右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因规律性间断硬膜外注射在分娩镇痛中的临床应用

目的：观察右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因规律性间断硬膜外注射（PIEB）在分娩镇痛中的临床疗效。方法：选取2018年9月至2019年8月温州医科大学附属第一医院60例顺产足月初产妇,自愿要求实施PIEB分娩镇痛。30例芬太尼对照组（Fen组）：2 μg/mL芬太尼+0.1%罗哌卡因,30例右美托咪定组（Dex组）：0.5 μg/mL右美托咪定+0.1%罗哌卡因。2组每60 min硬膜外间隙注入8 mL上述混合药液实施分娩镇痛。记录分娩镇痛前后各时间点（分别记为T0～T6）患者心率（HR）、胎心率（FHR）和平均动脉压（MAP）,比较各时间点视觉模拟评分（VAS）、拉姆齐（Ramsay）镇静评分、改良下肢运动神经阻滞（Bromage）评分,记录Apgar 5 min评分、局麻药使用总量、第一和第二产程时间、自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）追加及不良反应。结果：各时间点2组患者HR、FHR、MAP、改良Bromage评分、Apgar 5 min评分、第一和第二产程时间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;给药后15 min（T1）和30 min（T2）时间点,Dex组VAS评分明显小于Fen组（P＜0.05）,Dex组Ramsay镇静评分明显大于Fen组（P＜0.05）;与Fen组比较,Dex组局麻药使用量及PCEA追加例数明显减少（P＜0.05）;Dex组和Fen组的不良反应差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：产妇分娩镇痛采用右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因PIEB模式的局麻药使用量和爆发痛次数更少,镇痛和镇静效果更好。     

右美托咪啶和丙泊酚用于宫腔镜检查术的效应比较

目的：观察右美托咪啶、丙泊酚分别用于宫腔镜检查术的临床效果及安全性。方法选择宫腔镜检查术适应证患者80例,随机分为右美托咪啶组（ A组）和丙泊酚组（ B 组）,每组40例。A 组以1μg／kg剂量右美托咪啶缓慢静注,10 min后以0.2~0.6μg／（kg·h）维持;B 组以1.5 mg／kg 剂量丙泊酚静脉注射后以4~6 mg／（kg·h）维持,镇静目标维持Ramsay镇静评分3~4分。分别记录麻醉前（T0）、麻醉诱导后2 min（T1）、扩宫颈时（T2）、手术结束时（T3）、苏醒时（T4）患者的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼吸频率（RR）;记录患者的术后睁眼时间、定向力恢复时间及呼吸抑制（ SpO2＜93%或呼吸暂停＞15 s）的发生率;并记录患者宫腔镜手术后宫缩痛的发生情况及严重程度。结果麻醉诱导后2 min、扩宫颈时、膨胀宫腔后1 min 丙泊酚组的MAP、SpO2低于右美托咪啶组,RR慢于右美托咪啶组（P ＜0.05）;手术结束时丙泊酚组 MAP 高于右美托咪啶组（P＜0.05）。丙泊酚组睁眼时间和定向力恢复时间明显长于右美托咪啶组（P＜0.05）,呼吸抑制发生率高于右美托咪啶组（P＜0.05）。丙泊酚组术后宫缩痛重于右美托咪啶组（P＜0.05）。结论右美托咪啶较丙泊酚静脉麻醉镇痛效果更好,宫缩痛少而轻,苏醒及定向力恢复快,无呼吸抑制,且血流动力学更平稳。     

右美托咪啶在颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞术中的应用价值

目的 研究颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞术中应用右美托眯啶对丙泊酚靶控输注效应的影响.方法 选择神经介入行颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞术的患者60例（ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级）,随机分为右美托咪啶组（Dex组）和对照组（C组）.Dex组首先给予0.5μg/kg右美托咪啶静注（10 min注射完毕）,C组给予相同方法静注等容量生理盐水;观察10 min之后开始诱导麻醉.记录给药前（T0）、给药后1 min（T1）、5 min （T2）、10 min（T3）、插喉罩前（T4）、插喉罩成功后即刻（T5）、插喉罩后1 min（T6）、3 min （T7）的心率（HR）、有创动脉血压[收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）]、脑电双频指数（BIS）、警觉与镇静评分（OAA/S评分）、Ramesay镇静评分及丙泊酚血浆靶浓度.观察停止麻醉后自主呼吸恢复、初醒（呼之睁眼）、清醒拔除喉罩及定向力恢复时间;随访术中知晓情况.结果 Dex组在给予右美托咪啶后BIS值比基础值降低（15.9±5.8）％（P＜0.05）,OAA/S评分比基础值降低（1.4±0.5）分（P＜0.05）,Ramesay评分比基础值升高（1.4±0.6）分（P＜0.05）,而C组无明显变化.与T0相比,两组MAP和HR在T4-7时刻均明显降低,而Dex组降低幅度小于C组（P＜0.05）.诱导所需丙泊酚血浆靶浓度Dex组为（2.5±0.4）μg/mL,C组为（3.7±0.6）μg/mL,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.术中丙泊酚用量Dex组为（601±253）mg,明显小于C组丙泊酚用量[（795±219）mg]（P＜ 0.05）.Dex组患者呼之睁眼时间[（5.2±3.7）min]、清醒拔除喉罩时间[（8.3±4.2）min]及定向力恢复时间[（9.8±4.4）min]明显快于C组患者[（7.1±3.5）、（10.2±3.9）、（12.1±4.1）min]（P＜ 0.05）.结论 颅内动脉瘤栓塞术术前应用右美托咪啶可以有效抑制麻醉诱导及术中心血管反应,降低丙泊酚用量,缩短麻醉恢复时间.     

右美托咪啶及咪达唑仑计划镇静用于老年TURP患者的安全性评价

目的 比较右美托咪啶和咪达唑仑计划镇静用于经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）老年患者的围术期镇静效果及不良反应情况。方法 60例择期行TURP的老年患者按照随机数字表法分为右美托咪啶组（D组）、咪达唑仑组（M组）及对照组(C组),每组20例。所有患者行腰硬联合麻醉后,D组给予右美托咪啶0.75滋g/kg静脉泵注,M组给予咪达唑仑0.03mg/kg静脉泵注,C组给予等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液,于手术开始前10min开始输注。记录麻醉前（T0）、给药完成后5min（T1）、10min（T2）、20min（T3）、40min（T4）、手术结束（T5）和术后2h（T6）患者的生命体征及脑电双频指数（BIS）,随访患者围术期不良事件的发生情况。结果与T0比较,3组患者T1~6血压降低、心率减慢、鼓膜温度降低,M和D组T1~5BIS值降低,M组T2、T3SpO2值降低（P＜0.05）。与M组比较,D组患者严重心动过缓增加,而呼吸抑制和寒战发生率降低（P＜0.05）,两组高血压发生率增高差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,两组低血压发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。3组均未发生恶心或呕吐。结论0.75μg/kg右美托咪啶适合TURP老年患者的围术期镇静,但术中要注意患者血流动力学变化。     

右美托咪啶与芬太尼对老年患者七氟醚术后躁动的效果

目的 探讨右美托咪啶与芬太尼对老年患者七氟醚术后躁动的应用效果,以针对麻醉后不良反应选择合适的药物。方法 对该院2009年6月-2013年6月期间入院行股骨骨折内固定术年龄在60～89岁的225例患者随机分为右美托咪啶组、芬太尼组和生理盐水组（对照组）,该225例患者在行股骨骨折内固定术时均采用七氟醚诱导和麻醉,在手术结束前10 min右美托咪啶组给予右美托咪啶,芬太尼组给予芬太尼,对照组给予生理盐水,观察并记录给药后患者的呼吸循环变化情况,术后躁动情况,苏醒时间和离开麻醉后恢复室时间。结果 3组患者术后的呼吸循环变化差异无统计学意义;右美托咪啶组和芬太尼组患者发生术后躁动明显少于对照组（P〈0.05）,右美托咪啶组和芬太尼组之间比较,右美托咪啶组患者发生术后躁动明显少于芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;右美托咪啶组和芬太尼组患者的苏醒时间明显比对照组的苏醒时间长（P〈0.05）,右美托咪啶组和芬太尼组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;3组的离开麻醉后恢复室时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 右美托咪啶与芬太尼能够明显降低老年患者七氟醚术后躁动发生率,而且右美托咪啶的应用效果更好,值得在临床麻醉用药中推广使用。     

右美托咪啶对颈丛麻醉下甲状腺手术应激反应的影响

目的观察右美托咪啶对颈丛麻醉下甲状腺手术应激反应的影响。方法美国麻醉医师学会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级择期在颈丛麻醉下行甲状腺手术的患者60例,随机分为对照组(Con组)和盐酸右美托咪啶组(Dex组),每组30例,两组分别于麻醉诱导前(T0)、拔管即刻(T1)、术后第1天清晨(T2)和术后第2天清晨(T3)抽取静脉血,测定血糖、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素水平。结果与同组T0时间点相比,Con组T1时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)均显著升高(P值均<0.05),而Dex组在各时间点均无明显变化(P值均>0.05)。Dex组T1时间点的MAP和HR均显著低于Con组同时间点(P值均<0.05)。Con组T1、T2、T3时间点的血糖、去甲肾上腺素及肾上腺素水平均显著高于同组T0时间点及Dex组同时间点(P值均<0.05)。结论颈丛麻醉期间持续应用盐酸右美托咪啶有利于维持术中血流动力学平稳,有效降低行甲状腺手术患者的围术期血糖、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素水平,抑制围术期应激反应。     

右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因行连续性前锯肌平面阻滞在乳腺癌改良根治术术后镇痛的效果

目的 探讨右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因行连续性前锯肌平面（serratus anterior plane,SAP）阻滞在乳腺癌改良根治术术后镇痛的效果。方法 选取2020年7月至2022年6月于温州市人民医院行全身麻醉下单侧乳腺癌改良根治术的40例患者为研究对象,所有患者术前行超声引导下SAP置管,术毕接患者自控镇痛泵。根据随机数字表法将患者分为Con组（罗哌卡因+生理盐水）与Dex组（罗哌卡因+右美托咪定）,每组各20例。比较两组患者术后8h、12h、24h及48h的静态、动态数字分级评估量表（numerical rating scale,NRS）评分及Ramsay镇静评分、术后48h羟考酮用量、术后各种不良反应及相关并发症。结果 Dex组患者不同时点的静态及动态NRS评分均显著低于Con组（P<0.05）。Dex组患者术后8h、12h及24h的Ramsay镇静评分显著高于Con组（P<0.05）。Dex组患者的术后羟考酮用量显著低于Con组（P<0.05）。Dex组患者的口干发生率显著高于Con组（P<0.05）。结论 右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因可增强连续性SAP阻滞在乳腺癌改良根治术患者的术后镇痛效果,减少术后阿片类药物用量,且无明显不良反应。     

右美托咪定对胃癌微创手术患者眼内压影响的研究

目的：探讨右美托咪定对胃癌微创手术患者眼内压的影响。方法：选取择期行腹腔镜胃切除术患者92例,采用随机数字表法,将其分为对照组（ C组）和右美托咪定组（ D组）。 D组患者给予右美托咪定干预;C组患者给予同等容积的生理盐水。病人推入手术室静息10min后（ T0）、麻醉诱导后5min（T1）、行CO2气腹后5min、30min及60min后（T2～T4）、气腹结束后5min及30min（T5～T6）时记录患者的心率（HR）、血压（BP）、呼气末二氧化碳（PetCO2）及眼内压（IOP）。结果：对照组T2～T6及较T1时间点眼内压均明显升高（ P＜0．05）。右美托咪定组T3～T5眼内压比T1眼内压显著升高（ P＜0．05）。右美托咪定组的眼内压在T2～T6各时间点显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05）。右美托咪定组的平均动脉压（MAP）在T2、T4、T5及T6明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。右美托咪定组的心率在T4～T6时刻显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05）。结论：胃癌患者腹腔镜手术中右美托咪定可以改善气腹引起的眼内压升高,对于维持患者的血压及心率也有一定的益处。     

右美托咪啶对胃癌根治术后吗啡病人自控静脉镇痛的临床效果分析

目的探讨右美托咪啶对胃癌根治术后吗啡病人自控静脉镇痛的临床效果。方法选取2009年9月—2012年6月期间在该院行胃癌根治术的患者54例,随机将所有患者分为研究组和对照组各27例。两组患者在手术结束后立即进行病人自控静脉镇痛,对照组给予吗啡,研究组采用吗啡和右美托咪啶。结果术后24h和48h内,研究组患者的吗啡用量、PCA总按压次数以及有效按压次数均比对照组有明显减少,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对照组的不良反应发生率为66.67%,研究组的不良反应发生率为33.33%,两组不良反应率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。讨论右美托咪啶可以有效促进胃癌根治术后吗啡病人自控静脉镇痛的效果,减少吗啡用药量,且不良反应发生率较低,值得临床推广。     

苏醒期静脉注射右美托咪啶对全身麻醉拔管的影响

观察右美托咪啶(Dexmedetomidine,DXM)用于全身麻醉(全麻)苏醒期拔管时的镇静效果及其对血流动力学的影响。方法选取全麻腹部手术患者50例,手术结束后转入苏醒室。按照随机数字表法将其分为2组:右美托咪啶组(Dex组,n=25)静脉输注右美托咪啶0.4μg.kg-1(将右美托咪啶稀释成4μg.mL-1,输注时间为10min),生理盐水对照组(NS组,n=25)给予同等容量生理盐水,给药方法和时间同Dex组。记录给药前(T1,基础值)及给药后10min(T2)、拔管即刻(T3),拔管后5min(T4)、10min(T5)、20min(T6)患者的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、镇静评分(RSS)。记录患者呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、出室时间,以及患者躁动、寒战等并发症发生情况。结果 2组患者在年龄、体质量、麻醉时间、手术时间、拔管时间、出室时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Dex组患者苏醒期各时间点MAP差异无统计学意义;Dex组患者拔管时HR无显著升高,拔管后HR(T4,T5)比基础HR慢(P<0.05),而NS组患者T3和T4的MAP、HR显著高于Dex组及基础值(P<0.05)。在T3-T6时间点Dex组RSS评分显著高于NS组(P<0.05),Dex组躁动发生率显著低于NS组(P<0.05)。结论全麻苏醒期静注0.4μg.kg-1右美托咪啶,能维持拔管期间患者血压和HR稳定,降低躁动发生率。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.