心率变异性生物反馈对高血压前期患者应激反应的干预效果

目的探讨心率变异性生物反馈（HRV BF）干预高血压前期患者心血管应激反应的效果。方法比较高血压前期者与正常血压者应激反应上血压变化的差异;将36位高血压前期受试者随机分为心率变异性生物反馈（HRV BF）组、慢腹式呼吸（SAB）组和空白对照组。干预组受试者接受每次30 min,每周2次,持续2个月共15次的训练;空白对照组不予干预。实验间隔期嘱受试者每天进行不少于20 min的家庭训练。所有受试者在实验开始前及实验结束后均接受连续2 d同一时间点进行的两种应激测试。结果高血压前期者较正常血压者在应对心算应激时收缩压和舒张压反应性更大。干预2个月后,HRV BF和SAB组收缩压和舒张压平均降压幅度分别为15.4/10.2 mmHg、11.6/7.4 mmHg;空白对照组干预后血压无明显变化。HRV BF能显著降低受试者心算应激时收缩压反应性,较SAB更为明显。结论高血压前期者应激反应性较高,HRV BF训练可以降低受试者应对心理应激时心血管的反应,并降低高血压前期者血压。     

静息心率在老年患者冠心病中的临床研究

目的 探讨静息心率在老年患者冠心病中的临床研究。方法 选择90例老年入选者的静息心率。据冠状动脉造影结果将分为对照组及冠心病组。结果 冠心痛组静息心率显著高于对照组（静息心率为78．3±12．6次／min vs 68．7±10．2次／min，P〈0．001）；结论 老年患者的静息心率与冠心病相关．是冠心病的独立危险因子与冠心痛发生、发展及预后有关。     

焦虑症患者心理生理学反应研究

目的 :探讨焦虑症患者心理生理学指标的特点。方法 :对 31例焦虑症患者和 2 3名健康志愿者应用多导电生理仪对模拟应激前后的心理生理学指标进行检测 ,并在治疗 1月后复查。结果 :焦虑症患者的心率及低频峰功率显著高于对照组 ,其心理生理学指标在治疗前后无显著性差别 ;低频峰功率与高频峰功率比值 (静息状态 )、脉搏图血流量面积变化 (模拟应激前后 )与HAMA分数变化呈负相关。结论 :焦虑症患者存在交感神经系统功能亢进 ,可能是一种特性标志 ,一些心理生理学指标与临床疗效有一定的相关性     

育龄女性在月经周期三个时相中的情绪Stroop效应

目的:探索正常育龄女性在月经周期不同时相的情绪注意偏向。方法:方便选取某高校育龄女性80名,运用情绪Stroop任务,采用被试内2因素重复测量设计,比较卵泡初期、排卵期和黄体中期对不同情绪效价双字词颜色辨别的正确率和反应时。结果:对情绪词颜色辨别正确率的时相主效应显著,女性在排卵期低于黄体中期(P<0.05)。词语类型和月经时相在情绪词颜色辨别的正确率和反应时上均存在交互作用。对负性词颜色判断的正确率,女性在排卵期低于卵泡初期和黄体中期(均P<0.05);负性词颜色判断的反应时,女性在黄体中期高于卵泡初期和排卵期,差异虽无统计学意义但达边缘显著水平(均P<0.08)。中性词和正性词在3个时相中的成绩差异无统计学意义。结论:女性在黄体中期较其他时相表现出更为明显的情绪Stroop效应,在月经周期的3个时相中对负性情绪注意偏向变化较为明显。     

心率与黄金数的联系

健康成年人的静息平均心率，总是在最高心率的黄金分割数附近的数。（１）在年青时的心率几乎等于黄金数。（２）随年龄的增加，心率跟黄金数的接近程度逐步从靠近到远离的方向变化。（３）从心率的比值和黄金数的偏差程度准确地划分人生的发育期、成熟期、衰老前期及衰老期。     

大学生焦虑 抑郁状态下心率变异性特点的分析

了解大学生处在焦虑、抑郁状态下心率变异性的特点。选取处在焦虑状态下的大学生60例,非焦虑状态下的大学生57例,对其进行焦虑自评量表(SAS)评定,并采集心率变异性数据进行比较和分析;选取处在抑郁状态下的大学生77例,非抑郁状态下的大学生70例,对其进行抑郁自评量表(SDS)分数评定,并采集心率变异性数据进行比较和分析。结果显示:焦虑状态组与非焦虑状态组心率差异有统计学意义(t=-19.73,P<0.01);在时域指标正常窦性心搏RR间期的标准差(SDNN)(t=2.03,P<0.05)、全程相邻RR间期差值的均方根(RMSSD)(t=2.19,P<0.05)上差异有统计学意义;焦虑状态与非焦虑状态组在频域指标高频功率(HF)这一指标上差异有统计学意义(t=2.16,P<0.05);在低频功率(LF)(t=-1.14,P<0.01)、LF/HF(t=-2.84,P<0.01)差异有统计学意义。抑郁状态组与非抑郁状态组在心率上差异统计学意义(t=-26.95,P<0.05);在时域指标SDNN中差异有统计学意义(t=1.98,P<0.05);在频域指标极低频功率(VLF)中差异有统计学意义(t=2.09,P<0.05);在LF/HF中差异有统计学意义(t=-3.45,P<0.01)。结果表明,心率变异性指标指标与大学生焦虑、抑郁状态存在一定的相关性。     

运动和呼吸对心率及心音幅值影响的探讨

目的用数字心音图探索运动和呼吸对心率及心音幅值的影响.方法运动前后分别同时记录心力和心动周期信号,用相继各心动周期的标准差(SDNN)作为心率变异性的一个指标,用相继各第一心音幅值的标准差(SDS1)作为心力变异性的一个指标;记录呼吸和屏气状态下的心率变化.结果 34名受试者运动前的SDNN为±18ms,SDS1为±1.63,运动后的SDNN为±10ms,SDS1为±10.61,运动前后心率变异性和心力变异性的差异非常显著(P<0.01);屏气状态下心率变化小于呼吸周期内的心率变化.结论运动后心率变异性减小,而心力变异性增高;屏气状态下仍然存在心率变化.     

焦虑症患者应激时情绪反应及脑功能状况

目的 :研究焦虑症患者应激状态下的情绪变化特点及其脑功能活动状况。方法 :对 2 0例未经治疗的焦虑症患者和 2 0例健康人采用瑞文测试进行模拟应激 ,以焦虑状态 /特质询问表 (STAI)和心率、肌电等指标评估受试者应激前后的情绪水平 ,采用单光子发射型计算机断层显像技术对两组进行双日法平静及紧张状态局部脑血流灌注 (rCBF)检查。结果 :(1)经配对t检验 ,应激后两组受试者STAI分、心率、肌电均显著高于应激前 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )经配对t检验 ,病例组模拟应激前后STAI分、心率、肌电显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5及 0 0 1) ;经协方差分析 ,病例组应激前后STAI的变化显著大于对照组。 (3 )经协方差分析 ,患者部分脑区应激前后rCBF变化与对照组有显著差异 (P <0 0 5及 0 0 1) ,且应激后rCBF呈下降趋势。结论 :模拟应激过程能有效诱发受试者的焦虑反应。焦虑症患者可能存在大脑皮层情绪控制功能的减弱 ,使其应激过程中的情绪波动明显高于正常人 ,这可能构成焦虑症发病的病理生理基础之一     

性选择理论视角下的女性消极体象：月经周期对内隐体象信念的影响

目的：基于性选择理论，探讨月经周期对女性内隐体象信念的影响。方法：以女性月经周期自然变化构成的两个时期(排卵期、黄体中期)为自变量，利用关联应答任务（RRT）探讨月经周期对女性内隐层面的实际体象及理想体象信念的影响。结果：相较于黄体中期，女性在排卵期会产生更瘦的内隐理想体象信念，而实际体象信念在不同月经周期没有显著差异。结论：排卵期会改变女性持有的内隐理想体象信念，使其受到内隐层面“更瘦”的理想体象信念的无意识影响，产生消极体象。     

麻醉期心率变异性的复杂性研究

采用近似熵、复杂度指标分析 38例受试者麻醉期心率变异性信号的复杂性。结果表明 :麻醉期心搏周期有显著性的复杂性变化 ,麻醉状态下心率变异性的复杂度 Kc、C1 、近似熵 (P<0 .0 5 )均显著低于清醒状态。进一步将麻醉期心率变异性信号分解为 1/f部分和非 1/f部分 ,并分析这两部分的复杂性。结果表明将心率变异性信号分解可显著提高复杂性分析指标的灵敏度。     

Psychophysiological responses in women reporting severe premenstrual symptoms

Sixteen women attending a Premenstrual Tension Clinic and eight control women were tested experimentally in the premenstrual and postmenstrual phases with assessments of heart rate, skin conductance level, and neck electromyogram during rest, relaxation, an emotionally upsetting film, and performance of mental arithmetic and video game tasks. All participants completed daily symptom assessments for two menstrual cycles prior to the study. The clinic attenders were divided into eight (Clinic+) who showed marked increases in symptoms premenstrually, and eight (Clinic-) who recorded only modest changes in symptom severity across the menstrual cycle. There were no marked differences in resting autonomic activity. During relaxation, skin conductance level decreased to a greater extent in the premenstrual than in the postmenstrual phase, while neck electromyogram showed the reverse pattern. Heart rate reactions to the mental arithmetic and video game tasks were smaller in the premenstrual than in the postmenstrual phase in Controls and Clinic- groups, but not in the Clinic+ group. Possible explanations of these results are discussed.     

Resting heart rate (HR) in women with and without premenstrual symptoms (PMS)

A sample of 64 undergraduate female students participated in the present experiment. During 3 consecutive months women answered a chart of daily report of symptoms, and finally, two groups were formed: women with premenstrual symptoms (PMS group) and women without premenstrual symptoms (NPMS group). Heart rates (HR) at rest were recorded throughout premenstrual, menstrual, postmenstrual, and ovulatory phases. In the premenstrual phase, PMS group showed significantly higher resting HR levels than NPMS group. With regard to resting HR levels across the four phases studied, significant differences within PMS group were observed. Our results are discussed from a psychophysiological point of view.     

Heart rate variability and endogenous sex hormones during the menstrual cycle in young women

To our knowledge, the relationship between all four endogenous female sex hormones and resting cardiac autonomic function has not been studied. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between the normal endogenous levels of oestrogen (17beta-oestradiol), progesterone, luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and heart rate variability (HRV) during the menstrual cycle in young eumenorrheic women. Ten healthy, young, female subjects volunteered for this study. HRV and endogenous hormone levels were recorded at three phases of the menstrual cycle: menses (day 3.8 +/- 0.5), ovulation (day 15.8 +/- 0.7) and luteal (day 22.1 +/- 0.4) to ensure HRV recordings at times of low (menses) and high (ovulation and luteal) hormonal influence. Heart rate recordings were obtained from supine resting subjects and analysed on a Holter analysis system. Total power (TP, 0-1.0 Hz), low frequency (LF, 0.041-0.15 Hz), high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.80 Hz) and LF/HF components of HRV were examined. Despite a significantly greater HR at ovulation and normal cyclic variations in all endogenous sex hormone levels, no measure of HRV was significantly different between menstrual cycle phases. Significant correlations between oestrogen levels and absolute measures of HRV at ovulation were identified. The results of the current study demonstrated that the normal cyclic variations in endogenous sex hormone levels during the menstrual cycle were not significantly associated with changes in cardiac autonomic control as measured by HRV. Significant correlation between peak oestrogen levels and HRV measures at ovulation provided further support for the reported cardioprotective effects of oestrogen in healthy females.     

Changes in premenstrual symptoms in women with schizophrenia: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the psychiatric symptoms and clinical features of schizophrenia change during the premenstrual phase in female patients. METHODS: We observed 30 female schizophrenic inpatients over one menstrual cycle. All subjects met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, and all had a regular menstrual cycle. All subjects completed the Daily Rating Form (DRF) every evening, and one psychiatrist rated the subjects (using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale [BPRS]) once during each of the three menstrual phases (premenstrual, menstrual, and postmenstrual). Serum levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone were measured on the fifth to seventh day of both the premenstrual and postmenstrual phases. Data from the 24 subjects who completed the DRF correctly and completely were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean total BPRS score for the 24 subjects was highest in the premenstrual phase and lowest in the postmenstrual phase, and a statistically significant difference was found among the three menstrual phases. Mean subtotal BPRS scores showed statistically significant differences among the three menstrual phases in anxiety/depression and withdrawal/retardation, but not in the psychotic symptom subscales. Mean serum E2 level showed a trend of increasing from the premenstrual phase to the postmenstrual phase. However, there was no significant correlation between DeltaBPRS and DeltaE2. When the criterion of 30% change was applied, the DRF items of depressed mood, anxious/nervous/restless, hostile/aggressive, and less/impaired work showed high frequencies of change in the premenstrual phase. Somatic items of abdominal pain, breast pain, and headache showed significant change with the 30% change rule on the DRF. On both the BPRS and DRF scores, premenstrual change of affective and behavioral symptoms was prominent, whereas the change of psychotic symptoms was minimal on the BPRS. In addition, in the premenstrual phase, there was a statistically significant correlation between the total BPRS score and the mean total DRF score. There was no correlation between premenstrual change in symptoms and hormonal levels of E2, progesterone, and the estradiol/progesterone (E/P) ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that premenstrual exacerbation of schizophrenic symptoms in female patients may not be a worsening of the schizophrenic symptoms but a concurrence of affective, behavioral, and somatic symptoms.     

Effects of menstrual phase and parental history of hypertension on cardiovascular response to cognitive challenge

The effects of parental history of hypertension and menstrual phase on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) responses to two frustrating cognitive tasks were examined in 47 normotensive, young adult women. Subjects with and without a parental history of hypertension were scheduled to be tested during either the follicular (days 7-11 of a 28-day cycle) or luteal (days 17-22) phase of the menstrual cycle. During the laboratory session, HR, SBP, DBP, and self-report of affective states were measured while subjects performed two cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic and concept formation). Results indicated that the magnitude of SBP responses to the two tasks was significantly greater in subjects tested during the follicular phase than in subjects tested in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. No effect of parental hypertension was observed on cardiovascular response measures, though offspring of hypertensive parents reported experiencing significantly less anger during the tasks than subjects with normotensive parents.     

Skin color and autonomic nervous system measures

A study has been performed in 50 subjects, 25 white and 25 black, measuring skin color (PI), basal skin resistance (SR) and amplitude of the galvanic skin response (GSR), and resting heart rate (HR) and the heart rate response (HRR) induced by a startle tone. A multiple correlation matrix revealed a statistically significant relationship between PI and SR and also GSR; between HR and HRR, and between SR and GSR. Analysis of the group differences revealed that blacks had significantly lower (darker) PI values, higher SR, greater GSR, and a higher HR and HRR. It is unclear from this study whether race or the intensity of skin color influenced the measured physiological responses.     

Tobacco withdrawal in women and menstrual cycle phase

Because negative mood is a characteristic of both tobacco withdrawal and menstrual discomfort, withdrawal may vary by menstrual cycle phase. Tobacco withdrawal, mood, and menstrual discomfort were assessed in premenopausal women who quit smoking during either the follicular (Days 1-14 postmenstrual onset; n = 41) or luteal (Day 15 or longer postmenstrual onset; n = 37) phase of the menstrual cycle and maintained biochemically verified smoking abstinence during the postquit week. Women quitting during the luteal phase reported significantly greater increases in tobacco withdrawal and self-reported depressive symptoms than women quitting during the follicular phase. These results indicate that selecting a quit-smoking day early in the follicular phase may attenuate withdrawal and negative affect in premenopausal female smokers.     

Toward a functional neuroanatomy of premenstrual dysphoric disorder

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a prevalent disorder in the spectrum of affective illness, and is associated with significant morbidity. The neurobiology of this underdiagnosed and undertreated illness is poorly understood. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) probe of fronto-limbic function was used to advance understanding of PMDD pathophysiology. METHODS: We applied BOLD fMRI and Statistical Parametric Mapping to study neural response to emotional words in the context of an emotional Go/NoGo inhibitory control task. We examined alterations in this response across the menstrual cycle, in the premenstrual (late luteal) phase and the postmenstrual (late follicular) phase. RESULTS: In the premenstrual (vs. postmenstrual) phase, PMDD subjects, compared with asymptomatic subjects, showed an increased amygdala response to negative vs. neutral stimuli, and a decreased ventral striatum response to positive vs. neutral stimuli. PMDD subjects failed to show the asymptomatic subjects' patterns of increased medial and decreased lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) response to negative vs. neutral stimuli in the premenstrual vs. postmenstrual phase. This decreased premenstrual medial OFC response to negative stimuli in PMDD subjects was further enhanced in the context of behavioral inhibition. LIMITATIONS: Further studies with larger numbers of subjects are needed. CONCLUSIONS: The results support a neurobiological model of enhanced negative emotional processing, diminished positive emotional processing, and diminished top-down control of limbic activity in PMDD during the premenstrual phase. These findings provide a basis for a neurocircuitry model of PMDD, and have implications for studies of mood/emotional regulation across the human menstrual cycle in health and disease.     

The impact of menstrual cycle phase on cardiac autonomic regulation

This study investigated menstrual cycle phase differences in heart rate (HR) and RR interval variability (RRV) in 49 healthy, premenopausal, eumenorrheic women (age 30.2±6.2 years). HR and RRV were computed from ambulatory 24-h electrocardiogram, collected for up to 6 days, with at least 1 day each during early to midfollicular and midluteal menstrual phases. Phase effects on HR and RRV were assessed using linear mixed effects models with a random intercept to account for the correlation of observations within each subject as well as intrasubject variation. During follicular phase monitoring, women had significantly lower average HR (−2.33 bpm), and higher standard deviation, the root mean squared successive difference, and high frequency (0.04–0.15 Hz) and low frequency (0.15–0.40 Hz) RRV than during the luteal phase. These results provide strong support for the influence of menstrual phase on cardiac autonomic regulation in premenopausal women.     

Changes in Mood and Autonomic Functioning During the Menstrual Cycle

The autonomic nervous system activity and mood ratings of 12 women were studied 6 days a week for a complete menstrual cycle. The daily procedure consisted of a resting period, a series of 5 mild tones, time estimation (TE), and reaction time (RT) trials, and a final resting period. Significant increase in heart rate (HR), respiration rate, and body temperature, and a significant decrease in resting skin conductance (SC) were found during the luteal phase. During the ovulatory phase there were significant increases in autonomic responsivity, as shown by greater amplitude of SC response in the TE and RT situations as well as in faster SC drop-rate and greater HR variability. All of these autonomic variability measures coincided with a significant peak in feelings of elation and vigor. Significant age effects were that older women had higher basal body temperatures, less marked HR variability, and tended to have lower levels of SC, particularly in the luteal phase of the cycle. The results are discussed in terms of the psychophysiological effects of estrogen and progesterone.