经导管主动脉瓣置换术后的抗栓治疗策略

经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)自开展以来发展迅速,随着越来越多临床研究结果的公布,TAVR的适应证已经扩展至全风险范围主动脉瓣狭窄人群.接受TAVR治疗的患者血栓栓塞和出血事件均十分常见,这对TAVR术后的抗栓治疗提出了挑战.而此前的指南关于TAVR的抗栓治疗建议大多基于专家意见而非循证医学证据.本文将基于最近的临床...     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄的现有证据和研究进展

二叶式主动脉瓣（BAV）畸形是一种先天性瓣膜发育异常,在我国主动脉瓣狭窄患者中较常见,且该人群具有年轻、瓣膜钙化严重等特征。随着循证医学证据的积累和医疗器械的迭代更新,经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）的适应证不断扩大,未来将会有更多的BAV狭窄患者接受TAVR治疗,但BAV复杂的解剖结构对TAVR治疗提出巨大挑战。通过术前充分了解瓣膜解剖形态和制定手术策略,BAV狭窄患者在我国行TAVR治疗获得良好的临床效果,而在远期预后、新一代瓣膜的应用等方面仍需更多的研究。本文就TAVR治疗BAV狭窄的现有证据和研究进展进行综述。     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术后患者心脏康复研究进展

主动脉瓣狭窄（AS）是常见的瓣膜性心脏病,随着老龄化进程加快,AS严重威胁我国居民的健康。大规模临床研究证实,经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）已成为外科手术高危、中危甚至低危AS患者的重要治疗手段。2021年欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）瓣膜性心脏病管理指南中TAVR和外科主动脉瓣置换术（SAVR）均为Ⅰ类推荐,将TAVR提到了与SAVR同等重要的地位。然而,由于TAVR术后患者衰弱、多种合并症等原因,术后体力活动水平仍较低,生活质量严重下降。心脏康复（CR）为心血管疾病患者提供全面、多学科的康复方案,目前各国指南均将CR列为心血管疾病防治的Ⅰ类推荐。研究表明CR为TAVR术后患者带来了一系列临床获益。本文旨在对目前国内外TAVR术后患者CR研究中的CR方案、临床获益证据和国内外相关临床指南或专家共识做一综述。     

同期经导管主动脉瓣和二尖瓣置换治疗双生物瓣衰败一例

经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)和经导管二尖瓣置换(TMVR)能用于治疗主动脉瓣位和二尖瓣位的外科瓣生物瓣衰败,然而一站式经股同期行TAVR和TMVR治疗双生物瓣衰败鲜有报道.本报告将展示一例主动脉瓣位与二尖瓣位双外科生物瓣衰败患者的详细CT评估,围术期经食道超声心动图测量和完整经导管双瓣膜置换操作.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术围术期急性肾功能不全的研究现状

经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）目前是老年主动脉瓣狭窄（AS）患者的一线治疗方式,较外科主动脉瓣置换术（SAVR）的病死率及并发症的发生率低,但由于TAVR术中使用对比剂、低灌注、输血、麻醉及胆固醇栓塞等因素,导致急性肾损伤（AKI）风险增加,影响患者预后。本文就TAVR围术期AKI的危险因素及预防措施的国内外相关报道进行综述,旨在降低TAVR围术期AKI的发生率以改善患者预后并提高生活质量。     

中国经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术临床路径(2022全文版)

目的《中国经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术临床路径(2022全文版)》旨在推动我国经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术(transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair, TEER)安全、规范地开展和普及, 提高我国二尖瓣反流(mitral regurgitation, MR)患者诊疗水平以及改善患者预后。方法本临床路径主要依据目前循证医学证据以及临床医生在真实世界中积累的经验, 专家组针对我国MR患者在经导管介入诊疗过程中亟待解决的关键问题撰写了此临床路径。结构 TEER已成为外科手术高危的重度MR的重要治疗选择, TEER的手术流程复杂, 团队协作要求高, 在中国尚缺乏规范的临床路径。基于当前循证医学证据, 针对TEER团队的构成和建设, MR临床评估和治疗策略, TEER相关器械的应用、术前影像学评估、手术规范流程、复杂特殊病变的处理、围术期综合管理和全生命周期康复随访路径等临床关注的核心问题, 本临床路径做出了系统而详尽的阐述, 为TEER在我国临床实践中规范开展和推广普及提供全面指导, 并为相关临床研究的开展和建立MR患者全生命周期管理的新型诊疗模式提...     

中国经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术临床路径（2022版）精简版

经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术（TEER）已成为外科手术高危的重度二尖瓣反流患者的重要治疗选择，TEER的手术流程复杂，团队协作要求高，在中国尚缺乏规范的临床路径。基于当前循证医学证据，针对TEER团队建设、患者临床评估、影像评估、手术规范流程、复杂病变处理、围术期管理、全生命周期康复随访等临床关注的关键问题，专家组有针对性撰写了此临床路径，以推动我国TEER安全、规范地开展和普及，进而提高我国二尖瓣反流的诊疗水平以及改善患者预后。     

中国首例Silara®-Valve经导管主动脉瓣置换术

探讨中国首例Silara?-Valve(原Direct Flow)瓣膜在经导管主动脉瓣置换术中的应用情况。回顾性分析2020年12月16日阜外医院首次开展的1例经导管Silara?-Valve主动脉瓣置换术的手术过程与患者围术期情况。1例外科手术中危的症状性严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者在局部麻醉和镇静下成功接受了Silara?-Valve瓣膜经导管主动脉瓣置换术,术后瓣膜位置、功能良好,无反流,该患者症状明显缓解。经导管Silara?-Valve主动脉瓣置换术安全可行,后续前瞻性、多中心临床试验有望评估其疗效。     

高危主动脉瓣狭窄患者经导管主动脉瓣置换与外科主动脉瓣置换术的短期临床疗效分析

目的:比较经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)和外科主动脉瓣置换术(SAVR)在治疗主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)围术期内的心功能、瓣周漏、主动脉瓣跨瓣流速等相关指标的变化。方法:回顾性选取2017年12月至2020年4月,于郑州市第七人民医院院接受TAVR术的40例患者及SAVR术的40例患者。对其围术期内临床表现、LVEF、主动脉瓣过瓣流速、LVEDD、LVESD、瓣周漏等进行比较和分析。观察主动脉瓣狭窄患者接受TAVR及SAVR治疗后后围术期内疗效。结果:TAVR组对比SAVR组,死亡,LVESD,LVEDD的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后舒张期主动脉瓣反流面积、主动脉瓣过瓣流速、瓣周漏比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于进行外科手术的高危AS的患者,虽然TAVR相对于SAVR瓣周漏的发生率高,但并未增加围手术期死亡率,编者建议对于不能接受SAVR的高危AS患者且TAVR技术相对成熟的条件下选择TAVR。对于能接受SAVR的高中低危AS患者,编者建议选择SAVR,因其较TAVR瓣周漏发生率显著降低且并未增加围手术期死亡。     

主动脉瓣重度狭窄经导管主动脉瓣置换术后患者围术期效果观察

目的:探讨主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者经股动脉导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)治疗前后围术期内心功能及主动脉瓣压差、跨瓣流速的变化情况。方法:本研究为回顾性研究,选取2017年9月至2019年6月,在郑州市心血管病医院接受TAVR的27例主动脉瓣狭窄患者。对经TAVR治疗前、术后1d、7 d、1个月患者的临床症状、BNP、LVEF、最大跨瓣血流速度、主动脉瓣最大跨瓣压差进行分析,观察主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者接受TAVR治疗后围术期内疗效。结果:与术前相比,患者术后临床症状、心功能NYHA分级明显改善。患者BNP、主动脉瓣最大跨瓣压差、最大跨瓣流速下降明显,在术后1 d,差异有统计学意义(均P<0. 01);术后LVEF值明显上升,术后7 d可显现,差异有统计学意义,在心功能<50%的患者中,术后1 d差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。结论:TAVR治疗主动脉瓣重度狭窄临床疗效确切,在围术期即可迅速缓解临床症状、改善心功能、降低BNP值、提高LVEF。合并LVEF下降的主动脉瓣重度狭窄的患者接受TAVR治疗后患者心功能改善效果更明显。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.