GC测定褪黑素类似物中有机溶剂残留量

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱法测定褪黑素类似物AGO中乙醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲苯5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法 采用DB-Wax(30 m×0.45 mm,0.85 μm)毛细管色谱柱;氢火焰离子化检测器(FID);程序升温：初始温度45 ℃(维持9 min),以30 ℃.min-1速率升温至200 ℃(维持9 min);载气为氮气,柱流速为3.5 mL.min-1;进样口温度：200 ℃;检测器温度：250 ℃;分流直接进样,二甲基亚砜为溶剂,乙腈为内标物,内标法测定残留溶剂的含量。结果 各组分分离完全,在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,其中乙醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲苯的线性范围分别为107.44 μg.mL-1~1074.4 μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),108.24 μg.mL-1~1082.4 μg.mL-1(r=0.9997),18.550 μg.mL-1~185.50 μg.mL-1(r=0.9998),14.208 μg.mL-1~142.08 μg.mL-1(r=0.9994),19.074 μg.mL-1~190.74 μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98%~102%。结论 该方法操作简单,精密度好,准确可靠,可用于该药物有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

GC同时测定麝香通心滴丸中龙脑、异龙脑和麝香酮的含量

摘要：目的 建立同时测定麝香通心滴丸中龙脑、异龙脑及麝香酮含量的气相色谱法。方法 色谱柱：HP-5MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm),检测器为FID检测器,检测器温度为250 ℃,进样口温度220 ℃。柱温以100 ℃为初始温度,保持2分钟,以2 ℃?min-1升温至110 ℃,保持3分钟,以50 ℃?min-1升温至205 ℃,保持7分钟,以20 ℃?min-1升温至250 ℃,保持2分钟;载气为氮气,流速为1 mL?min-1;进样方式为分流进样,分流比为10：1;进样量为1 μL,以萘为内标。结果 龙脑、异龙脑、麝香酮的浓度分别在0.05468~0.4374 mg?mL-1(r=0.9999),0.07067~0.5654 mg?mL-1(r=0.9999),0.004512~0.03610 mg?mL-1(r=0.9997)的范围内线性良好;平均回收率分别为97.91 %(RSD=2.05 %),100.79 %(RSD= 2.78 %),105.36 %(RSD=3.78 %)。结论 该方法有效可靠,可用于麝香通心滴丸中龙脑、异龙脑和麝香酮的含量测定。     

GC法测定醋氯芬酸含量

目的建立气相色谱法测定醋氯芬酸原料的含量的方法。方法气相色谱内标法。色谱柱为DB-1弹性毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm,1.5μm),FID检测器;汽化室温度为260℃,检测器温度300℃;柱温采用程序升温,载气为氮气,流速为5.0 mL.min-1,尾吹30 mL.min-1,分流比10∶1.以咖啡因为内标物。结果醋氯芬酸在10～110μg.mL-1(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好线性关系,平均回收率为100.1%。结论本方法简便,快速,准确,可靠,可用于醋氯芬酸的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定新型抗癌化合物二-(2,4-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸)二苯基合锡中有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立测定抗癌原料药二-(2,4-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸)二苯基合锡(DPDFT)中的有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:采用毛细管气相色谱法,FID检测器,Agilent HP-5(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25μm)毛细管柱,柱温30℃,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为220℃,流速为31.90 mL.min-1,分流比为20∶1,以1,2-二氯乙烷为内标,甲苯为溶剂,测定有机溶剂残留量。结果:甲醇、正己烷、醋酸乙酯在考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,线性范围分别为150～450μg.mL-1(r=0.999 7),14.5～43.5μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),250～750μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=1.0%),100.0%(RSD=1.5%),99.0%(RSD=1.0%)。结论:该方法快速、简便、结果准确,可用于二-(2,4-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸)二苯基合锡中的有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

气相色谱法测定荧光素钠原料药中的残留溶剂

目的建立气相色谱法测定荧光素钠原料药中残留溶剂。方法选用毛细管柱DB-WAX(30.0m×0.25mm×0.25μm),氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),色谱条件:初温60℃(保持10min),以100℃·min-1升至200℃(保持1min),进样口温度:230℃,检测器温度:250℃。选择正丙醇作为内标,进样量1μL。结果二氯甲烷在(62.97~176.31)μg·mL-1浓度范围内与峰面积/内标峰面积比值呈良好的线性关系,检测限为25.19μg·mL-1,溶剂和内标对测定无干扰,3批样品均未检出二氯甲烷。结论经方法学验证,本方法简便灵敏,准确,可用于荧光素钠原料药中残留溶剂的检测。     

GC测定抗癌原料药二氯二茂钛中有机溶剂残留量

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱法测定有机金属抗癌原料药二氟二茂钛中的有机溶剂残留量.方法采用HP-5(5%苯基甲基聚硅氧烷)毛细管色谱柱,FID检测器.载气为N2,柱温为45℃,检测器温度为160℃,流速为1.2 mL·min-1,分流比为201,正已烷为内标进行测定.结果三氯甲烷和四氢呋喃的线性范围分别为0.399～319.2μg·mL-1和6～48μg·mL-1,平均回收率为96.7%和102.3%(n=9);RSD分别为1.6%和1.1%(n=9);最低检测限分别为0.23μg·mL-1和0.9μg·mL-1.结论 方法操作简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于二氯二茂钛原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定达沙替尼原料药中6种残留溶剂

目的：建立毛细管气相色谱测定达沙替尼原料药中吡啶、二氯甲烷、甲醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、乙醇6种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法采用DB-624(30 m×0.53 mm,3μm)毛细管柱;氢火焰离子化检测器;程序升温：初始温度25℃(维持13 min),再以15℃·min-1升至150℃(维持5 min),再以40℃·min-1升至220℃(维持5 min);载气为氮气;柱流速为2.0 mL·min-1;进样口温度：230℃;检测器温度：250℃;分流直接进样,以N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,进样体积为0.5μL。结果6组分均能良好分离,6组分峰面积与浓度均呈良好的线性关系,其中吡啶、二氯甲烷、甲醇、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、乙醇的线性范围分别为4.16~31.21μg·mL-1(r=0.9998),12.12~90.92μg·mL-1(r=0.9994),59.98~449.85μg·mL-1(r=0.9998),18.16~136.19μg·mL-1(r=0.9993),100.25~751.86μg·mL-1(r=0.9991),100.30~752.28μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.4％~101.3％(RSD=2.8％~5.0％)。结论该方法简单、灵敏、准确,可用于测定达沙替尼原料药中的残留溶剂。     

GC法测定利鲁唑含量

目的建立GC法测定利鲁唑原料的含量的方法。方法采用气相色谱内标法。色谱柱为DB-1弹性毛细管柱,FID检测器;汽化室温度为260℃,检测器温度为260℃;柱温为230℃,载气为高纯氮气,流速为5.0mL·min-1,尾吹30mL·min-1,分流比5∶1,以咖啡因为内标物。结果利鲁唑在10～110μg.mL-1（r=0.9998）范围内呈良好线性关系,平均回收率为100.1%（RSD=0.36%）。结论本方法简便,快速,准确,可靠,可用于利鲁唑的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的含量

目的建立同时测定止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚含量的气相色谱测定方法。方法采用气相色谱内标法,FID检测器,HP-INNDW AX石英毛细管柱(30m×250μm,0.25μm),应用程序升温(140℃保持4.1min以后20℃.min-1升至240℃),进样口温度200℃,检测器温度250℃;分流进样,分流比10:1。结果薄荷脑在0.32～3.2mg.mL-1,冰片在0.56～5.6mg.mL-1,麝香草酚在0.16～1.6mg.mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率,薄荷脑为99.8%,(RSD=1.3%);冰片为99.2%(RSD=1.5%);麝香草酚为99.8%(RSD=0.9%)。结论该方法简单可靠,适合于止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定脑通喷鼻微乳中麝香酮的含量

目的建立气相色谱法测定脑通喷鼻微乳中麝香酮的含量。方法采用Agilent DB-WAX毛细管色谱柱（30.0 m×0.449 mm×0.85μm）,FID检测器,程序升温：140℃维持8 min,再以30℃min-1升温至200℃维持10 min,进样口温度：250℃,检测器温度：280℃,外标法测定。结果麝香酮在浓度12～96μg·mL-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,回收率为99.4%,RSD为1.8%（n=9）。结论该法简单、准确、重现性好,可用于脑通喷鼻微乳的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.