P＜0.05);有抑郁及焦虑情绪的比率明显降低(均P＜0.05).结论 BTXA治疗HFS疗效显著,并能明显改善其健康相关生存质量.     

Superiority of sonographic evaluation of contracted versus relaxed muscle thickness in motor neuron diseases

ObjectiveTo compare the correlations of relaxed and contracted limb muscle thickness with clinical scales in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).MethodsPatients with ALS and SMA were prospectively recruited from December 2018 to November 2019. All patients underwent clinical assessment and sonographic muscle thickness measurement of eight relaxed muscles (biceps brachii, abductor pollicis brevis (APB), first dorsal interosseous, abductor digiti minimi, quadriceps, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum brevis, and abductor hallucis brevis), and four contracted muscles (biceps brachii, APB, quadriceps, and tibialis anterior).Results91 patients with ALS and 31 patients with SMA were recruited. Contracted muscle thickness compared to relaxed muscle showed higher reliability and similar or better correlations with muscle strength and clinical scales, especially in ALS patients with hyperreflexia. Strong to very strong correlations with clinical scales were observed with multivariate analysis of relaxed and contracted muscle thickness (0.64–0.87).ConclusionsSonographic evaluation of contracted muscle thickness is an objective measure that correlates with disease burden. It is feasible, quick, valid and reliable, and may be superior to evaluation of relaxed muscles.SignificanceSonographic evaluation of contracted muscle thickness is superior to evaluation of relaxed muscles.     

A型肉毒毒素注射联合肌肉乙醇阻滞治疗痉挛性斜颈的疗效观察

目的 观察A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)注射联合肌肉乙醇阻滞治疗痉挛性斜颈(ST)的疗效.方法 43例ST患者随机分为联合治疗组(14例)和对照组(29例),两组均给予BTX-A注射,联合治疗组同时进行肌肉乙醇阻滞治疗.在治疗前后分别进行Tsui评分以评估疗效.结果 治疗后Tsui评分联合治疗组[(3.02±3.29)分...     

Grip strength is a representative measure of muscle weakness in the upper extremity after stroke

Background: Muscle weakness is the most common impairment in the upper extremity after stroke, leading to a reduced ability to use the arm and the hand in daily activities. Grip strength is easier to measure than precise, but more time-consuming, isokinetic and isometric arm muscle strength measurements. It would therefore be advantageous in a clinical setting if grip strength could be used as a proxy for muscle strength in the entire upper extremity.

Objective: To investigate the association between grip strength and isometric and isokinetic arm muscle strength in persons with chronic stroke.

Methods: Forty-five persons with mild-to-moderate paresis in the upper extremity, at least 6 months post-stroke participated. Isometric grip strength was measured with a computerized grip dynamometer and arm strength (isometric shoulder abduction and elbow flexion as well as isokinetic elbow extension and flexion) with an isokinetic dynamometer. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between the muscle strength measurements.

Results: There were significant correlations (p < .0001) between grip strength and all arm strength measurements in both the more affected (r = 0.77–0.82) and the less affected upper extremity (r = 0.65–0.82).

Conclusion: This cross-sectional study showed that grip strength is strongly associated with muscle strength in the arm in persons in the chronic phase after stroke. As grip strength is easy to measure and less time-consuming than arm muscle strength measurements, this implies that grip strength can be a representative measure of muscle weakness of the entire upper extremity in the chronic phase after stroke.     

重症肌无力患者胸腺切除手术前后呼吸肌功能变化

目的 分析重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)患者呼吸肌肌力变化情况,观察胸腺切除手术后患者呼吸肌肌力改善情况.方法 分别检测健康成年人、Ⅰ型MG患者和Ⅱ型MG患者最大吸气压(maximal inspiratory pressure,MIP)、最大呼气压(maximal expiratory pressure,MEP),0.1 s 口腔闭合压(mouth occlusion pres-sure at 0.1 s after onset of inspiratory effort,P0.1)、残气量(residual volume,RV)、最大通气量(maximal ventilatory volume,MVV)等肺功能指标.监测MG患者手术后呼吸肌肌力改善情况.结果 与健康成年人相比,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型MG患者的MIP、MVV均降低(Ⅰ型MG分别是70.86%±12.56%,79.60%±19.63%,Ⅱ型MG分别是46.40%±19.20%,66.10%±15.82%),RV升高(分别是212.60%±34.06%,143.56%±41.98%).另外Ⅱ型MG患者MEP也明显降低(24.42%±13.79%),(P<0.05).60%(15/25) Ⅰ型MG患者出现MIP降低,64%(16/25) Ⅰ型MG患者低频重复神经电刺激检查(repetitive nerve stimulation,RNS)为阳性,两者相比无统计学意义(X2=1.852,P>0.05).术后1年内MG患者MIP、MEP、MVV、RV及呼吸肌耐力等肺功能指标较术前明显改善(分别由治疗前的41.52%±16.88%、25.05%±15.48%、66.52%±11.24%、185.12%±51.97%到54.13%±19.12%、34.12%±10.30%、77.58%±12.17%、138.25%±68.21%,P<0.05).结论 Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型MG患者存在呼吸肌肌力减退.最大呼吸压的测定和低频重复神经电刺激检查在评估Ⅰ型MG患者减退的呼吸肌力有同样意义.而手术切除病变的胸腺组织能有效地改善MG患者呼吸功能.     

Effects of botulinum toxin A therapy and multidisciplinary rehabilitation on lower limb spasticity classified by spastic muscle echo intensity in post-stroke patients

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate retrospectively the relationship between botulinum toxin type A plus multidisciplinary rehabilitation and muscle echo intensity in post-stroke patients with spasticity. The primary aim was to investigate whether the effects of the intervention on the improvement of spasticity depend on muscle echo intensity, and the secondary aim was to investigate whether the motor function of the lower limbs depends on muscle echo intensity.

Methods: A 12-day inpatient protocol was designed for 102 post-stroke patients with spasticity due to lower limb paralysis. Muscle echo intensity of the triceps surae muscle was measured by ultrasonography, and the patients were categorized into four groups based on Heckmatt scale grades (Grades I–IV).

Results: All four groups classified by the Heckmatt scale showed significant pre-to-post-intervention differences in the knee and ankle modified Ashworth scale scores (p < 0.05). Grades I–III patient groups showed a significant improvement in lower limb motor function following intervention. Grade IV patients did not show a significant improvement in lower limb motor function.

Conclusions: We observed significant improvements in the modified Ashworth scale scores after botulinum toxin type A and multidisciplinary rehabilitation therapy on post-stroke patients with spasticity. Although patients with lower muscle echo intensity demonstrated improvements in motor function, the improvement was poor in those with higher muscle echo intensity.