经皮胆道支架植入术后高淀粉酶血症和胰腺炎的发生率及危险因素分析

目的分析经皮肝穿刺胆道支架植入(PTBS)术后高淀粉酶血症和急性胰腺炎的临床特征,探讨其相关危险因素。方法回顾性收集2016年3月—2020年2月于南京医科大学第一附属医院介入放射科收治且接受PTBS治疗的249例恶性胆道梗阻患者的临床资料。根据术后患者有无高淀粉酶血症或急性胰腺炎,将所有患者分为高淀粉酶血症和胰腺炎组(n=55)、无高淀粉酶血症和胰腺炎组(n=194),并分析其发生率、严重程度及相关危险因素。计量资料两组间比较采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ²检验。将上述单因素分析中P<0.1的因素纳入多因素logistic回归分析,探究PTBS术后高淀粉酶血症和急性胰腺炎的独立危险因素。结果PTBS术后,共55例(22.1%)发生血清淀粉酶异常升高,其中26例(10.4%)诊断为高淀粉酶血症,29例(11.7%)诊断为急性胰腺炎。所有胰腺炎均表现为轻度。多因素logistic回归分析发现,年龄(≤60岁)(OR=2.2,95%CI:1.07~4.52,P=0.033)、碘-125粒子条植入(OR=2.8,95%CI:1.21~6.45,P=0.016)、胆道支架跨乳头释放(OR=6.3,95%CI:2.85~14.05,P<0.001)及术中胰管显影(OR=13.9,95%CI:5.64~34.03,P<0.001)是PTBS术后高淀粉酶血症和急性胰腺炎的危险因素。结论高淀粉酶血症和急性胰腺炎是PTBS术后相对常见的并发症。年龄≤60岁、同期碘粒子条植入、胆道支架跨乳头释放及术中胰管显影是PTBS术后发生高淀粉酶血症和胰腺炎的独立风险因素。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗老年胆总管结石的临床疗效

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗老年胆总管结石的临床疗效及术后并发症的影响因素。方法回顾性分析136例行ERCP治疗的老年胆总管结石患者的临床资料,分析其临床疗效及术后并发症发生的影响因素。结果 136例老年胆总管结石患者经ERCP治疗后,取石成功率和取净率均为100%,住院时间、疼痛缓解时间和抗感染治疗时间方面均较显著。经单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析,括约肌功能障碍(SOD)病史(OR=1.318,95%CI=1.114~4.926)、胰管显影(OR=1.101,95%CI=1.022~2.731)和插管时间>60 min(OR=1.026,95%CI=1.016~3.769)为影响ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石术后并发胰腺炎的主要危险因素;胆道结石病史(OR=1.249,95%CI=1.105~3.621)、胆道中高位梗阻(OR=1.412,95%CI=1.263~4.788)和胆管治疗史(OR=1.281,95%CI=1.051~2.871)为影响ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石术后并发胆道感染的主要危险因素。结论 ERCP治疗老年胆总管结石疗效显著,术后并发症影响因素主要为SOD病史、胰管显影、插管时间、胆道中高位梗阻、胆道结石病史和胆管治疗史。     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发胃排空延迟的危险因素分析

目的 探讨PD后发生胃排空延迟(DGE)的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2017年11月间海军军医大学附属长海医院收治的385例行PD患者的临床资料,其中男性235例,女性150例。根据国际胰腺外科学组对DGE的定义,将患者分为临床相关胃排空延迟组(CR-DGE组)和非临床相关胃排空延迟组(非CR-DGE组)。采用单因素分析及logistic多因素回归分析法分析PD患者术后发生CR-DGE的危险因素。结果 385例患者中78例(20.3%)术后发生DGE,其中CR-DGE组35例(9.1%)。多因素回归分析结果显示,患者的体重指数(BMI,OR=1.117,95%CI 1.006~1.240,P=0.038)、术前血清白蛋白(OR=0.902,95%CI 0.832~0.977,P=0.012)、主胰管直径≤3 mm(OR=2.397,95%CI 1.016~5.653,P=0.046)、胰腺质软(OR=2.834,95%CI 1.093~7.350,P=0.032)以及术后发生临床相关胰瘘(OR=4.498,95%CI 1.768~11.441,P=0.002)是PD术后并发CR-DGE的独立危险因素。结论 较高的BMI、较低的术前血清白蛋白、主胰管直径≤3 mm、胰腺质软、术后发生胰瘘是PD患者术后发生CR-DGE的危险因素,早期应予以临床干预。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后并发胰腺炎的危险因素分析

目的探讨发生经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）术后胰腺炎（PEP）的危险因素。方法回顾性分析4234例接受ERCP诊疗患者的临床资料,提取患者年龄、性别、手术史、重大疾病史等基本信息以及术前实验室检查、腹部彩超、CT、磁共振胰胆管成像等检查结果,详细录入ERCP术中操作、术中诊断、并发症以及术后处理等情况,运用单因素分析和多因素分析手段分别寻找PEP发生的危险因素和独立危险因素,并采用矩阵相关分析方法探寻各危险因素之间是否存在共线性关系。结果共发生226例PEP,发生率为5．3％。单因素分析显示女性（X^2=9．715,P=0．002）、年龄〈60岁（X^2=6．108,P=0．013）、慢性胰腺炎（X^2=14．703,P=0．001）、初次ERCP（X^2=14．899,P=0．000）、高血压（X^2=4．489,P=0．034）、术前黄疸阴性（X^2=19．159,P=0．000）、困难插管（X^2=45．824,P=0．000）、留置胰管导丝（X^2=30．223,P=0．000）、乳头预切开（X^2=45．928,P=0．000）、胰管造影（X^2=20．170,P=0．000）为PEP发生的危险因素。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示女性（OR=1．449,P=0．011）、初次ERCP（OR=1．745,P=0．003）、术前黄疸阴性（OR=1．917,P=0．000）、困难插管（OR=3．317,P=0．ooo）以及胰管造影（OR=1．823,P=0．004）为PEP发生的独立危险因素。矩阵相关分析提示困难插管与乳头预切开、留置胰管导丝之间存在一定的共线性,相关系数分别为-0．788和-0．699。结论女性、年龄〈60岁、慢性胰腺炎、初次ERCP、高血压、术前黄疸阴性、困难插管、留置胰管导丝、乳头预切开、胰管造影均可能引发PEP。其中术前黄疸阴性、初次ERCP、女性患者、困难插管和胰管造影是PEP的独立危险因素,而留置胰管导丝和乳头预切开因与困难插管密切相关,故不应当视为独立的危险因素。     

治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后急性胰腺炎高危因素分析

[目的]探索治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)术后急性胰腺炎(PEP)的高危因素与防治策略。[方法]运用单因素分析方法分析592例治疗性ERCP术后患者并发PEP的原因及防治措施。[结果]592例患者中,35例(5.9%)并发PEP,其中33例均为轻型胰腺炎,均经内科综合治疗后痊愈;2例为重症胰腺炎,1例治愈出院,1例死亡。与诱发PEP相关的高危因素有:女性,插管困难,既往有胰腺炎或胰腺癌,胰腺管显影或导丝插入胰管。[结论]治疗性ERCP发生PEP的因素不仅与患者自身临床因素有关,且与医师的操作技术有很大关系,改善患者身体条件、提高医师操作水平可减少PEP的发生。     

原发性硬化性胆管炎患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后不良事件发病率及危险因素分析

目的探讨原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)患者行经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后不良事件的发病率及其影响因素。方法选取2009年12月至2013年12月于邢台市第三医院行磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)诊断为PSC并行ERCP的患者共72例,监测并记录术后30 d不良事件的发病情况。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析不良事件的发病率以及相关危险因素。结果全部72例患者中ERCP的成功率为94.4%(68/72),不良事件中胰腺炎和胆道感染的发病率最高(6.94%,4.17%),穿孔的发病率最低(1.38%)。单因素Logistic分析显示行胰管造影、乳头括约肌切开术患者发生不良事件的危险率均高于未进行者(OR=13.642,P=0.017;OR=7.381,P=0.000);导丝进入胰腺和进行胰管造影也增加了不良反应的发病率(OR=8.042,P=0.000;OR=2.651,P=0.032)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示导丝进入胰管(OR=4.547,95%CI:1.076~12.543)、胆道乳头括约肌切开术(OR=5.023,95%CI:2.643~18.321)与ERCP术后不良事件的发病密切相关。结论乳头括约肌切开术、导丝进入胆管可增加PSC患者ERCP术后不良事件的发生风险。     

超声内镜引导下胰管穿刺术联合经内镜逆行副胰管造影术治疗胰腺分裂症1例

1例慢性胰腺炎、胰管结石伴梗阻性黄疸患者,因经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术主乳头胰管反复插管困难,副乳头开口难辨,最后选择在全麻下行超声内镜引导下胰管穿刺术联合经内镜逆行副胰管造影术+副乳头扩张术+胰管探条扩张术+胰管支架置入术,术中补充诊断：胰腺分裂。本文报道了该疑难病例的内镜治疗过程及护理配合要点。     

超声内镜引导下胰管穿刺术联合经内镜逆行副胰管造影术治疗胰腺分裂症1例

1例慢性胰腺炎、胰管结石伴梗阻性黄疸患者, 因经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术主乳头胰管反复插管困难, 副乳头开口难辨, 最后选择在全麻下行超声内镜引导下胰管穿刺术联合经内镜逆行副胰管造影术+副乳头扩张术+胰管探条扩张术+胰管支架置入术, 术中补充诊断:胰腺分裂。本文报道了该疑难病例的内镜治疗过程及护理配合要点。     

内镜超声鉴别诊断自身免疫性胰腺炎与胰腺癌的价值

目的　评价内镜超声检查（endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）在自身免疫性胰腺炎和胰腺癌鉴别诊断中的价值。方法　2013年1月—2018年12月在北京协和医院因梗阻性黄疸初次就诊并确诊,且同时接受EUS的133例自身免疫性胰腺炎和113例胰腺癌患者资料纳入回顾性分析,根据随机号码按1∶1随机分成训练样本和验证样本。在训练样本,将两种疾病患者的10项EUS图像特征进行多因素Logistic逐步回归和受试者工作特征曲线分析,比较两者EUS特征表现的差异,构建自身免疫性胰腺炎与胰腺癌鉴别的预测模型,然后在验证样本检验其预测效能。鉴于胰腺实质弥漫或局灶回声减低判定上存在一定主观性,为避免偏倚,本研究特此设计了2个预测模型。结果　Logistic逐步回归多因素分析显示,胰腺弥漫性回声减低（OR=591.0,95%CI：98.8~>999.9,P<0.001）及血管侵犯（OR=11.9,95%CI：1.4~260.2,P=0.023）是鉴别自身免疫性胰腺炎和胰腺癌有统计学意义的预测因子。排除胰腺弥漫性回声减低和局灶性回声减低后剩余的8项EUS特征,经Logistic逐步回归多因素分析显示,强回声灶/索条（OR=177.3,95%CI：18.7~>999.9,P<0.001）、主胰管扩张（OR=60.5,95%CI：6.2~>999.9,P=0.004）、胆管壁增厚（OR=35.4,95%CI：3.7~>999.9,P=0.009）、淋巴结肿大（OR=16.8,95%CI：1.7~475.2,P=0.038）以及血管侵犯（OR=22.7,95%CI：2.0~725.7,P=0.028）是鉴别两者有统计学意义的预测因子。2个模型鉴别自身免疫性胰腺炎与胰腺癌的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.995和0.979。当取最佳诊断阈值时,2个模型的预测灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均>90%;对于鉴别困难的局灶型自身免疫性胰腺炎与胰腺癌,2个模型的灵敏度和准确率均>90%,特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均>85%。结论　本研究构建的2个模型对于自身免疫性胰腺炎与胰腺癌鉴别的预测价值较高,根据EUS特征表现对自身免疫性胰腺炎与胰腺癌作出鉴别是可行的。     

超声引导下 PTBD 治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸效果观察

目的探讨超声引导下经皮经肝胆道引流术(PTBD)在恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗中的应用。方法回顾性分析我院139例次行PTBD的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料。结果 133例次一次穿刺置管引流成功,6例次为两穿刺引流成功,一次穿刺成功率为95.7%(133/139)。术后1周血清总胆红素、直接胆红素水平均低于术前(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下PTBD治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效较好,能明显提高穿刺成功率,并降低患者的血清胆红素水平。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.