增强MRI联合DWI序列对恶性肿瘤侵犯甲状软骨的诊断价值研究

目的探讨增强MRI联合DWI序列对喉癌和下咽癌患者的甲状软骨受累诊断价值,为制定合理的治疗方案及术中的具体处理提供重要的参考价值。方法选取自2013年1月~2014年12月在首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院头颈外科197例住院并行手术的原发喉癌及下咽癌患者,所有患者术前均行增强MRI检查,以组织病理学的结果作为金标准,计算增强MRI对喉癌和下咽癌患者的甲状软骨是否受累判断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,如果MRI判断为甲状软骨受累,还进一步判断肿瘤侵犯甲状软骨范围;影像学结果与病理对比分析并计算敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。所得数据并进行统计学分析。结果197例患者均行手术治疗,术后病理示63例患者（32.0%）甲状软骨受肿瘤侵及。MRI判断肿瘤侵犯甲状软骨与病理结果比较其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为94%、87%、78%、97%。MRI判断肿瘤侵犯甲状软骨内板与病理结果比较其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90%、82%、61%、96%。MRI判断肿瘤侵犯甲状软骨外板与病理结果比较其敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为89%、84%、57%、97%。MRI对于甲状软骨内板和外板受累诊断结果的Kappa值分别为0.62和0.60。结论对于局部晚期喉癌或下咽癌是否侵犯甲状软骨的术前诊断中,可以采用常规序列联合SE EPI扩散加权成像弥散序列的MRI诊断。同时应用MRI对肿瘤侵犯甲状软骨范围进行诊断具有可行性。     

双源CT在儿童可疑气道异物诊断中的应用

目的:探讨双源CT对于儿童可疑气道异物诊断的临床价值.方法:对22例怀疑气道异物的儿童行双源CT扫描,扫描数据经后处理重建,包括多平面重建、最小密度投影、仿真内镜和容积再现,结果与气管镜探查术中所见相对照.结果:数据后处理结果清晰显示异物的部位、大小、形态及伴随征象,发现异物影20例,术中证实异物19例,1例为黏脓性分泌物.诊断符合率为95%.结论:双源CT扫描及数据后处理对气道异物的显示率高,定位准确,对可疑气道异物的诊断有重要临床价值.     

CT联合鼻内镜对真菌性上颌窦炎的诊断价值

目的探讨CT联合鼻内镜检查对真菌性上颌窦炎的诊断价值。方法选取2015年8月~2017年12月我院收治的CT初步诊断为真菌性上颌窦炎的患者184例,再结合鼻内镜检查诊断真菌性上颌窦炎,以术后病理结果为金标准分别计算单纯CT、CT联合鼻内镜诊断真菌性上颌窦炎的准确率,使用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析,比较两者的准确率是否具有统计学差异。结果单纯CT诊断真菌性上颌窦炎的准确率为75.8%,CT联合鼻内镜检查诊断真菌性上颌窦炎的准确率为93.0%,CT联合鼻内镜检查诊断真菌性上颌窦炎的准确率比单纯CT检查高17.2%,两者之间的准确率差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论CT对于真菌性上颌窦炎的诊断具有重大价值,CT与鼻内镜联合诊断提高了真菌性上颌窦炎诊断的准确率,对临床诊治具有更大的指导意义。     

窄带成像内镜在鼻咽癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨窄带成像（narrow band imaging,NBI）内镜在鼻咽癌诊断中的价值。方法自2009年1月～2010年3月对怀疑有鼻咽部占位的240例患者使用具有NBI观察模式的电子内镜进行鼻咽部的检查。观察NBI模式下鼻咽部不同性质病变的黏膜表面微血管形态学特点。结果鼻咽癌在NBI模式下可见病变表面出现细树枝状或扭曲线条状的新生血管,血管线条清晰明显,呈棕褐色。NBI内镜对鼻咽癌诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为80.6%、91_7%、96.7%和61.1%。结论 NBI内镜通过识别黏膜表面微细血管的形态变化提高内镜在鼻咽癌早期诊断中的作用。     

甲状腺计算机辅助诊断系统判断桥本氏甲状腺炎背景下甲状腺结节性质的应用初探

目的　探讨计算机辅助诊断（computer-aided diagnosis,CAD）系统诊断桥本氏甲状腺炎（Hashimoto's thyroiditis,HT）背景下结节的效能。方法　CAD系统、高年资主治医师回顾性分析151枚经手术病理证实为合并HT的甲状腺结节的超声图像,比较两者的诊断效能。结果  CAD系统诊断敏感性为91.2%,特异性为65.0%,阳性预测值为79.8%,阴性预测值为83.0%,准确性为80.8%。高年资主治医师诊断敏感性为92.3%,特异性为81.7%,阳性预测值为88.4%,阴性预测值为87.5%,准确性为88.1%。两者敏感性相仿（P＞0.05）,但CAD系统的特异性低于高年资主治医师（P =0.041）。CAD系统诊断不同大小结节的效能无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论　CAD系统诊断HT背景下结节的敏感性较高,能有效检出恶性肿瘤;但特异性偏低,单独应用时可能存在过度诊断。     

窄带成像技术普通内镜对喉恶性病变的诊断价值

目的　探讨窄带成像技术（n a r row b a nd imaging,NBI）普通内镜对喉恶性病变诊断的应用价值。方法 自2013年2月～2014年12月内镜检查发现425例喉肿物患者,观察NBI模式普通内镜下喉肿物病变区黏膜形态及血管变化,进行分型诊断,将NBI内镜诊断结果与病理结果对比分析。结果　NBI普通内镜对喉恶性病变诊断的敏感 性为80.43%,特异性为97.10%,阳性预测值77.08%,阴性预测值97.61%。结论　NBI普通内镜通过观察病变区黏膜形态及血管变化在喉恶性病变的诊断中有着良好的应用价值。     

CT低剂量扫描及后处理技术在婴幼儿气管非金属异物中的应用探讨

目的　探讨多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描及其后处理技术在婴幼儿气管非金属异物中的诊断价值。方法　分析我院收治的48例被确诊为婴幼儿气管非金属异物患者的CT影像学资料。128层螺旋CT扫描参数为100 kV,30～40 mA,层厚0.9 mm,螺距1.4,对获得的数据进行多平面重建（multiplanar reconstruction,MPR）、最小密度投影（minimum intensity projection,Min-IP）及CT仿真内镜（CT virtual endoscopy,CTVE）与支气管内镜结果对比分析。结果　48例CT低剂量扫描图像全部符合诊断要求。CT对异物的检出率和支气管内镜无统计学差异,3种后处理技术中MPR与Min-IP无统计学差异,MPR、Min-IP分别与CTVE比较有显著性差异,MPR和Min-IP诊断的准确性高于CTVE。结论　螺旋CT及后处理技术能准确诊断及定位婴幼儿气管内的非金属异物,清楚显示出异物的大小和位置,具有很高的实用价值。     

CT三维成像技术辅助复杂食管异物取出术

  摘要：目的总结CT三维成像技术在复杂食管异物取出术中的作用及疗效。方法收集为深圳市龙岗区耳鼻咽喉医院2013年7 月~2017年1月收治的38例复杂食管异物患者的临床资料,依据病史、临床表现及辅助检查,并通过CT三维成像技术辅助定性、定位诊断,指导手术方案的制订和实施。结果所有患者行食管镜探查及异物取出术,手术顺利,术中所见与术前三维影像检查结果一致,术后无严重并发症出现,均治愈出院。结论复杂性食管异物由于其本身性质和位置的特殊性,诊断和治疗具有一定难度,成像技术可以有效地显示和诊断异物,指导手术的顺利实施。     

小儿可疑呼吸道异物诊断方法的敏感度及特异度比较

目的　拟从病史、体征及影像学检查等方面对小儿呼吸道异物的诊断方法进行敏感度和特异度的比较。方法　回顾性分析340例患儿的病历资料,根据文献及临 床经验制定出病史、体征及影像学检查的阳性标准,支气管镜检查的结果为“金标准”,分别计算上述各指标的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。对同时接受X线和CT检查的患儿进行两种检查方法的符合率和吻合度比较。结果　病史、体征、X线检查及CT检查的灵敏度及阳性预测值都较高,特异度和阴性预测值较低;CT和X线检查与术中所见的符合率比较差异无统计学意义。结论　当患儿出现以上指标中单一指标阳性时,可以选择支气管镜探查。对于可疑呼吸道异物的患儿,可以首选包括透视在内的X线检查。     

CT联合鼻内镜对真菌性上颌窦炎的诊断价值及准确性分析

目的 探究CT联合鼻内镜对真菌性上颌窦炎的诊断价值及准确性。方法 选择我院2021年1月～2021年12月期间接诊的疑似51例真菌性上颌窦炎患者开展研究,于术前进行CT检查、鼻内镜检查,以手术病理检查结果为依据,比较分析CT检查、鼻内镜检查、CT联合鼻内镜检查的诊断效果差异（诊断准确性、特异性、敏感度）。结果 CT检查联合鼻内镜检查的诊断准确性、敏感度、特异性均明显高于CT检查,比较差异有显著性（P<0.05）;鼻内镜检查的诊断准确性高于CT检查,比较差异显著（P<0.05）;CT检查联合鼻内镜检查的诊断准确性、敏感度、特异性高于鼻内镜检查,比较差异无显著性（P>0.05）。结论 CT联合鼻内镜检查的诊断价值更高,可有效保证真菌性上颌窦炎的诊断准确性,以指导后续治疗,改善临床结局。     

The validity of CCCRC test in patients with nasal polyposis

Both the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test and Cross Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT) are used to assess the sense of smell in patients all over the world. Our aim is to know whether the CCCRC test is a valid olfactory test in comparison with CC-SIT. Therefore, we have done a prospective study in 60 adult patients with nasal polyposis to compare the validity of CCCRC with UPSIT. We used the CCCRC olfactory test made up of a threshold and suprathreshold test while CC-SIT relies solely upon suprathreshold measurement. We determined the specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for patients suffering nasal polyposis with the CCCRC test. The validity index was 95% and accuracy rate was 8%. We determined unit cost and the reliability of the CCCRC test. For patients with nasal polyposis: the sensitivity was 86%; the specificity was 94%; the positive predictive value was 93% and the negative predictive value was 88%. The reliability was 92%. The unit cost of the CCCRC was 5.60 euro. The CCCRC test is a valid test in comparison with CC-SIT. CCCRC is cheap and can be used in routine clinical settings.     

Parotid tumours: correlation between fine needle aspiration biopsy and histological findings

ObjectivesTo evaluate the role of the fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the study of parotid masses.MethodsRetrospective review of FNAB results compared with final histological diagnosis in 148 patients with a parotid mass from 1993 to 2003.ResultsFNAB was performed in 93.92% of parotid masses. Eleven of these were not conclusive. The FNAB diagnosis of malignant o suspicious lesion had 81.25% of sensibility, 96.87% of specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 89.65% and 93.94%, respectively. The FNAB specific histopathologic diagnosis in the benign parotid masses were 92%, and 57.69% in the malign masses.ConclusionsFNAB is a diagnostic tool with a high negative predictive value, very usotul in the study of suspicious malignant parotid masses and whenever surgery is not possible.     

Impact of preoperative ultrasonographic staging of the neck in papillary thyroid carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of occult macroscopic metastasis detected by preoperative US evaluation of the neck in patients with PTC. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a malignancy with a high rate of lymph node metastasis. The findings of routine thyroid ultrasonography (US) and physical examination may underestimate metastatic disease. Thus, we propose that patients diagnosed as having PTC undergo preoperative US staging of the neck. DESIGN: This prospective study included 60 patients diagnosed as having PTC from January 1 through June 30, 2006. Patients had undergone previous thyroid US evaluation with no palpable adenopathy. Lymph nodes were deemed suspicious by US findings with a minor axis greater than 10 mm, a minor axis greater than 50% of the major axis, or hyperechogenicity with or without microcalcifications. Metastasis was confirmed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy or frozen section analysis. Patients with confirmed metastasis underwent a neck dissection. The location of adenopathy reported by US was correlated with the pathological report. RESULTS: The US evaluation identified 12 of 60 patients (20%) with adenopathy suggestive of metastasis. Metastasis was confirmed in 11 of 12 patients (92%). Metastasis was found in 1 of 48 patients who had a negative US finding. Overall, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 92%, 98%, 92%, and 98%, respectively. All neck levels with suspicious adenopathy detected by US evaluation, with 1 exception, were confirmed by pathological findings. Nine patients had additional neck levels involved with microscopic disease undetected by the US evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PTC, preoperative US evaluation of the neck is effective in detecting nonpalpable metastasis. Therefore, routine preoperative neck US evaluation is recommended to optimize primary surgical planning.     

Value of of fine-needle aspiration cytology and MRI in parotid gland masses

INTRODUCTION: The objective of our study was to discuss the valve of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and treatment of parotid gland masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients were included in the prospective study. They had undergone clinical examination, FNAC and MRI before parotidectomy. The results of these examinations were compared with the corresponding histopathological diagnosis. RESULTS: When it is positive, FNAC is a good examination of malignant tumours (sensitivity 67%, specificity 79%, positive predictive value 86%, negative predictive value 100%). The MRI allows a good assessment of the tumoural mass and its anatomical relationships (sensitivity 55%, specificity 86%, positive predictive value 89%, negative predictive value 75%). If the T2 sequence shows reduced density (p < 0.05) or in case of bad limitation (p = 0.004), a malignant character is strongly suspected. CONCLUSION: In cases of parotid gland mass, where surgical intervention is necessary, there is no need of special investigations: however FNAC and MRI allow us to anticipate what operation will be required.     

Foreign body aspiration in children. The diagnostic value of signs,symptoms and pre-operative examination

One hundred and fifteen patients, between 6 months and 12 years of age, had bronchoscopy on suspicion of foreign body aspiration. The histories of these patients were studied to examine the diagnostic value of signs, symptoms and examinations, and to determine the time that passed between aspiration and removal of the foreign body. The sensitivity of the symptoms choking and coughing was fairly high (81 and 78%), but the specificity was poor. The sensitivity of a chest radiograph was 82%, the specificity 44%. The sensitivity of radiographs on inspiration and expiration was 80%, the specificity 55%. The patients had been referred with the initial diagnosis foreign body aspiration (80), pneumonia (34), or subglottic laryngitis (1). In 85 patients a foreign body was identified and extracted. The other 30 patients had respiratory tract infections. The initial diagnosis of foreign body aspiration was correct in 61 out of 85 patients. In these cases, the period between aspiration and extraction of the foreign body was a mean 6 days, compared with 55 days, if the initial diagnosis was pneumonia or sub-glottic laryngitis. We conclude that the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration is too often missed, and that, apart from bronchoscopy, diagnostic tools are of little value.     

Identification of distant metastases with positron-emission tomography-computed tomography in patients with previously untreated head and neck cancer

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the utility of positron-emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) in identifying distant metastatic disease in patients with previously untreated head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) prior to definitive treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 27 consecutive patients with previously untreated HNSCC who underwent PET-CT imaging in addition to chest radiography (CXR) as part of their metastatic workup. RESULTS: The majority of patients (89%) had TNM stage III or IV disease. PET-CT was suspicious for pulmonary malignancy in four (15%) patients and indeterminate in one (4%) patient. CXR was suspicious for pulmonary malignancy in two (7%) patients. Pulmonary metastases or a new lung primary was present in 3 (11%) patients: 3 of 4 (75%) patients with positive PET-CT scans and 0 of 23 (0%) patients with negative or indeterminate PET-CT scans compared with 2 of 2 (100%) patients with positive CXR and 1 of 25 (4%) patients with negative CXR. The sensitivity and specificity of PET-CT in predicting pulmonary malignancy was 100% and 96%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 75% and a negative predictive value of 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of CXR in predicting pulmonary malignancy was 67% and 100%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 96%. Including nonpulmonary sites, the overall incidence of distant metastatic disease was 19% (5/27) with 11% (3/27) unsuspected prior to PET-CT. CONCLUSIONS: PET-CT improves detection of metastatic disease in the high-risk patient and should be performed as part of the routine pretreatment evaluation of patients with advanced stage HNSCC.     

Occult primary tumors of the head and neck: accuracy of thallium 201 single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of thallium 201 single-photon emission computed tomography (thallium SPECT) and computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) in the detection of occult primary tumors of the head and neck. DESIGN: Study of diagnostic tests. SETTING: National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients with a neck node metastasis of an epithelial tumor and negative findings by mirror examination at initial presentation were included in the study. Twenty-nine patients underwent thallium SPECT and CT/MRI before examination under general anesthesia (EUA). In 3 patients only thallium SPECT was performed before EUA. Histological confirmation of an occult primary tumor during EUA was used as the gold standard. Negative radiodiagnostic and nuclear findings in the upper aerodigestive tract in the presence of a primary carcinoma other than of the head and neck were interpreted as true-negative findings. RESULTS: For thallium SPECT the following results were recorded: sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 69%; accuracy, 69%; positive predictive value, 33%; and negative predictive value, 90%. In 1 patient, thallium whole body scan indicated a primary carcinoma beyond the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract. The CT/MRI results were as follows: sensitivity, 71%; specificity, 73%; accuracy, 72%; positive predictive value, 45%; and negative predictive value, 89%. CONCLUSIONS: Thallium SPECT and CT/MRI showed comparable results for detection of occult primary tumors of the head and neck. A potential advantage of thallium SPECT is that it allows total body screening.     

Dx-pH监测与胃蛋白酶反流试纸条在咽喉反流诊断中的一致性分析

目的分析胃蛋白酶试纸条、Dx-pH监测及RSI（reflux symptom index）与RFS（reflux finding score）量表在咽喉反流性疾病(LPRD)中的一致性。方法回顾性分析2017年8月—2019年2月就诊于解放军总医院第六医学中心耳鼻咽喉科的110例喉科疾病住院患者的临床资料,记录患者的RSI和RSF两类量表的评分数值、Dx pH监测后的Ryan指数, 胃蛋白酶试纸盒的检测结果,用Kappa分析三者间的相关性。结果110例患者中胃蛋白酶反流检测阳性75例,阴性35例,阳性率68.18%;Dx pH检测阳性率22.73%（25/110）,两者间诊断一致率为41.82%;RSI、RFS量表诊断LPRD阳性率90%（99/110）, 与胃蛋白酶反流检测一致率74.55%;且两者间一致性较高（k=0.324）。以Dx-pH监测为参考标准,胃蛋白酶检测的敏感度为72.00% (18/25)、特异度为32.94% (28/85);以RSI、RFS量表诊断为参考标准,敏感度73.73%,特异度为81.82%, 阳性预测值为97.33%。结论RSI、RSF评分与胃蛋白酶反流试纸条结果间的一致性相较于其他检查更高,胃蛋白酶反流试纸虽然不能成为诊断咽喉反流性疾病的金标准,但是作为一项新的无创诊断技术之一, 可以联合Dx pH监测及RSI、RFS量表广泛应用于临床。     

Role of fine needle aspiration and frozen section in determining the extent of thyroidectomy

The routine use of fine needle aspiration (FNA) and frozen section (FS) in the management of a thyroid nodule is controversial and needs to be evaluated on an institution to institution basis. Our aim was to determine the role of FNA and FS in determining the extent of thyroidectomy. We performed a comparative study of FNA and FS examination of all patients presenting with nodular thyroid disease between September 2002 and December 2005. Data were collected on a proforma by reviewing FNA, FS and histopathological reports. Data were analyzed on SPSS 11. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were calculated. We included 44 patients with preoperative FNA, intraoperative FS examination and final histopathology reports available. We excluded patients with local invasion and distant metastases. Final histopathological report was taken as gold standard. FNA reported 8 benign, 7 papillary carcinoma, 22 follicular neoplasm, 1 medullary and 6 suspicious lesions. On final pathology there were 16 benign and 28 malignant cases. Thus a total of 20 carcinomas were missed by FNA. When routine FS was done, a total of ten patients who had malignancy were missed. Both FNA and FS have high specificity for diagnosis of thyroid cancer but lacked sensitivity at our instituition. This is mainly because of high false negative results.