基于镜像疗法的手部外骨骼机器人在脑卒中偏瘫患者手康复中的应用

摘要 目的：探讨基于镜像疗法的手部外骨骼机器人对脑卒中偏瘫患者手康复的临床疗效。 方法：选取2020年9月—2021年3月,24例脑卒中偏瘫手功能障碍收住入院的患者,使用随机数字表法随机分为对照组（n=12）和试验组（n=12）。两组均接受常规药物和常规手功能作业治疗,试验组在对照组基础上进行镜像疗法外骨骼机器人的训练。常规手功能作业治疗30min/次,2次/天,5天/周,共训练4周;镜像疗法外骨骼机器人训练30min/次,1次/天,5天/周,共训练4周。治疗前后分别采用Fugl-Meyer评定量表（Fugl-Meyer assessment score, FMA）评分、Brunnstrom分期、患侧腕伸肌、指伸肌表面肌电积分肌电值（integral electromyography, iEMG）和均方根值（root mean square, RMS）对患侧手功能进行评定。 结果：治疗前,两组患者的FMA评分、Brunnstrom分期、患侧腕伸肌、指伸肌iEMG和RMS比较,差异无显著性意义（P>0.05）。治疗后,两组患者的FMA评分、Brunnstrom分期、患侧腕伸肌、指伸肌iEMG和RMS均较治疗前提高,差异有显著性意义（P<0.05）。且治疗4周后,试验组在FMA评分、Brunnstrom分期、患侧腕伸肌、指伸肌iEMG和RMS方面均优于治疗组,差异有显著性意义（P<0.05）。 结论：基于镜像疗法的手部外骨骼机器人对脑卒中偏瘫患者手功能的康复具有临床意义,值得在临床中推广使用。     

计算机运动反馈训练对脑卒中患者手功能康复的疗效观察

目的:探讨计算机运动反馈训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者手功能康复的疗效。方法:采用随机数字法将46例脑卒中患者分为对照组(n=23)和试验组(n=23)。在接受基础常规康复训练的基础上,试验组采用计算机运动反馈训练治疗,对照组采用常规手功能康复治疗,每天1次,每次30min,每周5次,共4周。治疗前后采集患侧手部的表面肌电值,同时采用Fugl-Meyer评定量表(FMA)、改良Ashworth分级评价量表(MAS)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)来评估患者的功能。结果:共43例患者完成试验。治疗后,对照组FMA、MBI评分以及腕屈肌、腕伸肌、指伸肌、拇短展肌表面肌电积分肌电值(iEMG)、均方根值(RMS)均较治疗前提高(P0.05);试验组FMA、MAS、MBI评分以及腕屈肌、腕伸肌、指伸肌、拇短展肌表面肌电iEMG、RMS均较治疗前提高(P0.05);治疗后试验组的FMA总分及手部分评分、MBI评分、腕伸肌RMS、指伸肌iEMG改善优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:计算机运动反馈训练可有效促进脑卒中患者手功能的康复及日常生活活动能力的恢复。     

手功能位保持枕对脑卒中早期偏瘫患者手功能的影响

目的 观察手功能位保持枕对脑卒中早期偏瘫患者手功能的影响。方法选取2019年5月至2020年3月无锡市同仁康复医院符合入组标准的脑卒中患者共60例，随机分为观察组（30例）和对照组（30例）两组。对照组采用腕手矫形器，观察组采用手功能位保持枕，比较两组在入组时、入组后4周及入组后8周的偏瘫手握力、腕关节掌曲肌和背伸肌肌力、改良版Ashworth量表评分（MAS）、Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）手指部分及对康复辅助支具的满意度情况。结果 入组时及入组后4周，两组患者握力、腕屈肌力、腕背伸肌力、MAS评分、FMA评分比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；入组后8周，除腕屈肌力比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）外，观察组患者握力、腕背伸肌力、FMA评分均显著高于对照组，MAS评分等级优于对照组（均P＜0.05）。除耐用性外，观察组患者对辅助支具的美观性、重量、使用的简易度、舒适度、性价比和向别人推荐的可能性评分均明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 手功能位保持枕能有效改善脑卒中患者偏瘫手的握力、肌力及运动功能，降低肌张力，患者满意度高，值得推广。     

“调阴和阳”针法结合镜像疗法治疗脑卒中后腕手功能障碍的疗效

目的 观察“调阴和阳”针法结合镜像疗法对脑卒中后腕手功能障碍的疗效。 方法 选取符合入选和排除标准的脑卒中后腕手功能障碍患者62例，采用随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组，每组患者31例。2组患者均接受常规药物（个体化的脑卒中二级预防药物治疗）和常规康复治疗，同时给予“调阴和阳”针法治疗，治疗组则在此基础上增加镜像疗法。“调阴和阳”针法和镜像疗法均为每日1次，每周6次，连续治疗2周。于治疗前和治疗2周后（治疗后）由同一康复医师采用简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表上肢部分（FMA-UE）和改良Barthel指数(MBI)分别评估2组患者的上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力，并采集其腕屈、伸肌的表面肌电信号。 结果 治疗后，2组患者的FMA-UE和MBI评分较组内治疗前均显著改善（P<0.01），且治疗组治疗后的FMA-UE和MBI评分分别为（29.58±13.79）分和（74.68±14.85）分，显著优于对照组治疗后，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后，2组患者的腕伸肌和腕屈肌的iEMG较组内治疗前均显著改善（P<0.01），且治疗组治疗后腕伸肌和腕屈肌iEMG显著优于对照组治疗后，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 “调阴和阳”针法结合镜像疗法可有效改善脑卒中后腕手功能障碍患者的上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力，促进患侧腕关节屈伸肌肉的激活。     

肌电触发康复机器手训练治疗脑外伤术后偏瘫患者的疗效

【目的】探讨应用肌电触发康复机器手训练治疗脑外伤术后偏瘫患者的疗效。【方法】本院收治的68例脑外伤术后偏瘫患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组34例。观察组采用肌电触发康复机器手训练及传统康复训练,对照组采取传统康复训练。比较两组干预前后上肢功能评分(FMA)、改良指数评分(MBI)、生活质量[生理功能(PF)、躯体疼痛(BP)、总体健康(GH)、心理健康总测(MCS)、活力(VT)、社会功能(SF)、情感职能(RE)和精神健康(MH)]评分和腕背关节活动度评分(ROM)。【结果】两组患者干预前各项评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后两组FMA、MBI和ROM评分均显著高于干预前,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后观察组FMA、MBI和ROM评分显著高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者干预前各项生活质量评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预后两组PF、BP、GH、VT和SF评分与干预前比较均显著增高(P<0.05),两组干预后MCS、RE和MH与干预前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),且观察组PF、BP、GH、VT和SF评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。【结论】应用肌电触发康复机器手训练能有效改善脑外伤术后偏瘫患者的功能障碍,促进患者康复,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激联合康复机器人治疗脑卒中手功能障碍的临床研究

目的：观察低频重复经颅磁刺激联合康复机器人对脑卒中患者手功能障碍的治疗效果。方法：选取在我院康复科治疗的脑卒中手功能障碍患者36例,随机分为试验组（n=18）和对照组（n=18）。两组患者均接受常规治疗。对照组采用健侧1Hz重复经颅磁刺激治疗,试验组在对照组的基础上增加手功能康复机器人治疗,共持续治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗2周、治疗4周后采用皮质运动诱发电位（motor evoked potential,MEP）、中枢运动传导时间（central motor conduction time,CMCT）、患侧上肢Fugl-Meyer评分（Fugl-Meyer assessment,FMA）、运动强度指数（motricity index,MI）评分进行评定。结果：治疗4周后两组患者MEP、CMCT、FMA、MI较治疗前均有明显改善,差异均有显著性意义（P<0.001）。治疗4周后试验组MEP、CMCT、FMA、MI较对照组明显改善,差异均有显著性意义（P<0.05）。结论：健侧低频重复经颅磁刺激联合康复机器人可以明显改善脑卒中患者的手功能障碍。     

肌电触发电刺激疗法对脑卒中患者手功能的影响①

目的研究肌电触发电刺激疗法对脑卒中患者手功能的影响。方法脑卒中患者40例分为肌电触发电刺激疗法组(肌电触发组)19例,神经肌肉电刺激疗法组21例(NMES组),比较两组治疗前后Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评分、改良Barthel指数、腕背伸主动关节活动度。结果两组患者治疗后各项评分均有显著提高(P<0.001);与NMES组比较,肌电触发组各项评分均有提高(P<0.05)。结论肌电触发电刺激疗法可有效改善偏瘫患者手功能障碍,疗效优于神经肌肉电刺激疗法。     

肌电触发电刺激对偏瘫上肢功能的影响

目的探讨肌电触发电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响。方法将52例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成肌电触发电刺激组（27例）和对照组（25例）,两组均常规进行神经内科药物治疗、运动疗法和作业疗法治疗,肌电触发电刺激组加以肌电触发电刺激治疗。在患者入组时和治疗2个月时分别测定腕背屈时主动关节活动范围（AROM）,并用Fugl-Meyer评定法（FMA）评定患侧上肢功能。结果两组患者治疗前后组内比较和治疗后组间比较差异均有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;肌电触发电刺激组治疗后的AROM和FMA积分均优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论肌电触发电刺激治疗联合常规康复治疗有助于改善偏瘫患者上肢的功能,其效果优于单独使用常规运动疗法和作业疗法治疗。     

复合式腕手矫形器辅助疗法对脑卒中后腕手功能障碍的效果

目的 观察复合式腕手矫形器辅助下训练对脑卒中恢复期腕手功能障碍患者的效果。方法 2018年6月至2019年12月,本院脑卒中患者34例随机分为对照组(n = 17)和试验组(n = 17)。两组均接受基础治疗和常规手工作业治疗,试验组在每天手工作业治疗时及休息时佩戴复合式腕手矫形器。常规手工作业治疗每次30 min,每天2次,共14 d;非训练时间佩戴矫形器每天累计5 h,共14 d。治疗前后分别采用Brunnstrom分期(上肢和手)、Fugl-Meyer评定量表(FMA)(腕手)评定上肢和手的运动功能,采用改良Ashworth量表(MAS)评定腕关节肌张力,采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力。结果 对照组脱落2例。治疗前,两组Brunnstrom分期、FMA评分、MAS分级、MBI评分均无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。治疗后,两组FMA和MBI评分较治疗前均明显提高(|Z| > 3.420, P< 0.01),且试验组FMA和MBI评分改善程度明显优于对照组(Z = -2.895, t = 4.331, P< 0.01);两组Brunnstrom分期、MAS分级在治疗前后均无改变(P> 0.05)。结论 佩戴复合式腕手矫形器进行康复训练可进一步促进脑卒中恢复期患者腕手运动功能和日常生活活动能力的改善。     

低频经皮穴位电刺激在社区脑卒中上肢手功能康复中的近期疗效分析

目的：探究低频经皮穴位电刺激（TEAS）作为社区适宜技术在脑卒中患者上肢和手功能康复中的近期疗效。方法：将60例社区脑卒中患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,2组患者均接受社区常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上增加TEAS治疗。治疗前后分别采用腕关节徒手肌力测试（MMT）、腕肘部改良Ashworth肌张力评定量表(MAS)、Fugl-Meyer上肢评定（FMA-UE）、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）、改良 Barthel指数（MBI）对患者进行评定。结果：治疗6周后,2组掌屈、背伸肌力评分均较治疗前显著提高(均P＜0.05);且观察组优于对照组(均P＜0.05),观察组肘关节肌张力评分均较治疗前和对照组显著降低(均P＜0.05),且观察组腕关节肌张力低于治疗前(P＜0.05)。治疗6周后,2组FMA-UE总分、FMA腕和手及MBI评分较治疗前均显著提高(均P＜0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P＜0.05);2组NIHSS评分均较治疗前显著降低(均P＜0.05);2组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论：低频经皮穴位电刺激适宜技术可以有效改善社区脑卒中患者近期手和上肢功能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.