某蓄电池厂632名铅作业工人血铅水平分析

对某蓄电池厂632名铅作业工人进行职业健康检查和血铅含量测定。结果显示,632名铅作业工人中血铅600μg/L者68人(10.76%),400~600μg/L者201人(31.80%)。男性血铅异常率明显高于女性(P0.05);男性心电图、血红蛋白、血常规各项异常率均高于女性(P0.05);尿常规异常率女性高于男性(P0.05)。提示该蓄电池厂铅作业工人职业危害现状较为严峻,应采取有效的防治措施,控制铅中毒的发生。     

2015年无锡市铅作业人员职业健康现况调查

截至2015年,无锡市共有45家不同规模的涉铅企业1832名接触铅及其化合物的作业工人。铅作业工人职业健康实检率88.48%,铅作业职业禁忌证的检出率为0.8%。血铅400~600 μg/L者87人（5.4%）,＞600 μg/L者30人（1.8%）。男性工人血铅超标率高于女性。提示接铅企业应加大防护设施投入,定期组织职业病危害因素检测和职业健康检查,避免铅中毒的发生。     

万州区262名铅作业工人职业健康调查

目的:了解重庆万州区铅作业工人的健康状况。方法:对万州区262名铅作业工人进行职业健康检查和血铅含量测定。结果:262名铅作业工人中血铅含量超过≥600μg/L诊断值达到铅中毒水平有8人,含量在400μg/L～599μg/L铅中毒观察对象30人。年龄越大工龄越长的工人血铅异常率越高。女性神经衰弱症状、血常规、尿常规、心电图异常率均高于男性。结论:铅作业工人存在职业危害,企业应采取有效的职业病防治措施,对劳动者进行职业健康监护,血铅超标者驱铅治疗,预防控制铅中毒发生。     

职业性铅接触对作业人员血铅和肝功能及血常规的影响

目的 了解职业性铅接触人员血铅水平和血常规及肝功能状况,分析其影响因素.方法 以某铅酸蓄电池厂1 449名铅接触者为研究对象进行问卷调查及职业健康检查,收集作业人员基础信息并进行数据分析.结果 职业性铅接触工人血铅水平在10～770 μg/L,平均为170.5 μg/L,血铅异常率为8.2％,≥5 a工龄组ALT升高率...     

铅作业工人血铅水平和肝功能状况及其影响因素

目的 了解铅作业工人血铅水平及肝功能状况,分析其影响因素,为保护工人健康提供依据。
方法 选择某铅酸蓄电池公司1 179名体检工人为研究对象。接触组为一线接触铅的801名工人,对照组为该企业行政、后勤类等378名非铅接触者。采用问卷调查和健康体检相结合的方法,收集工人基础信息并进行数据分析。
结果 铅作业工人血铅水平范围为89~463 μg/L,其M（P₂₅,P₇₅）为152.2（65.4,356.7）μg/L,血铅超标率（血铅值≥400 μg/L）为10.2%。铅接触组血铅异常率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。logistic回归分析发现接触组血铅升高的风险是对照组的7.321倍（P < 0.01）;血铅水平> 200~300 μg/L组、> 300~400 μg/L组及> 400 μg/L组发生肝功能异常的风险为 < 100 μg/L组的1.775倍、2.659倍和3.114倍（P均 < 0.05）,10~13年工龄组及5~ < 10年工龄组发生肝功能异常的风险是 < 5年组的1.454倍和1.122倍（P < 0.05）;血铅水平> 200~300 μg/L组、> 300~400 μg/L组及> 400 μg/L组发生肝脏B超异常的风险为 < 100 μg/L组的1.650倍、2.219倍和2.658倍（P均 < 0.05）,铅接触组B超异常风险是对照组的2.235倍（P < 0.05）。
结论 职业铅接触引起工人血铅水平升高,血铅是肝功能和肝脏B超异常的独立危险因素,故应加强工人健康监护。
     

泰州市某铅酸蓄电池厂铅作业工人的职业健康情况调查

目的:调查泰州市某铅酸蓄电池厂铅作业工人的职业健康检查情况,为劳动者采取有效的防护措施提供依据。方法:整理分析2014年泰州市某铅酸蓄电池厂196例接作业工人职业健康检查表的检查结果。结果:该厂196例铅作业工人中,血铅≥600μg/L的有8例,血铅在400~599μg/L的有30例;血铅≥400μg/L的铅作业工人的岗位中以打磨最多;血红蛋白浓度的下降率女性高于男性。结论:泰州市某铅酸蓄电池厂铅作业工人存在明显的的职业健康损害,应进一步提高工艺的先进性,改善作业环境,加强职业危害宣传教育,提高工人的自我防护意识,预防和控制职业性铅中毒的发生。     

新会区铅作业人员血铅和血锌原卟啉测定结果探讨

目的了解新会区铅接触工人血铅和血锌原卟啉(ZPP)水平。方法选择新会区2家蓄电池厂253名铅作业人员作为研究对象,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血铅,用ZPP-3800型血液锌原卟啉测定仪测定ZPP,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定作业车间空气中的铅烟及铅尘的浓度。结果 A蓄电池厂空气中铅烟和铅尘含量不超标,铅作业工人血铅浓度平均值为223.9 g/L±86.31 g/L,ZPP浓度平均值为1.43 mol/L±0.47 mol/L;B蓄电池厂空气中铅烟和铅尘含量超标率分别为20%和30%,铅作业工人血铅浓度平均值为323.17 g/L±96.77 g/L,ZPP浓度平均值为1.80 mol/L±0.60 mol/L;两蓄电池厂铅作业人员血铅和ZPP检测的超标率差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为5.95、14.85,P0.05);两厂男性和女性铅作业工人Pb B浓度与ZPP浓度均存在相关性(r值分别为0.970、0.929,P0.01)。结论建议铅作业工厂改进生产工艺,改良作业场所的工作环境,对铅作业工人进行定期职业健康体检。     

职业性铅接触工人氧化应激及免疫功能状况调查

  目的  探索体内不同浓度的铅负荷对男性工人氧化应激及免疫功能造成的影响。
  方法  以某蓄电池厂工人为研究对象,探讨了血铅与氧化应激及免疫功能的关系。
  结果  共纳入130名蓄电池厂男性作业人员作为研究对象,其中高铅组（血铅> 300 μg/L）34人,中铅组（200 μg/L ≤血铅≤ 300 μg/L）51人,低铅组（血铅值< 200 μg/L）45人。与低铅组比较,中铅组人群的SOD水平升高（P < 0.05）,其余各组之间的MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。高铅组人群TNF-α水平高于低铅组、中铅组（P < 0.05）;其余各组之间的IgG、IgA、IgM、C3、C4、IL-2水平差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。3组人群中从低铅组到高铅组,ZPP的水平逐渐升高（P < 0.05）。血铅浓度和外周血TNF-α（r_s=0.213,P < 0.05）、ZPP（r_s=0.513,P < 0.01）呈正相关,其余指标与血铅浓度之间无相关性（P > 0.05）。
  结论  随着血铅浓度的升高,铅可能对机体有一定的氧化损伤和免疫损伤倾向。
     

2018年江苏省9 707名铅接触劳动者血铅水平分析

  目的  分析2018年江苏省铅接触劳动者血铅水平,为科学防护铅作业人群的职业健康提供合理建议。
  方法  采用横断面研究方法,收集2018年江苏省13个地级市9 707名职业性铅接触劳动者在岗期间血铅检查结果,并按照企业所在地区、经济类型和规模,以及工人工龄、性别等维度统计分析血铅异常值的分布规律。
  结果  血铅超标（血铅≥ 400 μg/L）者1 133人,超标率11.67%;其中疑似职业性慢性铅中毒（血铅≥ 600 μg/L）者120人,检出率1.24%。不同地区之间的血铅超标及疑似职业性慢性铅中毒检出率比较,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。血铅水平、血铅超标及疑似职业性慢性铅中毒检出率均与年龄呈正相关关系（r=0.42、0.38、0.34,P < 0.05）;疑似职业性慢性铅中毒检出率与工龄无相关关系。不同经济类型、不同企业规模之间的血铅超标及疑似职业性慢性铅中毒的检出率不同（P < 0.01）,其中私有经济、微型企业员工血铅超标检出率（14.70%、24.44%）及疑似职业性慢性铅中毒检出率（1.56%、5.56%）较高。男性血铅水平（185.2±155.8）μg/L,高于女性的血铅水平（123.2±128.6）μg/L（P < 0.01）;男性血铅超标和疑似职业性慢性铅中毒检出率均高于女性（P < 0.01）。
  结论  2018年江苏省铅接触劳动者血铅超标率较高,应加强对微型、私有经济企业以及高龄男性工人的重点关注。
     

蓄电池厂铅作业工人的生物监测结果分析

目的 对某蓄电池厂铅作业工人的尿铅、血红蛋白（Hb）和血锌原卟啉（ZPP）进行生物监测分析.方法 检测电池厂工作场所空气中铅浓度,对接触铅作业的工人进行职业健康检查,包括尿铅、血红蛋白和血锌原卟啉测定.结果 部分工作场所空气中铅浓度超过国家职业卫生标准,铅作业工人中具有不同程度的神经衰弱症状和消化系统症状.162名铅作业工人中15人尿铅含量超过职业接触限值（≥0.34 μmol/L）,7人ZPP≥2.91 μmol/L,15人Hb下降,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.接触组浓度＞0.05 mg/m^3及接铅工龄在2 a～者,生物监测指标明显异常.结论 蓄电池厂的铅作业工人存在明显的职业危害,定期进行尿铅、血红蛋白和血锌原卟啉生物监测十分必要,可以早期发现职业健康损害,预防铅中毒的发生.     

Chelated lead and bone lead.

In this study a close correlation [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.86, P less than 0.001] was found between the blood lead level of 20 lead workers and their urinary excretion of lead for 24 h after intravenous infusion with 1 g of the chelating agent calcium disodium edetate. In addition, there were significant associations between lead levels in different bones (tibia/calcaneus: r = 0.93, P less than 0.001; tibia/phalanx: r = 0.67, P less than 0.002; calcaneus/phalanx: r = 0.80, P less than 0.001), as measured by in vivo X-ray fluorescence. Chelation produced no significant change in the lead level in either tibia or calcaneus. There was a significant correlation between chelated lead and bone lead (eg, for calcaneus, r = 0.62) in currently exposed workers. However, there was no significant relationship when a retired worker and an inactive worker were included (r = 0.14). It was concluded that chelatable lead mainly reflects the blood and soft-tissue lead pool, which is only partly dependent upon the skeletal lead content that comprises the biggest share of the total body burden.     

Predictors of DMSA chelatable lead, tibial lead, and blood lead in 802 Korean lead workers

OBJECTIVES—To examine the interrelations among chelatable lead (by dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA), tibial lead, and blood lead concentrations in 802 Korean workers with occupational exposure to lead and 135 employed controls with only environmental exposure to lead.
METHODS—This was a cross sectional study wherein tibial lead, DMSA chelatable lead, and blood lead were measured. Linear regression was used to identify predictors of the three lead biomarkers, evaluating the influence of age, job duration, sex, education level, alcohol and tobacco use, creatinine clearance rate, and body mass index.
RESULTS—DMSA chelatable lead concentrations ranged from 4.8 to 2102.9 µg and were positively associated with age, current smoking, and creatinine clearance rate. On average, women had 64 µg less DMSA chelatable lead than men. When blood lead and its square were added to a model with age, sex, current smoking, body mass index, and creatinine clearance rate, blood lead accounted for the largest proportion of the variance and sex became of borderline significance. Tibial lead concentrations ranged from −7 to 338 µg/g bone mineral and were positively associated with age, job duration, and body mass index. Women had, on average, 9.7 µg/g less tibial lead than men. Blood lead concentrations ranged from 4.3 to 85.7 µg/dl and were positively associated with age and tibial lead, whereas current smokers had higher blood lead concentrations and women had lower blood lead concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS—The data suggest that age and sex are both predictors of DMSA chelatable lead, blood lead, and tibial lead concentrations and that tibial lead stores in older subjects are less bioavailable and may contribute less to blood lead concentrations than tibial lead stores in younger subjects. Although blood lead concentrations accounted for a large proportion of the variance in DMSA chelatable lead concentrations, suggesting that measurement of both in epidemiological studies may not be necessary, the efficacy of each measure in predicting health outcomes in epidemiological studies awaits further investigation.


Keywords: dimercaptosuccinic acid; bone lead; x ray fluorescence     

Urinary non-precipitable lead in lead workers.

Sixty-six workers engaged in lead-glazing pottery with a presumed moderate exposure to lead were studied. The group comprised 20 men with long-term exposure to lead and positive laboratory signs of increased lead absorption (Group A); 22 with long-term exposure and negative laboratory signs (Group B); 11 with short-term exposure and positive laboratory signs (Group C); and 13 with short-term exposure and negative laboratory signs (Group D). In addition, 14 workers employed in casting the kelmet alloys with presumed heavy exposure to lead (Group E) and seven healthy individuals (Group F) were included. Urine samples from all the subjects were analysed to determine, first, the total lead using the ashing technique, and then the precipitable lead using the coprecipitation technique of Cholak, Hubbard, and Burkey (1948), but modified slightly by us. Thus, the non-precipitable lead fraction in urine was the difference between the two measurements and this was also expressed as a percentage of the total lead. The mean total lead and the mean proportion of non-precipitable lead were 0.62 mumol/l and 48.7%, 0.35 mumol/l and 44.9%, 0.40 mumol/l and 48.9%, 0.17 mumol/l and 24.6%, 1.43 mumol/l and 44.3%, 0.14 mumol/l and 18.8% for Groups A, B, C, D, E, and F respectively, showing that a large part of urinary lead was eliminated as precipitable lead in Groups D and F who had normal lead excretion, while about half was eliminated as non-precipitable lead in the other four groups who had excessive lead excretion. No essential difference in the proportion of non-precipitable lead among Groups A, B and C excluded the possibility that the proportion might be directly related to the period of exposure to lead and to the laboratory findings of excessive lead absorption. The mean proportion of non-precipitable lead for the physiological (up to 0.240 mumol/l), intermediate (0.241 to 0.721 mumol/l), and excessive (above 0.722 mumol/l) total lead levels was 26.7, 41.3, and 52.3% respectively, in the lead workers comprising Groups A, B, C, and E each showing increased lead excretion when grouped together. these data suggested that, when urinary lead is within the normal range, it is excreted largely as precipitable lead even in individuals exposed to lead, and that the principal conditions determining the excretion of non-precipitable lead would be the current or recent degree of lead absorption. The excretory mechanisms and the biological significance of the non-precipitable lead are also discussed.     

职业铅接触者血铅、发铅、尿铅相关性的研究

本文通过对32名铅蓄电池制造工和36名排字工的血铅、发铅、尿铅的相关性研究,发现血铅/发铅(r=0.604),血铅/尿铅(r=0.548)均呈高度显著性相关(P<0.0005),故认为血铅是铅接触工人较好的健康监护指标。文章还进一步探讨了发铅作为铅接触者活体生物检测材料的应用前景。     

Associations of patella lead and other lead biomarkers with renal function in lead workers

OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare associations of patella lead, which may represent a unique cumulative and bioavailable lead pool, with other lead measures in models of renal function. METHODS: Renal function measures included blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, measured and calculated creatinine clearances, and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and retinol-binding protein. RESULTS: In 652 lead workers, mean (SD) blood, patella, and tibia lead were 30.9 (16.7) microg/dL, 75.1 (101.1) and 33.6 (43.4) microg Pb/g bone mineral, respectively, and were correlated (Spearman's r = 0.51-0.74). Patella lead was associated (P < 0.05) with NAG in all lead workers. In models of effect modification by age, higher patella lead also was associated with higher serum creatinine in older participants. Similar associations were observed for blood and tibia lead. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between patella lead and adverse renal outcomes were not unique; this may be due, in part, to high correlations among the lead biomarkers in this study.     

Past occupational exposure to lead: association between current blood lead and bone lead

Mobilization of lead from bone is known to increase with age. The authors performed the current study to determine whether there was an association between current blood lead and bone lead in workers with no current exposure but with significant past workplace exposure. The authors assessed 58 men, aged 40 to 76 years, who had earlier exposure to lead and determined both current blood lead levels and bone lead levels. At the time of the current assessment, the average blood lead level was 10.9 microg/dL and tibia bone lead concentrations ranged from -12.5 to 223.3. The authors divided workers into 3 groups by age (40-49, 50-59, and 60-76). Correlations between blood lead and bone lead were highest in the 2 oldest age groups (.49 and .75, respectively). Hierarchical regression analysis was significant for an interaction between bone lead and age in predicting blood lead (the combination of age and bone lead significantly predicted an increase in current blood lead levels). The results support the hypothesis that lead stored in bone is a significant source of blood lead later in life. Older workers with past occupational exposure may face a particular risk for recirculation of lead in blood with advancing age.     

Blood lead and the symptoms of lead absorption

ABSTRACT Eighty-one percent of all hourly paid men who had been employed for more than six months in a factory making lead acid batteries and plastics completed a modified Cornell medical index health questionnaire. Blood lead and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP) were also measured. The questions were grouped into symptom categories as follows: all physical, all psychological, “potentially lead induced,” pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skin, nervous system, genitourinary, and fatigue. For each symptom category the pooled percentages of men whose symptom scores were above the common median of the three blood lead groups 10-, 40-, and 60 and over μg/100 ml (0·48-, 1·93-, and 2·90 and over μmol/l) within age/smoking subgroups were calculated. In every symptom category the percentages in the two lower blood lead groups differed little, but the percentages were consistently higher in men with blood concentration of 60 μg/100 ml (2·90 μmol/l) and over. Differences between a combined 10-59 μg/100 ml (0·48-2·85 μmol/l) blood lead group and the 60 and over μg/100 ml (≥2·90 μmol/l) group were statistically significant at the 0·01 level for “potentially lead induced” symptoms and at the 0·05 level for skin and psychological symptoms. Broadly similar results were obtained with four log₁₀ EPP groups 0·6-, 1·5-, 1·7-, and ≥2·0, but differences did not reach statistical significance. There was no obvious explanation as to why symptoms that are not found in classic lead poisoning should be increased almost as much as those that are. It was thought that these results could be biased due to the men's knowledge of the symptoms associated with lead exposure, but the possibility that they may be partly due to lead absorption cannot be excluded.