妊娠糖尿病患者血清维生素D与胰岛素抵抗的相关性分析

目的 探讨胰岛素抵抗与妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者血清维生素D 的相关性。方法 选择我院2019 年1 月至2020 年1 月收治的GDM 患者32 例作为观察组,选择同期健康体检产妇32 例作为对照组。均检测空腹胰岛素、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、25-羟维生素D 水平、空腹血糖,并分析胰岛素抵抗与血清25-羟维生素D 的相关性。结果 观察组三酰甘油（2.20±0.48）mmol/L、总胆固醇（4.43±0.15）mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（2.39±0.17）mmol/L、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（1.31±0.29）mmol/L 与对照组[（2.17±0.42）mmol/L、（4.46±0.16）mmol/L、（2.43±0.19）mmol/L、（1.29±0.28）mmol/L]比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;与对照组比较,观察组空腹胰岛素（24.79±2.43）U/L 及空腹血糖（7.29±0.81）mmol/L 水平均较高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;与对照组比较,观察组胰岛素抵抗指数（6.75±1.32）较高,25-羟维生素D 水平（18.86±3.48）nmol/L 较低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;经Pearson 相关性分析发现,GDM 患者血清25-羟维生素D 与胰岛素抵抗呈负相关（r=-0.733,P=0.000）。结论 GDM 患者血清维生素D 与胰岛素抵抗有关,推测GDM 患者的胰岛素抵抗可通过维生素D 补充进行调节,临床可根据生素D 与胰岛素抵抗情况,积极为患者实施高效的治疗方案。     

孕妇VDR基因FokI位点多态性与脐血25-羟维生素D的关系研究

目的探讨孕妇维生素D受体（VDR）基因FokI位点多态性与脐血25-羟维生素D的关系。方法选取2017年6月至2019年5月在温州市中心医院产检的846例孕妇为研究对象,均为单胎。采用PCR-焦磷酸遗传分析技术检测孕晚期孕妇血液中VDR基因FokI位点多态性;ELISA法检测孕晚期孕妇血清及新生儿脐血25-羟维生素D水平。分析两者的关系。结果846例孕妇中,VDR基因FokI位点TC基因型386例,占45.63%,该基因型组孕妇血清25-羟维生素D水平为（45.32±9.17）nmol/L,脐血25-羟维生素D水平为（45.51±9.70）nmol/L;TT基因型组为206例,占24.35%,血清25-羟维生素D水平为（39.31±11.91）nmol/L,脐血25-羟维生素D水平为（38.81±10.53）nmol/L;CC基因型组为254例,占30.02%,血清25羟维生素D水平为（55.53±12.51）nmol/L,脐血25-羟维生素D水平为（55.92±11.79）nmol/L。VDR基因TT型的孕妇血清及脐血25-羟维生素D水平＜TC型＜CC型（均P＜0.05）,TT型和TC型均显示25-羟维生素D水平不足。结论孕妇VDR基因FokI位点TT基因型的脐血25-羟维生素D的浓度最低,TC型次之。建议孕妇行VDR基因FokI位点及血清25-羟维生素D的检测,预防下一代先天性佝偻病的发生。     

维生素D2注射液对老年女性维生素D缺乏患者血清甲状旁腺激素的影响

目的探讨维生素D2注射液对老年女性维生素D缺乏患者血清甲状旁腺激素（PTH）的影响。方法选取2018年12月在浙江省人民医院住院的老年女性维生素D缺乏患者44例,采用随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组各22例。试验组患者在坚持晒太阳的基础上,给予维生素D2注射液60万U肌肉注射,1次/月,直至血清25-羟基维生素D[25（OH）D]≥75nmol/L后停用;而对照组仅坚持晒太阳,连续观察12个月。所有患者每月检测血清25（OH）D、PTH、血钙、血磷、血糖、肌酐、ALT水平,并进行统计分析。结果试验组患者血清25（OH）D水平≥75nmol/L用时（11.6±3.1）个月。试验组患者治疗后血清25（OH）D水平明显高于对照组,血清PTH水平明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）,但两组患者血钙、血磷、血糖、肌酐和ALT水平比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论维生素D2注射液可有效降低老年女性维生素D缺乏患者的血清PTH水平。     

血清维生素D水平与脑卒中后抑郁的关系

目的探讨急性脑卒中患者血清中25-羟基维生素D[25（OH）D]水平与脑卒中后抑郁的关系。方法选取2014年6月至2015年12月神经内科门诊及病房诊治的卒中患者（脑梗死组）及同期体检中心健康检查者（对照组）各66例。采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表对脑梗死组患者进行抑郁测定。据测定结果分为无抑郁亚组、轻度抑郁者、中度抑郁者及重度抑郁者。测定并比较脑梗死组患者及对照组的血清25（OH）D水平。结果脑梗死组血清25（OH）D水平[（44.93±17.94）nmol/L]与对照组[（65.14±19.70）nmol/L]比较，差异有统计学意义（t=2.36，P＜0.01）。抑郁亚组血清25（OH）D水平[（40.93±14.64）nmol/L]与非抑郁亚组[（57.36±16.45）nmol/L]比较，差异有统计学意义（t=3.47，P＜0.01）。轻度、中度、重度患者血清25（OH）D水平[（41.80±3.07）、（25.50±3.10）、（10.80±4.88）nmol/L]均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。血清25（OH）D水平与卒中后抑郁程度呈负相关（rs=-0.24，P＜0.01）。结论脑卒中及卒中后抑郁患者血清25（OH）D水平均降低。血清25（OH）D水平与脑卒后抑郁程度呈负相关。     

尿毒症患者血清纤维生长因子23水平及临床意义

目的探讨尿毒症患者血清纤维生长因子23（FGF23）水平及临床意义。方法选取2016年1月至2018年2月在我院治疗的尿毒症患者82例s（尿毒症组）,同时选取健康志愿者90例作为对照组,检测两组血清FGF23、甲状旁腺素（i PTH）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）等指标,同时测定腰椎、股骨颈骨密度（BMD）。结果尿毒症组血清FGF23、i PTH和P水平分别为（270. 03±87. 48） ng/L、（42. 39±13. 20） pmol/L和（2. 14±0. 24） mmol/L,高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0. 05）; Ca和1,25羟维生素D3[1,25（OH）2D3]分别为（1. 80±0. 22） mmol/L和9. 89（1. 32,54. 39） ng/L,低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0. 05）;尿毒症组股骨颈和腰椎BMD水平分别为（0. 71±0. 12） g/m2和（0. 67±0. 14） g/m2,低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0. 05）; FGF23与i PTH、P呈正相关（r=0. 463、0. 502,P<0. 05）,而与1,25（OH）2D3、估计肾小球滤过率（e GFR）呈负相关（r=-0. 503和-0. 489,P<0. 05）,与Ca、股骨颈BMD、腰椎BMD无相关性（P>0. 05）。结论尿毒症患者FGF23水平明显升高,其与活性维生素D,血磷、i PTH,肾功能有一定关系,值得进一步研究。     

肝硬化患者血清钙磷及钙调节激素的检测及意义

目的  探讨检测肝硬化患者血清钙磷及钙调节激素包括甲状旁腺激素（PTH）、降钙素（CT）及25-羟维生素D3[25-（OH）D3]的临床意义。方法  釆集83例肝硬化患者及66例正常人的血清，血清钙测定用偶氮砷Ⅲ比色法，血清磷测定用磷钼酸盐法；甲状旁腺激素、降钙素及2-羟维生素D3的测定采用电化学发光法。结果  Child-pugh C级肝功能患者与对照组、Ａ级及Ｂ级比较血清钙降低（P <0.05），血磷的变化在4组患者之间差异无统计学意义。C级肝功能患者与对照组、A级及B级比较CT（P <0.05）及25-（OH）D3（P < 0.01）降低，PTH升高（P <0.01）。结论  肝硬化患者存在血清钙及其调节激素的代谢紊乱，并随病情发展而加重。监测肝硬化血清钙及相关激素水平的变化可能有助于判断肝功能损害程度。

     

稳定期COPD患者血清镁、钙和维生素D水平与生活质量评分的相关性研究

目的探讨稳定期慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）患者体内血清镁、钙和维生素D水平与生活质量评分之间的相关性。方法连续性纳入COPD患者110例，检测血清镁、钙和25羟维生素D3[25（OH）D3]水平，并进行COPD评估测试（CAT评分）、呼吸困难分级（mMRC分级）以及BODE指数。结果低镁血症组BODE指数[（3.52±1.04）分vs（2.42±0.87）分，P＜0.05]、mMRC分级[（2.55±0.33）级vs（2.12±0.25）级，P＜0.05]和CAT评分[（15.32±3.01）分vs（10.42±2.91）分，P＜0.05]均明显高于血镁正常组，而血清钙和25（OH）D3水平差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。低钙血症组mMRC分级[（2.76±0.31）级vs（2.02±0.26）级，P＜0.05]高于血钙正常组，血清钙和25（OH）D3则低于血钙正常组（P＜0.05或0.01），BODE指数和CAT评分差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。低镁低钙组BODE指数（3.98±0.77vs3.02±0.98，P＜0.05）和CAT评分（15.88±3.89vs12.71±2.85，P＜0.05）均高于单纯低钙血症组，而低镁低钙组患者FEV1/FVC明显低于单纯低钙血症组患者（58.05±8.58%vs64.82±6.24%，P＜0.05）。血清镁与mMRC分级（r=-0.670，P＜0.05）、BODE指数（r=-0.635，P＜0.05）和CAT评分（r=-0.661，P＜0.05）均呈负相关。结论稳定期COPD患者血清镁离子、钙离子和维生素D水平与生活质量评分密切相关，值得关注。     

1．25mmol／L透析液钙浓度对血清总钙、磷和全段甲状旁腺激素浓度的影响

目的：观察将透析液钙浓度由1．75mmol／L降为1．25mmol／L后对维持性血液透析患者透析前血清总钙、磷和全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）浓度的影响。方法：对35例血液透析患者改用1．25mmol／L透析液钙浓度（LCaD）治疗3个月，比较治疗前后患者透析前血清总钙、磷和iPTH浓度的变化。对伴有甲状旁腺功能亢进症者，约1个月监测1次血清总钙、磷。根据指标变化决定碳酸钙、活性维生素D的治疗。结果：应用LCaD前高钙血症7／35，高磷血症23／35，钙磷乘积＞55者10／35，伴甲状旁腺功能亢进症29／35，（其中有钙、磷紊乱22／29）。非甲状旁腺功能亢进症6／35。应用LCaD3个月后血清总钙均降至正常。与应用前相比没有显著性差异（P＞0．01），钙磷乘积＞55仅3／35，血磷变化不大。观察期间iPTH有不同变化。结论：LCaD能显著降低血液透析患者透析前的血清总钙，降低钙磷乘积，为应用或继续应用碳酸钙、活性维生素D提供了机会。iPTH的升高可能与血钙降低有关。     

25(OH)D3缺乏与腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎发生风险的相关性研究

目的探讨血25-羟胆钙化醇D3[25（OH） D3]缺乏与腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎（PDRP）发生风险的关系。方法选取2017年1月至2019年6月在我院行腹膜透析患者180例,比较分析发生与未发生PDRP患者的临床资料。结果 180例患者中,56例发生PDRP（PDRP组）,发生率31.11%,124例患者未发生PDRP（对照组）。PDRP组年龄、透析时间和初始透析年龄分别为（65.39±8.39）岁、（55.40±8.28）月和（60.02±9.11）岁,明显高于对照组（P<0.05）; PDRP组尿素氮（30.02±10.11） mmol/L,铁蛋白（210.20±89.28）μg/L和CRP（66.60±34.40） mg/L高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而25（OH） D3（13.38±3.29） ng/L,白蛋白（25.43±8.29） g/L、血红蛋白（85.72±10.11） g/L低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分别结果显示:年龄、透析时间、25（OH） D3是PDRP发生的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论 25（OH） D3缺乏是腹膜透析患者发生PDRP的影响因素,值得临床注意。     

早产儿维生素D补充效果及骨代谢指标的随访研究

目的 探讨目前早产儿补充维生素D（VD）方案的有效性,并对骨代谢评价指标进行随访。方法 选取2014年6-12月在北京大学深圳医院新生儿重症监护室（NICU）住院的早产儿60例,记录性别、胎龄(GA)、出生体质量（BM）、头围、身长,检测血清骨钙素(OC)、25-羟维生素D3〔25(OH)D3〕、钙、磷水平。于生后能耐受经口喂养时〔平均（6.4±2.3）d〕添加VD 800 U/d,于28 d随访复测以上指标,并与出生时进行比较。结果 60例早产儿出生时血清25(OH)D3水平为（17.0±7.0）μg/L,血清OC水平为（81.6±31.6）μg/L;VD缺乏（VDD）43例（71.7%）,母孕期补VD不足是早产儿VDD的危险因素〔OR=6.83,95%CI（1.66,27.99）〕。37例早产儿经过规律添加VD,生后28 d与刚出生时体质量、身长、头围及血清钙水平比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而血清磷、25（OH）D3、OC水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。37例早产儿生后28 d,VDD 28例（75.7%）,低磷血症（血清磷＜1.8 mmol/L）是VDD的危险因素〔OR=7.33,95%CI(1.40,38.34)〕。结论 通过800 U/d补充VD方案不能及时改善早产儿骨代谢状况,VD仍处于缺乏状态。监测血清25(OH)D3、OC和磷水平可很好地反映早产儿骨代谢状态。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.