基于血管匹配的三维超声与CT图像的配准方法

提出一种基于血管匹配的三维超声与CT图像配准的新方法.首先,基于水平集方法自动分割出CT图像中的血管；其次,由于超声图像中的声影与血管均属于低回声区域,我们结合声影形成的物理原理及图像纹理特性,自动检测出声影区域,以提高配准的鲁棒性；最后,采用进化算法,将CT图像中分割出的血管与超声图像中低回声区域进行匹配.在肝脏体模和临床脾脏数据上进行了实验验证,自动配准的成功率在95％以上,平均目标配准误差在2 mm以内,实验结果验证了本方法的可行性.     

肝脏动、静脉相CT图像配准与融合方法研究

目的 研究肝脏CT扫描序列图像轮廓提取、配准与融合问题.方法 采用图像滤波去噪、增强图像边缘及提取图像外轮廓等方法对CT序列图像进行预处理.对肝脏CT扫描序列图像动脉相位期与静脉相位期的图像轮廓进行配准,选取最优配准参数确定不同相位期图像的对应关系,以实现配准.将配准后对应的动、静脉相位期图像融合.结果 融合后的图像展现了同一位置不同相位期肝脏动、静脉的情况.结论 配准、融合后的图像能提供更加丰富的信息,可为医生临床诊断提供参考.     

基于自适应标记分水岭算法的肝脏CT图像自动分割

目的为减少人工交互提出了基于自适应标记分水岭的CT系列图像肝脏区域自动分割算法。方法首先对图像进行形态学重构运算以平滑图像,然后计算多尺度形态学梯度,同时提出利用梯度图像非零的局部极小值点的均值进行自适应标记提取,以避免分水岭的过分割和欠分割,再结合肝脏为最大的实质性脏器和相邻图像的相似性实现CT系列图像的肝区自动分割。结果该算法能自动、快速地提取CT系列图像中的肝脏区域。结论分水岭算法能准确定位区域的边缘,通过选择合适的阈值对梯度图像进行标记以抑制分水岭的过分割,实现医学图像中感兴趣区域的自动分割。     

一种新颖的序列图像自动配准方法

序列图像的配准是医学临床与科研实践中扮演着非常重要的角色.为了快速、准确地进行医学序列图像配准,本文提出了一种利用图像联合直方图进行序列图像自动配准的新方法.首先对图像阈值分割,将其联合直方图划分为4个区域,然后根据不同的配准图像数据,选择定义在不同区域上的计数值作为参数计算的准则函数.该方法设计简单、巧妙,以计数方法代替其他方法中大量的浮点运算.由于准则函数具有良好的光滑特性,且选择Powell算法做最优化搜索,因此保证了优化结果的准确性.和其他算法相比,该方法大大简化了准则函数的计算,从而显著提高了配准优化搜索的速度.根据实验结果,及与基于互信息量方法的对比,证明该方法准确、简便、快速、有效.     

针对颅脑放疗规划的海马体自动勾画平台及其验证

目的海马体是学习和记忆的神经生物基础,是头颈部放射治疗中需要重点保护的颅内危及器官。海马体轮廓通常由医生手动勾画,操作时间长且依赖医生经验。为提高海马体勾画的效率和可重复性,本文研发了一种海马体自动勾画平台(OAR AutoSketch),系统比较了基于中国人或欧美人大脑图谱配准的分割方法(scbt_Linear、scbt_Nonlinear、TT_linear、TT_Nonlinear),以及基于皮层配准的分割方法(FreeSurfer)用于海马体勾画的可行性。方法选取12名鼻咽癌患者的数据,采用OAR AutoSketch生成5种海马体轮廓和患者主治医生勾画的海马体轮廓混合呈现,招募12名医学影像部的医生进行随机双盲的主观准确性评分;邀请1名影像科专家在20名鼻咽癌患者的MRI图像上手动勾画海马体,作为海马体解剖标准,计算5种自动勾画方案的客观准确性。结果主观准确性评分结果显示,自动勾画的准确性普遍优于主治医生的手工勾画结果。和海马体解剖标准的空间相似性结果显示,FreeSurfer方法准确度最高。结论海马体的自动勾画具备一定的可行性,皮层配准算法总体优于基于图谱的配准算法。     

基于改进区域生长算法的肝脏分割方法研究

目的：把肝脏从医学图像中提取出来,为肝脏三维定位以及放疗计划制定提供准确的数据。肝脏与其周围器官组织灰度差别小、边界不明显,而传统区域生长算法生长准则单一,不能满足分割精确度需求,并且未经处理的轮廓比较粗糙。针对这些问题,本文提出一种改进的区域生长算法。方法：本文算法主要从三个方面改进：基于先验经验和肝脏特性的种子区域选择;基于Canny算子边缘检测结果的区域生长准则动态优化;基于漫水填充法和曲线拟合的轮廓后处理。结果：本文使用多套临床实际腹部CT序列测试算法,以医生手动勾画结果为标准进行评价。在大多数CT切片上的肝脏自动分割都能取得较好的结果,并且分割用时很短,保证了效率。结论：测试结果表明,本文算法在动态控制区域生长和平滑轮廓方面有很好的作用,在保证速度的同时有效提高了肝脏自动分割精度。     

基于配准方法的颅脑CT图像病变信息自动提取算法

医学图像中病变信息的计算机自动提取是实现计算机智能辅助诊断的关键与难点,本研究的目的就是提出一个解决该难题的算法,称之为PATHOINFER。该算法的基本过程是首先选择一幅具有代表性的模板图像帆和一系列与其相应的正常图像样奉Mi,利用非刚性配准分别建立表示“正常图像”灰度变化的灰度均值图谱,表示正常变异的统计概率图谱和反映其解剖结构空间关系的分割模板。以实现对“正常图像”的计算机描述。再通过M0与目标图像S的配准,达到“正常图像”与S在空间关系上的一致,然后通过S与“正常图像”的比较,利用模糊逻辑推理,自动检出S中的病变区域,并实现对其病变特征信息的自动提取。实验结果表明,PATHOINFER算法可自动地检出并分割病变区域,并能够自动地提取包括病变发生部位在内的特征信息。实现了计算机智能辅助诊断研究中病变信息自动提取的难胚。     

前列腺癌图像引导放射治疗精准度评估

目的:分析锥形束CT(CBCT)图像引导下不同图像配准方法,不同配准范围对配准精度的误差及膀胱直肠充盈程度对前列腺癌放疗精准度的影响。方法:回顾分析15例前列腺癌患者定位前和分次治疗前进行膀胱容积测量后,对计划CT和每次放疗摆位CBCT图像分别以不同配准方法(骨性配准和灰度配准)和不同范围(靶区或盆腔)进行图像配准,分析比较各组配准的治疗体位下靶区体积几何中心点、大体靶区相似性指数和计划体积结构以及危及器官覆盖率。同时分析膀胱、直肠体积与这3个评价参数的相关性。结果:对于配准盆腔区域,灰度配准精度好于骨性配准。骨性配准时,配准盆腔区域精度与配准靶区区域结果相近或较好。灰度配准时,配准盆腔区域精度好于配准靶区区域。选择配准盆腔区域灰度配准时,靶区几何中心点偏差最小,为(0.362±0.189)cm,靶区相似性指数最大,为0.707±0.089,计划结构体积、膀胱、直肠覆盖率最大,分别为(96.6±4.1)%、(85.4±17.2)%和(74.2±13.3)%。膀胱体积与3个评价参数呈负相关。直肠体积并没有明显规律。结论:前列腺癌放疗CBCT图像引导过程中,采用盆腔区域灰度配准是较好的选择,能最大限度地减小摆位误差,提高放疗精准度。分次治疗前尽量保证膀胱、直肠体积与CT定位时一致,对保证靶区受照剂量及减少膀胱、直肠的毒副反应具有明显意义。     

基于区域相似性测量的CT/PET图像配准

图像配准在临床诊断中有重要意义,针对这一问题已经提出了许多方法.本文以区域相似性匹配测度,运用改进的分割方法,结合Powell寻优算法实现了CT/PET多模医学图像配准.实验结果表明,该算法易于实现,配准速度快、精度高,鲁棒性较好.     

基于VIP-Man图谱配准的腹部器官分割方法

提出了一种基于图谱配准的腹部器官分割方法.首先将一套预标记图谱向个体图像进行配准,建立二者之间器官的基本对应关系,同时完成对感兴趣器官的识别,其中配准包含全局配准和器官配准.然后,借助已配准的图谱,采用模糊连接方法对感兴趣器官进行分割.腹PCT和MR实验测试结果证明:这种方法实现了模糊连接分割方法中各项参数的自动指定,减轻了人工负担,提高了结果的可靠性.     

Automatic segmentation of the prostate in 3D MR images by atlas matching using localized mutual information

An automatic method for delineating the prostate (including the seminal vesicles) in three-dimensional magnetic resonance scans is presented. The method is based on nonrigid registration of a set of prelabeled atlas images. Each atlas image is nonrigidly registered with the target patient image. Subsequently, the deformed atlas label images are fused to yield a single segmentation of the patient image. The proposed method is evaluated on 50 clinical scans, which were manually segmented by three experts. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) is used to quantify the overlap between the automatic and manual segmentations. We investigate the impact of several factors on the performance of the segmentation method. For the registration, two similarity measures are compared: Mutual information and a localized version of mutual information. The latter turns out to be superior (median DeltaDSC approximately equal 0.02, p < 0.01 with a paired two-sided Wilcoxon test) and comes at no added computational cost, thanks to the use of a novel stochastic optimization scheme. For the atlas fusion step we consider a majority voting rule and the "simultaneous truth and performance level estimation" algorithm, both with and without a preceding atlas selection stage. The differences between the various fusion methods appear to be small and mostly not statistically significant (p > 0.05). To assess the influence of the atlas composition, two atlas sets are compared. The first set consists of 38 scans of healthy volunteers. The second set is constructed by a leave-one-out approach using the 50 clinical scans that are used for evaluation. The second atlas set gives substantially better performance (DeltaDSC=0.04, p < 0.01), stressing the importance of a careful atlas definition. With the best settings, a median DSC of around 0.85 is achieved, which is close to the median interobserver DSC of 0.87. The segmentation quality is especially good at the prostate-rectum interface, where the segmentation error remains below 1 mm in 50% of the cases and below 1.5 mm in 75% of the cases.     

Gland and Zonal Segmentation of Prostate on T2W MR Images

For many years, prostate segmentation on MR images concerned only the extraction of the entire gland. Currently, in the focal treatment era, there is a continuously increasing need for the separation of the different parts of the organ. In this paper, we propose an automatic segmentation method based on the use of T2W images and atlas images to segment the prostate and to isolate the peripheral and transition zones. The algorithm consists of two stages. First, the target image is registered with each zonal atlas image then the segmentation is obtained by the application of an evidential C-Means clustering. The method was evaluated on a representative and multi-centric image base and yielded mean Dice accuracy values of 0.81, 0.70, and 0.62 for the prostate, the transition zone, and peripheral zone, respectively.     

Evaluation of multiple-atlas-based strategies for segmentation of the thyroid gland in head and neck CT images for IMRT

Segmenting the thyroid gland in head and neck CT images is of vital clinical significance in designing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plans. In this work, we evaluate and compare several multiple-atlas-based methods to segment this structure. Using the most robust method, we generate automatic segmentations for the thyroid gland and study their clinical applicability. The various methods we evaluate range from selecting a single atlas based on one of three similarity measures, to combining the segmentation results obtained with several atlases and weighting their contribution using techniques including a simple majority vote rule, a technique called STAPLE that is widely used in the medical imaging literature, and the similarity between the atlas and the volume to be segmented. We show that the best results are obtained when several atlases are combined and their contributions are weighted with a measure of similarity between each atlas and the volume to be segmented. We also show that with our data set, STAPLE does not always lead to the best results. Automatic segmentations generated by the combination method using the correlation coefficient (CC) between the deformed atlas and the patient volume, which is the most accurate and robust method we evaluated, are presented to a physician as 2D contours and modified to meet clinical requirements. It is shown that about 40% of the contours of the left thyroid and about 42% of the right thyroid can be used directly. An additional 21% on the left and 24% on the right require only minimal modification. The amount and the location of the modifications are qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. We demonstrate that, although challenged by large inter-subject anatomical discrepancy, atlas-based segmentation of the thyroid gland in IMRT CT images is feasible by involving multiple atlases. The results show that a weighted combination of segmentations by atlases using the CC as the similarity measure slightly outperforms standard combination methods, e.g. the majority vote rule and STAPLE, as well as methods selecting a single most similar atlas. The results we have obtained suggest that using our contours as initial contours to be edited has clinical value.     

Fully automatic segmentation of femurs with medullary canal definition in high and in low resolution CT scans

Femur segmentation can be an important tool in orthopedic surgical planning. However, in order to overcome the need of an experienced user with extensive knowledge on the techniques, segmentation should be fully automatic. In this paper a new fully automatic femur segmentation method for CT images is presented. This method is also able to define automatically the medullary canal and performs well even in low resolution CT scans.Fully automatic femoral segmentation was performed adapting a template mesh of the femoral volume to medical images. In order to achieve this, an adaptation of the active shape model (ASM) technique based on the statistical shape model (SSM) and local appearance model (LAM) of the femur with a novel initialization method was used, to drive the template mesh deformation in order to fit the in-image femoral shape in a time effective approach.With the proposed method a 98% convergence rate was achieved. For high resolution CT images group the average error is less than 1 mm. For the low resolution image group the results are also accurate and the average error is less than 1.5 mm.The proposed segmentation pipeline is accurate, robust and completely user free. The method is robust to patient orientation, image artifacts and poorly defined edges. The results excelled even in CT images with a significant slice thickness, i.e., above 5 mm. Medullary canal segmentation increases the geometric information that can be used in orthopedic surgical planning or in finite element analysis.     

MARS: a mouse atlas registration system based on a planar x-ray projector and an optical camera

This paper introduces a mouse atlas registration system (MARS), composed of a stationary top-view x-ray projector and a side-view optical camera, coupled to a mouse atlas registration algorithm. This system uses the x-ray and optical images to guide a fully automatic co-registration of a mouse atlas with each subject, in order to provide anatomical reference for small animal molecular imaging systems such as positron emission tomography (PET). To facilitate the registration, a statistical atlas that accounts for inter-subject anatomical variations was constructed based on 83 organ-labeled mouse micro-computed tomography (CT) images. The statistical shape model and conditional Gaussian model techniques were used to register the atlas with the x-ray image and optical photo. The accuracy of the atlas registration was evaluated by comparing the registered atlas with the organ-labeled micro-CT images of the test subjects. The results showed excellent registration accuracy of the whole-body region, and good accuracy for the brain, liver, heart, lungs and kidneys. In its implementation, the MARS was integrated with a preclinical PET scanner to deliver combined PET/MARS imaging, and to facilitate atlas-assisted analysis of the preclinical PET images.     

利用图谱匹配分割标注VHP数据集

利用TT脑图谱中丰富的结构信息,本文提出了一种自动分割脑图像的方法,并将其用于Visible Human数据集（VHD）的脑图像的分割,这种方法可分为两步,首先,将VHD中的脑图像和TT Atlas配准,通过图像和医学图谱的匹配,可以把图谱中存储的拓朴信息直接映射到ＶＨＤ,然后,利用这个预分割的模板对VHD脑图像进行模糊聚类分割,为自动将模板中的结构信息用于分割,本文利用Chamfer距离变换,提出了一中引入形状因子的FCM聚类算法。     

Large deformation three-dimensional image registration in image-guided radiation therapy

In this paper, we present and validate a framework, based on deformable image registration, for automatic processing of serial three-dimensional CT images used in image-guided radiation therapy. A major assumption in deformable image registration has been that, if two images are being registered, every point of one image corresponds appropriately to some point in the other. For intra-treatment images of the prostate, however, this assumption is violated by the variable presence of bowel gas. The framework presented here explicitly extends previous deformable image registration algorithms to accommodate such regions in the image for which no correspondence exists. We show how to use our registration technique as a tool for organ segmentation, and present a statistical analysis of this segmentation method, validating it by comparison with multiple human raters. We also show how the deformable registration technique can be used to determine the dosimetric effect of a given plan in the presence of non-rigid tissue motion. In addition to dose accumulation, we describe a method for estimating the biological effects of tissue motion using a linear-quadratic model. This work is described in the context of a prostate treatment protocol, but it is of general applicability.     

基于数学形态学的CT图像肝脏肿瘤提取研究

目的 肝脏肿瘤的提取是肝脏三维可视化、手术规划和模拟的基础,而当前肿瘤分割存在干预过多和分割效果不佳的问题.方法 本文通过对腹部CT图像进行高斯平滑以去除图像噪声和细密纹理,计算出图像的形态学梯度并用高、低帽变换进行增强,再根据用户选择点计算内部和外部标记符,然后基于控制标记符的分水岭算法分割图像,提取出腹部CT图像中的病变组织.结果 实验结果表明,该算法能够在较少的人工干预下快速分割出肝脏病变组织.结论 该算法实现了腹部CT图像中肝脏病变组织的提取.     

颅盖骨骨折CT图像的计算机自动分析研究

目的：寻找一种方法，并设计程序，使计算机能够通过运行程序对从第三脑室上部层面到大脑皮层下部层面的CT图像进行自动分析，由此来判断图像中的颅盖骨是否存在骨折，从而为扩展CAD技术的应用做探索性研究。方法：对于第三脑室上部层面到大脑皮层下部层面的CT图像，首先进行预处理，去除图像中的噪声和头架；然后对预处理后的图像用阈值分割法进行分割，把颅盖骨从图像中分割出来；然后对得到的图像进行修正处理，使颅骨骨缝和分割时造成的孤立点对最后判断的影响尽量降低；然后对修正处理后的颅盖骨图像进行边缘提取；最后根据提取的颅盖骨边缘判断颅盖骨是否存在骨折并给出判断结果。结果：计算机运行根据所找到的方法编制的程序，测试了已明确诊断的61幅从第三脑室上部层面到大脑皮层下部层面的CT图像。结果有53幅判断正确．正确率为86．89％。结论：本研究找到的数据挖掘方法，通过程序实现，可以对从第三脑室上部层面到大脑皮层下部层面的cT图像进行自动分析，由此判断图像中的颅盖骨是否存在骨折。